WO1999026936A2 - Process for the selective oxidation of organic compounds - Google Patents

Process for the selective oxidation of organic compounds Download PDF

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WO1999026936A2
WO1999026936A2 PCT/US1998/024176 US9824176W WO9926936A2 WO 1999026936 A2 WO1999026936 A2 WO 1999026936A2 US 9824176 W US9824176 W US 9824176W WO 9926936 A2 WO9926936 A2 WO 9926936A2
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catalyst
group
carbon atoms
hydrogen peroxide
integer
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PCT/US1998/024176
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French (fr)
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WO1999026936A3 (en
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Michael Brian D'amore
Stephan Schwarz
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E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company
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Priority to JP2000522094A priority Critical patent/JP2001524475A/en
Priority to EP98958553A priority patent/EP1044196A2/en
Publication of WO1999026936A2 publication Critical patent/WO1999026936A2/en
Publication of WO1999026936A3 publication Critical patent/WO1999026936A3/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
    • B01J31/0274—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 containing silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/89—Silicates, aluminosilicates or borosilicates of titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
    • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
    • B01J31/0245—Nitrogen containing compounds being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids
    • B01J31/0247—Imides, amides or imidates (R-C=NR(OR))
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • B01J31/0272—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255
    • B01J31/0275—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0269
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B41/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
    • C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
    • C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
    • C07D301/12—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with hydrogen peroxide or inorganic peroxides or peracids
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
    • B01J2231/70—Oxidation reactions, e.g. epoxidation, (di)hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and analogues
    • B01J2231/72—Epoxidation

Definitions

  • the invention generally relates to a process for oxidizing organic compounds.
  • the invention relates to a process utilizing hydrogen peroxide to oxidize an oxidizable organic substrate in the presence of a silica- modified titania/silica-containing catalyst and to a preparation of a catalyst using a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate.
  • Catalytic oxidation processes are important routes to many commercial chemicals.
  • numerous commercial processes for the epoxidation of olefins have been disclosed in the art.
  • One such process involves the reaction of an organic hydroperoxide with an olefin in the presence of catalytic amounts of certain soluble transition metal compounds (e.g., molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium napthenates).
  • certain soluble transition metal compounds e.g., molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium napthenates.
  • U.S. Patent No. 3,923,843 claims a process for the epoxidation of an olefinically unsaturated compound comprising reacting the compound in the liquid phase with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst comprising an inorganic siliceous compound in chemical combination with an oxide or hydroxide of titanium.
  • the catalyst is treated with an organic silylating agent before use.
  • the epoxide selectivity is increased from about 3% to about 15% when comparing the untreated catalyst to the silylated form.
  • the activity for both types of catalyst is about the same.
  • Hydrogen peroxide is often employed as an oxidizing agent for the production of organic chemicals.
  • a wide variety of organic compounds may be oxidized utilizing hydrogen peroxide, for example, olefins can be oxidized to epoxides (oxiranes) using this reagent.
  • titanosilicates have been reported to be useful as oxidation catalysts.
  • the catalytic oxidation of alkanes and alkenes by titanium silicates is disclosed in C. B. Khouw et al., "Studies on the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes and Alkenes by Titanium Silicates", Journal of Catalysis 149, 195-205 ( 1994).
  • Such catalysts are used for the selective oxidation of n-octane using organic hydroperoxides as the oxidants at temperatures below 100°C. The absence of water is deemed critical for catalytic activity.
  • the invention provides a process for oxidizing organic compounds comprising: contacting, in a zone of reaction, an oxidizable organic compound with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an insoluble catalyst comprising silicon oxide and an oxide of at least one hydrogen peroxide-activating metal, which catalyst is treated with a silylating agent, and wherein the activity of the treated catalyst is increased by a factor of at least two compared to the untreated catalyst.
  • the organic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the invention also provides a process for the preparation of a molecular sieve catalyst comprising synthesizing a catalyst comprising oxides of silicon and titanium by contacting the catalyst with a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate to form a molecular sieve catalyst.
  • Hydrogen peroxide-activating metals include, for example, silver, cobalt, cerium, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, chromium and mixtures thereof.
  • Metallosilicates containing the above metals can be prepared in a similar manner to that described in R. Neumann et al., "Metal Oxide (Ti ⁇ 2, M0O3, WO3) Substituted Silicate Xerogels as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Hydrocarbons with Hydrogen Peroxide", Journal of Catalysis, 166, pp. 206-217 (1997).
  • a presently preferred metal is tetrahedrally coordinated titanium.
  • Metallosilicates which can contain tetrahedrally coordinated titanium include the following molecular sieve structures: silicalite- 1 (TS-1), silicalite-2 (TS-2), zeolite-beta, silicon analogs of ZSM-48 and MCM-41. (See R. Murugavel and H. W. Roesky, "Titanosilicates: Recent Developments in Synthesis and Use as Oxidation Catalysts", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, No. 5, pp. 477-479 (1997) for a discussion of titanosilicates, their synthesis, and use as oxidation catalysts).
  • crystalline titanium silicalite is used as the catalyst.
  • porous crystalline titanium silicalite (TS-1) which corresponds to the foimula, xTiO2(l-x)SiO2, where x is between about 0.0005 and about 0.04 has been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,410,501 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • TS-1 has been shown to catalyze numerous reactions including the following selective oxidations; aromatic hydroxylations, alkane oxidations and aikene epoxidations.
  • the oxidation reactions are perfoimed using dilute (40% or less) aqueous hydrogen peroxide.
  • the reactions are typically run at 100°C or less and at atmospheric pressure.
  • molecular sieve catalysts prepared by the process of this invention include materials having MFI, MEL, M41S, MOR and BEA type structures.
  • Materials having an M41S structure are described in A. Corma, Chem. Rev., 97, 2373 to 2419 (1997), particularly at page 2386.
  • the other molecular sieve structures are described in W. M. Meier et al., "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types", 4 th ed., published in Zeolites, 17, Nos. 1/2 (1996).
  • Si ⁇ 2 is between 0.0005:1 and 0.5:1 can also be the catalyst in the above-named oxidation reactions.
  • This material is commercially available or it can be prepared by the procedure disclosed in D. C. M. Dutoit et al., "Titania-Silica Mixed Oxides", Journal of Catalysis, 164, pp. 433-439 (1996).
  • activities are improved by modifying the catalyst with a coating using a silylating agent.
  • coating of the oxidation catalyst can be accomplished by a variety of techniques.
  • a sample of the catalyst can be exposed to the ambient atmosphere and immersed in tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for 2 hours; the sample is then filtered and dried at room temperature overnight; (the sample is then heated in flowing nitrogen at 550°C for 3 hours).
  • TEOS tetraethylorthosilicate
  • the preceding treatment can be performed with one or more compounds containing at least one element selected from silicon, aluminum, boron and phosphorus, to deposit substantially, on the external surfaces of the oxidation catalyst, at least 0.05 weight % of the element.
  • Silicon compounds are the presently preferred coating agents used for silylation.
  • suitable silylating agents include organosilanes, organosilylamines, and organosilazanes.
  • suitable silanes include chlorotrimethylsilane ((C ⁇ SiCl), dichlorodimethylsilane ((CH 3 ) 2 SiCl2), bromochlorodimethylsilane ((CH 3 ) 2 SiBrCl), chlorofriethylsilane ((C 2 H 5 ) 3 SiCl) and chlorodimethylphenylsilane ((CH3) 2 Si(C6H 5 )Cl).
  • silazanes examples include 1 ,2-diethyldisilazane (C2H 5 SiH2NHSiH2C2H5), 1 , 1 ,2,2-tetramethyldisilazane ((CH 3 ) 2 SiHNHSiH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1,1,1 ,2,2,2-hexamethyldisilazane ((CH 3 ) 3 SiNHSi(CH 3 ) 3 ), 1,1 ,2,2-tetraethyldisilazane (C 2 H5)2SiHNHSiH(C 2 H 5 )2 and 1 ,2-diisopropyldisilazane ((CH 3 )2CHSiH2NHSiH 2 CH(CH3) 2 ).
  • the silylation of the oxidation catalyst may be done in various ways including that described above.
  • the catalyst particles may be mixed with a liquid silylating agent at temperatures from about room temperature to about 450°C.
  • the catalyst particles may be heated from about 100°C to about 450°C and then contacted with a stream of hot silylating agent vapor.
  • the silylation may be carried out as a batch, semi-continuous or continuous process.
  • the time required for the silylating agent to react with the catalyst surface is dependent on the temperature and agent used. Lower temperatures require longer reaction times. Typically, times of from about OJ to about 48 hours are suitable.
  • silylating agent used, for practical reasons it is believed that it can vary from about 1% to about 1000% by weight of the entire catalyst composition.
  • the silylating agent can be applied to the catalyst either in one or a series of treatments.
  • Olefins useful in the process of this invention may be any organic compound having at least one ethylenically unsaturated functional group (i.e., a carbon-carbon double bond) and may be a cyclic, branched, or straight chain olefin.
  • the olefin is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce an epoxide (oxirane).
  • the olefin may contain aryl groups such as phenyl.
  • the olefin is an aliphatic compound containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Multiple double bonds may be present in the olefin, e.g., dienes, trienes, and other polyunsaturated substrates.
  • the double bond may be in a terminal or internal position of the olefin or may form part of a cyclic structure as in cyclohexene.
  • suitable organic compounds include unsaturated fatty acids or esters and oligomeric or polymeric unsaturated compounds such as polybutadiene.
  • the olefin may optionally contain functional groups such as halide, carboxylic acid, ether, hydroxy, thio, nitro, cyano, ketone, acyl, ester, amino, and anhydride.
  • Prefeired olefins include ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, pentenes, isoprene, and hexenes.
  • Mixtures of olefins may be epoxidized and the resulting mixtures of epoxides may be used in mixed form or separated into the component epoxides.
  • Cyclic ketones useful in the process of this invention include cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone.
  • the cyclic ketone is reacted with the in-situ generated hydrogen peroxide to produce lactones.
  • cyclopentanone is converted to valerolactone and cyclohexanone is converted to caprolactone.
  • ammonia cyclohexanone is converted to cyclohexanone oxime.
  • Alicyclic hydrocarbons of the foimula R 8 R 9 CH 2 , wherein R 8 and R 9 together form a link selected from the group consisting of (-CH 2 -) p , wherein p is an integer from 4 to 11 useful in the process of this invention include cyclohexane and cyclododecane.
  • Alicyclic hydrocarbons of the formula R 8 R 9 CH2 are reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce ketones and alcohols. For example, cyclohexane is converted to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone and cyclododecane is converted to a mixture of cyclododecanol and cyclododecanone.
  • Aliphatic hydrocarbons of the formula C q H2 q+ 2 > wherein q is an integer from 1 to 20 useful in the process of this invention include hexane and heptane. Aliphatic hydrocarbons of the formula CqH 2 q + 2 are reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce alcohols and ketones.
  • Alcohols according to the formula R ⁇ R 1 iCHOH, wherein R 10 and R 1 ⁇ * are as defined above include 2-butanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. These alcohols are oxidized to 2-butanone, cyclohexanone, and cyclododecanone, respectively.
  • oximes can be prepared by
  • n is an integer from 2 to 9
  • the reaction may also be conducted in organic solvents.
  • organic solvents are hydrocarbons such as hexane, benzene, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, lower aliphatic alcohols, ketones and dioxane, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide and mixtures thereof.
  • the solvents which are used are ones in which the substrate and products of the reaction are highly soluble.
  • the reaction is typically conducted at temperatures of from about 0°C to about 200°C, preferably from about 25°C to about 150°C.
  • the reaction pressure is typically from about 1 atmosphere to about 100 atmospheres.
  • the oxidation products are recovered from the product mixtures by conventional techniques such as fractional distillation, extraction, and crystallization.
  • Titanium isopropoxide (28.4 g) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 30 mL) were mixed and acetylacetone (10.01 g) in IPA (10 mL) was added.
  • IPA isopropyl alcohol
  • the resulting solution was heated to reflux for one hour and then cooled.
  • the IPA was removed under vacuum and the resultant solid was redissolved in IPA to make up 100 mL.
  • the solution was 1 molar in Ti.
  • the sol-gel was extracted with supercritical CO2 at 40°C at 3500 psig (24.2 MPa) for 5 hours.
  • the resulting fluffy yellow powder was calcined as follows: 400°C for 1 hour in N 2 followed by 600°C for 5 hours in air.
  • Catalyst A was x-ray amorphous.
  • Catalyst A The procedure for the preparation of Catalyst A was followed except that the gel mixture was aged for 90 hours.
  • toluene 7.96 g
  • Catalyst B2 To Catalyst A (1.02 g) was added a mixture of 1.05 g BSTFA (1.05 g) and toluene (7.87 g). The slurry mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried. Preparation of Catalyst C
  • a homogeneous slurry of 50% aqueous NaOH solution (9.066 g), fumed Si ⁇ 2 (20 g) and H2O (98 g) was prepared. The slurry was stirred for 1/2 hour. A solution of dodecytrimethylammoniumbromide (51.39 g) in H2O (74.5 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour, resulting in a translucent gel. This gel was digested in a Teflon® bottle at 100°C for 5 days. The material was calcined in air as follows: 5°C/min to 250°C; 2°C/min to 550°C; and held at temperature for 4 hours. It was then cooled.
  • the resultant solid had the x-ray pattern of molecular sieve MCM-41.
  • the calcined dry MCM-41 (3.5 g) was treated with 0.427 g of TYZOR
  • Catalyst C (0.482 g) was added a mixture of BSTFA (1.08 g) and toluene (8.97 g). The slurry mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried.
  • Catalyst E 0.527 g was added a mixture of BSTFA (1.04 g) and toluene (8.94 g). The mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried.
  • Preparation of Catalyst G To titanosilicalite (0J23 g; prepared in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 4,410,501 and having Ti:SiO 2 weight ratio of 1.9%) was added BSTFA (0.486 g) and toluene (3.96 g). After stirring at room temperature for two hours, the solids were filtered, washed with toluene, and air dried.
  • Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (6.44 g) was dissolved in tetramethyl- ammoniumhydroxide (26.98 g).
  • the PSITI-019 precursor (20.0 g) was added dropwise with strong agitation. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 3 days and 17 hours. The products were filtered and washed with distilled H 2 O (1 L). The dried white solids were calcined by heating in air at l°C/min to 550°C, which was maintained for 4 hours before cooling. Long range mesoporous order was demonstrated by an XRD peak at
  • Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (3.22 g) was dissolved in dilute HC1 made by combining 36.6 g cone. HC1 and 148.5 g H2O.
  • Tetraethylorthosilicate (15.4 g) was added to the PSITI-019 precursor (4.61 g). 40% aqueous tetrapropylammoniumhydroxide (19.34 g, TPAOH) solution was dripped into the clear alkoxide mixture while stirring vigorously at 25°C. After less than 15 minutes, the mixture gelled into a hard brittle mass. This was broken up and dispersed by the addition of the rest of the TPAOH. Almost all of the solids were dissolved during stirring and addition of H 2 O (140.5 g) over a period of about 1 hour. The final clear solution was filtered into a Teflon® bottle, which was sealed and placed into an oven at 100°C. The synthesis was stopped after 5 days and 18 hours. The filtered, washed, and dried material was calcined at 520°C for 10 hours.
  • TPAOH aqueous tetrapropylammoniumhydroxide
  • Tetrahedral Ti was present as shown by a single UVNisible spectral band at 206 nm. The infrared band at 971 cm -1 was further evidence of Ti framework incorporation.

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Abstract

A process for oxidizing organic compounds is disclosed. Hydrogen peroxide is used to oxidize an oxidizable organic substrate in the presence of a silica-modified titania/silica-containing catalyst. A method for preparing a catalyst using a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate is also disclosed.

Description

TITLE
PROCESS FOR THE SELECTIVE
OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention generally relates to a process for oxidizing organic compounds. In particular, the invention relates to a process utilizing hydrogen peroxide to oxidize an oxidizable organic substrate in the presence of a silica- modified titania/silica-containing catalyst and to a preparation of a catalyst using a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Catalytic oxidation processes are important routes to many commercial chemicals. For example, numerous commercial processes for the epoxidation of olefins have been disclosed in the art. One such process involves the reaction of an organic hydroperoxide with an olefin in the presence of catalytic amounts of certain soluble transition metal compounds (e.g., molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium napthenates). Some drawbacks to this process include co-production of an alcohol from the hydroperoxide, recovery of the soluble metal catalyst, and the sensitivity of the reaction to water.
Heterogeneous catalysts which overcome some of the aforesaid problems have also been developed. U.S. Patent No. 3,923,843 claims a process for the epoxidation of an olefinically unsaturated compound comprising reacting the compound in the liquid phase with an organic hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst comprising an inorganic siliceous compound in chemical combination with an oxide or hydroxide of titanium. The catalyst is treated with an organic silylating agent before use. In the examples shown, the epoxide selectivity is increased from about 3% to about 15% when comparing the untreated catalyst to the silylated form. The activity for both types of catalyst is about the same. Hydrogen peroxide is often employed as an oxidizing agent for the production of organic chemicals. A wide variety of organic compounds may be oxidized utilizing hydrogen peroxide, for example, olefins can be oxidized to epoxides (oxiranes) using this reagent.
Many titanosilicates have been reported to be useful as oxidation catalysts. For example, the catalytic oxidation of alkanes and alkenes by titanium silicates is disclosed in C. B. Khouw et al., "Studies on the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes and Alkenes by Titanium Silicates", Journal of Catalysis 149, 195-205 ( 1994). Such catalysts are used for the selective oxidation of n-octane using organic hydroperoxides as the oxidants at temperatures below 100°C. The absence of water is deemed critical for catalytic activity. In this regard, there is a need for processes that can utilize aqueous hydrogen peroxide rather than organic hydroperoxides to provide both a safe and an efficient process for oxidizing organic compounds. The present invention satisfies that need and otherwise overcomes certain deficiencies inherent in the prior art. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description which follows hereinafter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a process for oxidizing organic compounds comprising: contacting, in a zone of reaction, an oxidizable organic compound with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an insoluble catalyst comprising silicon oxide and an oxide of at least one hydrogen peroxide-activating metal, which catalyst is treated with a silylating agent, and wherein the activity of the treated catalyst is increased by a factor of at least two compared to the untreated catalyst.
Preferably, in the process of the invention, the organic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) cyclic olefins and olefins according to the foimula R1R2C=CR3R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently -H; alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; alkylaryl, wherein the alkylaryl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; or alkylcycloalkyl, wherein the alkylcycloalkyl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; and wherein said olefin can optionally containing halogen atoms (i.e., Cl, Br, F, and I);
Figure imgf000004_0001
(b) cyclic ketones according to the formula wherein n is an integer from 2 to 9;
(c) compounds of the foimula CgHsR5, wherein R5 is -H, -OH; Cj to C3 straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, -CO2H; -CN; -COCm, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6; -OCm, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6; or NR6R7, where R6 and R7 are each independently -H or C to C3 alkyl groups;
(d) alicyclic hydrocarbons according to the foimula R8R9CH2, wherein R8 and R9 together from a link of (-CH2-)p, wherein p is an integer from 4 to 11; (e) aliphatic hydrocarbons of the formula CqH2q+2> wherein q is an integer from 1 to 20; and
(f) alcohols according to the foimula R10R! ϊCHOH, wherein R10 and R1 ] are each independently -H; alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; alkylaryl, wherein the alkylaryl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl wherein R10 and R1 1 taken together foim a link containing 4 to 11 -CH2- groups; or alkylcycloalkyl, wherein the alkylcycloalkyl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms. The invention also provides a process for the preparation of a molecular sieve catalyst comprising synthesizing a catalyst comprising oxides of silicon and titanium by contacting the catalyst with a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate to form a molecular sieve catalyst.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hydrogen peroxide-activating metals include, for example, silver, cobalt, cerium, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, chromium and mixtures thereof. Metallosilicates containing the above metals can be prepared in a similar manner to that described in R. Neumann et al., "Metal Oxide (Tiθ2, M0O3, WO3) Substituted Silicate Xerogels as Catalysts for the Oxidation of Hydrocarbons with Hydrogen Peroxide", Journal of Catalysis, 166, pp. 206-217 (1997).
A presently preferred metal is tetrahedrally coordinated titanium. Metallosilicates which can contain tetrahedrally coordinated titanium include the following molecular sieve structures: silicalite- 1 (TS-1), silicalite-2 (TS-2), zeolite-beta, silicon analogs of ZSM-48 and MCM-41. (See R. Murugavel and H. W. Roesky, "Titanosilicates: Recent Developments in Synthesis and Use as Oxidation Catalysts", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 36, No. 5, pp. 477-479 (1997) for a discussion of titanosilicates, their synthesis, and use as oxidation catalysts). In one embodiment, crystalline titanium silicalite is used as the catalyst. The preparation of porous crystalline titanium silicalite (TS-1) which corresponds to the foimula, xTiO2(l-x)SiO2, where x is between about 0.0005 and about 0.04 has been disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,410,501 the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TS-1 has been shown to catalyze numerous reactions including the following selective oxidations; aromatic hydroxylations, alkane oxidations and aikene epoxidations. The oxidation reactions are perfoimed using dilute (40% or less) aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The reactions are typically run at 100°C or less and at atmospheric pressure.
Some examples of molecular sieve catalysts prepared by the process of this invention include materials having MFI, MEL, M41S, MOR and BEA type structures. Materials having an M41S structure are described in A. Corma, Chem. Rev., 97, 2373 to 2419 (1997), particularly at page 2386. The other molecular sieve structures are described in W. M. Meier et al., "Atlas of Zeolite Structure Types", 4th ed., published in Zeolites, 17, Nos. 1/2 (1996). Ara amorphous titania/silica coprecipitate where the weight ratio of Tiθ2 to
Siθ2 is between 0.0005:1 and 0.5:1 can also be the catalyst in the above-named oxidation reactions. This material is commercially available or it can be prepared by the procedure disclosed in D. C. M. Dutoit et al., "Titania-Silica Mixed Oxides", Journal of Catalysis, 164, pp. 433-439 (1996). In accordance with this invention, activities are improved by modifying the catalyst with a coating using a silylating agent. Specifically, to improve activity, coating of the oxidation catalyst can be accomplished by a variety of techniques. For example, a sample of the catalyst can be exposed to the ambient atmosphere and immersed in tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) for 2 hours; the sample is then filtered and dried at room temperature overnight; (the sample is then heated in flowing nitrogen at 550°C for 3 hours). The preceding treatment can be performed with one or more compounds containing at least one element selected from silicon, aluminum, boron and phosphorus, to deposit substantially, on the external surfaces of the oxidation catalyst, at least 0.05 weight % of the element.
Silicon compounds are the presently preferred coating agents used for silylation. Other suitable silylating agents (besides TEOS) include organosilanes, organosilylamines, and organosilazanes. Examples of suitable silanes include chlorotrimethylsilane ((C^^SiCl), dichlorodimethylsilane ((CH3)2SiCl2), bromochlorodimethylsilane ((CH3)2SiBrCl), chlorofriethylsilane ((C2H5)3SiCl) and chlorodimethylphenylsilane ((CH3)2Si(C6H5)Cl). Examples of suitable silazanes include 1 ,2-diethyldisilazane (C2H5SiH2NHSiH2C2H5), 1 , 1 ,2,2-tetramethyldisilazane ((CH3)2SiHNHSiH(CH3)2), 1,1,1 ,2,2,2-hexamethyldisilazane ((CH3)3 SiNHSi(CH3)3), 1,1 ,2,2-tetraethyldisilazane (C2H5)2SiHNHSiH(C2H5)2 and 1 ,2-diisopropyldisilazane ((CH3)2CHSiH2NHSiH2CH(CH3)2).
Preferred silylating agents include silazanes and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)- trifluoroacetamide (CF3C(OSi(CH3)3)=NSi(CH3)3). These two agents do not generate corrosive hydrogen halides when they are used unlike the organosilanes. The silylation of the oxidation catalyst may be done in various ways including that described above. For example, the catalyst particles may be mixed with a liquid silylating agent at temperatures from about room temperature to about 450°C. Alternatively, the catalyst particles may be heated from about 100°C to about 450°C and then contacted with a stream of hot silylating agent vapor. The silylation may be carried out as a batch, semi-continuous or continuous process.
The time required for the silylating agent to react with the catalyst surface is dependent on the temperature and agent used. Lower temperatures require longer reaction times. Typically, times of from about OJ to about 48 hours are suitable.
Although there is no limit to the amount of silylating agent used, for practical reasons it is believed that it can vary from about 1% to about 1000% by weight of the entire catalyst composition. The silylating agent can be applied to the catalyst either in one or a series of treatments.
A wide variety of organic compounds can be oxidized by the process of this invention. Presently prefeired organic compounds are listed above in the "Summary of the Invention".
Olefins useful in the process of this invention may be any organic compound having at least one ethylenically unsaturated functional group (i.e., a carbon-carbon double bond) and may be a cyclic, branched, or straight chain olefin. The olefin is reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce an epoxide (oxirane). The olefin may contain aryl groups such as phenyl. Preferably, the olefin is an aliphatic compound containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. Multiple double bonds may be present in the olefin, e.g., dienes, trienes, and other polyunsaturated substrates. The double bond may be in a terminal or internal position of the olefin or may form part of a cyclic structure as in cyclohexene. Other, non-limiting examples of suitable organic compounds include unsaturated fatty acids or esters and oligomeric or polymeric unsaturated compounds such as polybutadiene.
The olefin may optionally contain functional groups such as halide, carboxylic acid, ether, hydroxy, thio, nitro, cyano, ketone, acyl, ester, amino, and anhydride.
Prefeired olefins include ethylene, propylene, butenes, butadiene, pentenes, isoprene, and hexenes.
Mixtures of olefins may be epoxidized and the resulting mixtures of epoxides may be used in mixed form or separated into the component epoxides.
Olefins especially prefeired for the process of this invention include those of the formula R1R2C=CR3R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and Cj to C12 straight chain, saturated, or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals.
Cyclic ketones useful in the process of this invention include cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone. The cyclic ketone is reacted with the in-situ generated hydrogen peroxide to produce lactones. For example, cyclopentanone is converted to valerolactone and cyclohexanone is converted to caprolactone. Also, in the presence of ammonia cyclohexanone is converted to cyclohexanone oxime.
Compounds of the formula Cg^R5, wherein R5 is selected from a group as defined in the "Summary of the Invention", are reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce phenols. For example, phenol, itself, is converted to hydroquinone and toluene is converted to catechol.
Alicyclic hydrocarbons of the foimula R8R9CH2, wherein R8 and R9 together form a link selected from the group consisting of (-CH2-)p, wherein p is an integer from 4 to 11 useful in the process of this invention include cyclohexane and cyclododecane. Alicyclic hydrocarbons of the formula R8R9CH2 are reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce ketones and alcohols. For example, cyclohexane is converted to a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone and cyclododecane is converted to a mixture of cyclododecanol and cyclododecanone. Aliphatic hydrocarbons of the formula CqH2q+2> wherein q is an integer from 1 to 20 useful in the process of this invention include hexane and heptane. Aliphatic hydrocarbons of the formula CqH2q+2 are reacted with hydrogen peroxide to produce alcohols and ketones.
Alcohols according to the formula R^R1 iCHOH, wherein R10 and R1 ■* are as defined above include 2-butanol, cyclohexanol, and cyclododecanol. These alcohols are oxidized to 2-butanone, cyclohexanone, and cyclododecanone, respectively.
In another embodiment of this invention, oximes can be prepared by
Figure imgf000008_0001
reacting cyclic ketones of the foimula , wherein n is an integer from 2 to 9, with hydrogen peroxide and ammonia in the liquid phase in the presence of the catalysts of this invention .and then recovering the oxime product. The reaction may also be conducted in organic solvents. Some preferred organic solvents are hydrocarbons such as hexane, benzene, methylene chloride, acetonitrile, lower aliphatic alcohols, ketones and dioxane, dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the solvents which are used are ones in which the substrate and products of the reaction are highly soluble.
The reaction is typically conducted at temperatures of from about 0°C to about 200°C, preferably from about 25°C to about 150°C. The reaction pressure is typically from about 1 atmosphere to about 100 atmospheres. The oxidation products are recovered from the product mixtures by conventional techniques such as fractional distillation, extraction, and crystallization.
Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and are not to limit the remainder of the invention in any way whatsoever. All percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLES Preparation of Catalyst A
Titanium isopropoxide (28.4 g) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA, 30 mL) were mixed and acetylacetone (10.01 g) in IPA (10 mL) was added. The resulting solution was heated to reflux for one hour and then cooled. The IPA was removed under vacuum and the resultant solid was redissolved in IPA to make up 100 mL. The solution was 1 molar in Ti.
A portion of the above solution (25.0 mL) was mixed with tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS, 45.66 mL) and IPA (44 mL). To this was added, dropwise with stirring, a solution of cone. HC1 (2.4 mL), H2O (29.2 g) and IPA (30 mL). This mixture was stirred for 5 min. at room temperature and additional IPA (168 mL) was added. The gel mixture was aged for 64 hours at room temperature with stirring, and thickened slightly.
The sol-gel was extracted with supercritical CO2 at 40°C at 3500 psig (24.2 MPa) for 5 hours. The resulting fluffy yellow powder was calcined as follows: 400°C for 1 hour in N2 followed by 600°C for 5 hours in air. Catalyst A was x-ray amorphous.
Preparation of Catalyst A2
The procedure for the preparation of Catalyst A was followed except that the gel mixture was aged for 90 hours. Preparation of Catalyst B To Catalyst A (0.508 g) was added a mixture of N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)- trifluoroacetamide (i.e., CF3C(OSi(CH3)3)=NSi(CH3)3 or BSTFA; 1.0 g) and toluene (7.96 g). The mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried. Preparation of Catalyst B2 To Catalyst A (1.02 g) was added a mixture of 1.05 g BSTFA (1.05 g) and toluene (7.87 g). The slurry mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried. Preparation of Catalyst C
A homogeneous slurry of 50% aqueous NaOH solution (9.066 g), fumed Siθ2 (20 g) and H2O (98 g) was prepared. The slurry was stirred for 1/2 hour. A solution of dodecytrimethylammoniumbromide (51.39 g) in H2O (74.5 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour, resulting in a translucent gel. This gel was digested in a Teflon® bottle at 100°C for 5 days. The material was calcined in air as follows: 5°C/min to 250°C; 2°C/min to 550°C; and held at temperature for 4 hours. It was then cooled.
The resultant solid had the x-ray pattern of molecular sieve MCM-41. The calcined dry MCM-41 (3.5 g) was treated with 0.427 g of TYZOR
GBA™ (organic titanate) in toluene (75 mL). While stirring, the treated MCM-41 toluene slurry was heated at reflux overnight, then cooled, filtered, and washed with toluene. The dried material was calcined as follows: 5°C/min to 550°C, held for 4 hours; and cooled. There was no evidence of anatase or other Tiθ2 phases in x-ray diffraction
(XRD) or ultraviolet/visible spectral analyses. Preparation of Catalyst D
To Catalyst C (0.482 g) was added a mixture of BSTFA (1.08 g) and toluene (8.97 g). The slurry mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried. Preparation of Catalyst E
A solution of hexadecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (6.44 g), 25% aqueous tetramethylammoniumhydroxide solution (26.98 g) and H2O (324.2 g) was prepared. Gelest PSITI-019 (diethoxysilane-ethyltitanate copolymer; 20.0 g) was added dropwise over 15 min. The mixture was stirred for 4 days at room temperature. The filtered, washed, and dried material exhibited the XRD of a mesoporous material, with no ΗO2 phases detectable.
Calcination was as follows: l°C/min to 550°C; held for 4 hours; and cooled. Preparation of Catalyst F
To Catalyst E (0.527 g) was added a mixture of BSTFA (1.04 g) and toluene (8.94 g). The mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature, filtered, the solids washed with toluene, and air dried. Preparation of Catalyst G To titanosilicalite (0J23 g; prepared in a manner similar to that described in U.S. Patent No. 4,410,501 and having Ti:SiO2 weight ratio of 1.9%) was added BSTFA (0.486 g) and toluene (3.96 g). After stirring at room temperature for two hours, the solids were filtered, washed with toluene, and air dried. EXAMPLE 1 Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst B (50 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.09 g) and 1-octene (2.05 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 firs, GC analysis showed the presence of 1,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (18% yield based on peroxide).
EXAMPLE 2 Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst B2 (98 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.03 g) and 1-octene (2.14 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of 1,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (11% yield based on peroxide).
E.XAMPLE 3 Epoxidation of cis-Cvclooctene To Catalyst B2 (91 mg) was added 10% aqueous hydrogen peroxide
(1.05 g) and cis-cyclooctene (2.44 g). The mixture was stiired at room temperature. After 24 hours, GC analysis showed the presence of cyclooctene oxide in 33% yield based on peroxide.
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A Epoxidation of 1-Octene
To Catalyst A (41 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.02 g) and 1-octene (2.02 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of a trace of 1,2-epoxyoctane (<0.2% yield based on peroxide). COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE B
Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst A2 (118 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.04 g) and 1-octene (2J 1 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of a trace of 1 ,2-epoxyoctane (<0.6% yield based on peroxide).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C Epoxidation of cis-Cvclooctene To Catalyst A2 (100 mg) was added 10% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.01 g) and cic-cyclooctene (2.43 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hours, GC analysis showed no reaction to cyclooctene oxide. EXAMPLE 4 Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst D (46 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.02 g) and 1-octene (2.04 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of 1,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (22% yield based on peroxide).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE D Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst C (48 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.04 g) and 1-octene (2.07 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 firs, GC analysis showed the presence of a trace of 1,2-epoxyoctane (<0J% yield based on peroxide).
EXAMPLE 5 Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst F (53 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1J0 g) and 1-octene (2J 1 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 .hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of 1,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (25% yield based on peroxide).
EXAMPLE 6 Epoxidation of 1-Octene
To Catalyst G (0.102 g) was added of 1-octene (2.11 g) and 1.02 g of 10 wt. % aqueous H2O2. After stirring at room temperature for 24 hours, GC analysis showed the presence of 1,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (23% yield based on peroxide). EXAMPLE 7
Epoxidation of cis-Cvclooctene To Catalyst G (silylated TS-1) (49 mg) was added 10% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.04 g) .and cis-cyclooctene (2.21 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hours, GC analysis showed the presence of cyclooctene oxide in 1% yield based on peroxide.
COMPARATIVE E.XAMPLE E Epoxidation of 1-Octene To Catalyst E (67 mg) was added 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.04 g) and 1-octene (2.05 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hrs, GC analysis showed the presence of a trace of 1 ,2-epoxyoctane (<0.5% yield based on peroxide). COMPARATIVE E.XAMPLE F Epoxidation of 1-Octene To 0J01 g of titanosilicalite prepared as Catalyst G above (before silylation) was added 1-octene (2.06 g) and 1.05 g of 10 wt % aqueous H2O2 After stirring at room temperature for 24 hours, GC analysis showed the presence of 1 ,2-epoxyoctane in 90% selectivity (6% yield based on peroxide).
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE G Epoxidation of cis-Cvclooctene To Catalyst G before silylation (55 mg) was added 10% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (1.08 g) and cis-cyclooctene (2.63 g). The mixture was stirred at room temperature. After 24 hours, GC analysis showed no reaction to cyclooctene oxide.
EXAMPLE 8 The titanium precursor used in Examples 8 to 10 was Gelest diethoxy- siloxane-ethyltitanate copolymer (# in Gelest catalogue = PSITI-019),
[(C2H5O)2SiO][(C2H5O)2TiO], 19.1-19.6% Si, 2.1-2.3% Ti. Atomic ratio Si:Ti about 15.
Alkaline Synthesis of Mesoporous SiO2/TiO2
Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (6.44 g) was dissolved in tetramethyl- ammoniumhydroxide (26.98 g). The PSITI-019 precursor (20.0 g) was added dropwise with strong agitation. The mixture was stirred at 25 °C for 3 days and 17 hours. The products were filtered and washed with distilled H2O (1 L). The dried white solids were calcined by heating in air at l°C/min to 550°C, which was maintained for 4 hours before cooling. Long range mesoporous order was demonstrated by an XRD peak at
3.2 nm. UV/Visible spectroscopy showed that isolated, as well as oligomeric Ti was present. A very intense band at 960 cm-1 in the infrared lends further evidence for framework Ti. The high Ti content in the sample (Si:Ti = 8) was probably the reason for the oligomeric Ti species. EXAMPLE 9
Acidic Synthesis of Mesoporous SiO2/TiO2
Cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (3.22 g) was dissolved in dilute HC1 made by combining 36.6 g cone. HC1 and 148.5 g H2O. The PSITI-019 precursor (10.0 g) was added dropwise with strong agitation. The mixture was stirred at 25°C for 3 days and 17 hours. The products were filtered and washed with distilled H2O (1 L). The dried white solids were calcined by heating in air at l°C/min to 550°C, which was maintained for 4 hours before cooling. Long range mesoporous order was demonstrated by an XRD peak at 45 nm. UVNisible spectroscopy showed that only isolated Ti was present by a single band at 205 nm. A band at 968 cm"1 in the infrared lends further evidence for the presence of framework Ti. Elemental analysis showed that Si:Ti =* 264. This was much higher than was obtained for the alkaline synthesis.
E.XAMPLE 10 Synthesis of TS-1
Tetraethylorthosilicate (15.4 g) was added to the PSITI-019 precursor (4.61 g). 40% aqueous tetrapropylammoniumhydroxide (19.34 g, TPAOH) solution was dripped into the clear alkoxide mixture while stirring vigorously at 25°C. After less than 15 minutes, the mixture gelled into a hard brittle mass. This was broken up and dispersed by the addition of the rest of the TPAOH. Almost all of the solids were dissolved during stirring and addition of H2O (140.5 g) over a period of about 1 hour. The final clear solution was filtered into a Teflon® bottle, which was sealed and placed into an oven at 100°C. The synthesis was stopped after 5 days and 18 hours. The filtered, washed, and dried material was calcined at 520°C for 10 hours.
X-ray diffraction analysis showed that a very crystalline MFI structure was obtained. Tetrahedral Ti was present as shown by a single UVNisible spectral band at 206 nm. The infrared band at 971 cm-1 was further evidence of Ti framework incorporation.
Although particular embodiments of the present invention have been described in the foregoing description, it will be understood by those sldlled in the art that the invention is capable of numerous modifications, substitutions and rearrangements without departing from the spirit or essential attributes of the invention. Reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS:
1. A process for oxidizing organic compounds comprising: contacting, in a zone of reaction, an oxidizable organic compound with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an insoluble catalyst comprising silicon oxide and an oxide of at least one hydrogen peroxide-activating metal, which catalyst has been treated with a silylating agent, and wherein the activity of the treated catalyst is increased by a factor of at least two compared to untreated catalyst.
2. The process of Claim 1 wherein the organic compound is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) cyclic olefins and olefins according to the formula R!R2C*=CR3R4, wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each independently -H; alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; alkylaryl, wherein the alkylaryl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; or alkylcycloalkyl, wherein the alkylcycloalkyl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; and wherein said olefin can optionally containing halogen atoms (i.e., Cl, Br, F, and I);
(
Figure imgf000015_0001
(b) cyclic ketones according to the formula wherein n is an integer from 2 to 9;
(c) compounds of the foimula Cg^R5, wherein R5 is -H, -OH; Cj to C straight chain, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, -CO2H; -CN; -COCm, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6; -OCm, wherein m is an integer from 1 to 6; or NR6R7, where R6 and R7 are each independently -H or Cj to C3 alkyl groups;
(d) alicyclic hydrocarbons according to the formula R8R9CH2, wherein R8 and R9 together from a link of (-CH2-)p, wherein p is an integer from 4 to 11;
(e) aliphatic hydrocarbons of the foimula CqH2q+2> wherein q is an integer from 1 to 20; and
(f) alcohols according to the formula R1 ┬░R! ! CHOH, wherein R1 ┬░ and R1 * are each independently -H; alkyl, wherein the alkyl group has from 1 to 16 carbon atoms; alkylaryl, wherein the alkylaryl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl, wherein the cycloalkyl group has from 6 to 10 carbon atoms; cycloalkyl wherein R10 and R1 ! taken together form a link containing 4 to 11 -CH2- groups; or alkylcycloalkyl, wherein the alkylcycloalkyl group has from 7 to 16 carbon atoms.
3. The process of Claim 1 wherein the hydrogen peroxide-activating metal is selected from the group consisting of silver, cobalt, cerium, manganese, iron, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, chromium, and mixtures thereof.
4. The process of Claim 1 wherein the hydrogen peroxide-activating metal is tetrahedrally coordinated titanium.
5. The process of Claim 1 wherein the catalyst is crystalline titanium silicalite.
6. The process of Claim 1 where the silylating agent is selected from the group consisting of organosilanes, organosilylamines, and organosilazanes.
7. The process of Claim 1 where the silylating agent is a silazane or N,O- bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide.
8. The process of Claim 1 where the process is conducted in organic solvents.
9. A process for the preparation of a molecular sieve catalyst comprising synthesizing a catalyst comprising oxides of silicon and titanium by contacting the catalyst with a copolymer of diethoxysilane and ethyl titanate to form a molecular sieve catalyst.
10. The process of Claim 9 wherein the molecular sieve catalyst formed is selected from the group of catalysts having the following designations: MFI, MEL; M41S; MOR; and BEA.
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