WO1999009408A1 - Method and device for detecting a condition - Google Patents

Method and device for detecting a condition Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999009408A1
WO1999009408A1 PCT/GB1998/002406 GB9802406W WO9909408A1 WO 1999009408 A1 WO1999009408 A1 WO 1999009408A1 GB 9802406 W GB9802406 W GB 9802406W WO 9909408 A1 WO9909408 A1 WO 9909408A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
subject
skin
condition
gas sensing
sensing means
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1998/002406
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Peter Alfred Payne
Krishna Chandra Persaud
Allan John Syms
Original Assignee
Osmetech Plc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Osmetech Plc filed Critical Osmetech Plc
Publication of WO1999009408A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999009408A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
    • G01N31/22—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using chemical indicators
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
    • C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N31/00—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods
    • G01N31/22—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using chemical indicators
    • G01N31/223—Investigating or analysing non-biological materials by the use of the chemical methods specified in the subgroup; Apparatus specially adapted for such methods using chemical indicators for investigating presence of specific gases or aerosols

Definitions

  • This invention concerns methods and devices for detecting a range of conditions in a subject by analysing gases and volatile species emanating from the skin of the subject.
  • a device for detecting a condition in a subject the device being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject.
  • the gas sensing means may comprise an array of gas sensors.
  • the gas sensing means may comprise at least one semiconducting organic polymer sensor.
  • the detection of a condition may be indicated by a variation in the colour of the at least one semiconducting organic polymer sensor.
  • the device may further comprise data storage means for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means.
  • the device may comprise analysis means for analysing the output of the gas sensing means in order to determine if a condition has been detected.
  • the device may further comprise wetting means for wetting the portion of the skin to which the device is affixed.
  • the device may further comprise an adhesive for affixing the device to the portion of the skin.
  • the gas sensing means may be housed in a flexible member.
  • the device may comprise cuff means adapted to be affixed to a limb of the subject and to retain a headspace in a volume above said portion of skin.
  • the gas sensing means may be housed in said cuff means, or they may be connected to said cuff means through a gas conducting conduit.
  • the device may detect a dermatic condition, which may be skin cancer or a parasitic infestation.
  • the device may detect a disease state, which may be diabetes or heart disease.
  • the device may detect the presence of heavy metals in the subject.
  • the device may detect the presence of drugs in the subject.
  • a method for detecting a condition in a subject comprising the steps of: obtaining a sample of gases and volatile species emanating from a portion of skin of the subject; detecting said gases and volatile species with gas sensing means: and correlating the detection of said gases and volatile species with the occurence of the condition.
  • gas sensors which are not affixed to a portion of the skin.
  • gases emanating from the skin might be trapped within a container which is transported to a laboratory for analysis by a gas sensing device.
  • Figure 1 shows (a) an elevation of and (b) a cross section through a first embodiment
  • Figure 2 shows a second embodiment
  • Figure 3 is a cross section through the second embodiment.
  • Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of a device 10 for detecting a condition in a subject, the device 10 being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means 12 disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject.
  • a preferred form of gas sensing means comprises at least one semiconducting organic polymer (SOP) sensor.
  • SOP semiconducting organic polymer
  • suitable, gas sensitive, SOPs include heteroaromatic polymers such as polypyrrole, polyindole and various substituted variants. The applicants produce commercially a range of gas sensing devices which utilise an array of SOPs.
  • an array of SOPs having broad and overlapping sensitivities is employed.
  • a single SOP gas sensor in conjunction with a suitable interrogation technique such as applying ac electrical signal to the sensor or a suitable time varying electrical signal accompanied by a time-to-frequency domain transformation (see International Publication WO 97/18467 and British Patent GB 2 203 553).
  • Neural network algorithms are commonly employed for data analysis purposes which, owing to the nature of the data, is usually a pattern recognition problem.
  • An advantage with neural networks is their flexibility. However, simplified data analysis methods may be applicable to devices which are specifically adapted to recognise the occurrence of a single condition.
  • the detection of a condition may be based on the intensities of the sensor responses as well as the patterns produced by them.
  • SOP based gas sensors are sensitive to temperature and humidity variations (as are many other forms of gas sensors). It is extremely advantageous in this regard that the regulatory processes in the human body act to maintain constant temperature and humidity levels at the skin interface.
  • gas sensing device such as arrays of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, SAWs or quartz resonators, or combinations thereof, forms of gas chromatography. mobile ion spectrometry and mass spectrometry.
  • the device can further comprise data storage means, such as a datalogger, for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means.
  • data storage means such as a datalogger, for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means.
  • analysis of the data generated by the gas sensing means is performed externally by downloading the data to, for example, a computer having suitable analysis software.
  • the gas sensing means can be interrogated directly at selected times by an external 'reader', with subsequent analysis of the data thus obtained.
  • the device may be provided with means adapted to indicate that the presence of the condition has been detected.
  • means adapted to indicate that the presence of the condition has been detected is to employ semiconducting organic polymers that change colour on exposure to various gases (the colour change is associated with reduction and oxidation of the polymer - the same physical processes that affect conductivity).
  • the presence or absence of a desired condition could be indicated by the colour of a gas sensor, or by a colour combination of an array of sensors.
  • Another way is for the analysis to be performed by the device itself, the device comprising analysis means for analysing the output of the gas sensing means in order to determine if a condition has been detected.
  • the skin acts as a barrier layer and thus inherently tends to prevent the escape of gases, liquids and volatile species.
  • One way of encouraging such escape is to remove the outer dermatic layer by electrolysis.
  • Another method is to wet the skin in some way before or during the making of measurements in order to promote swelling of the dermus.
  • This wetting process can be integrated with the device of the present invention by providing the device with wetting means for wetting the portion of the skin to which the device is affixed.
  • the wetting means might comprise, for example, a gel which is placed in contact with the skin.
  • the device can be affixed to the portion of skin by various means, such as by an adhesive or by suction.
  • the device 10 shown in Figure 1 utilises an adhesive 11 applied to the periphery of the device 10 to affix the device 10 to the skin in much the same way that a conventional plaster is applied to a wound.
  • the gas sensing means 12 are housed in a flexible member 14 which is affixed by the adhesive to the portion of the skin.
  • the flexible member 14 comprises a flexible outer layer 14a and a gas permeable pad 14b in contact with the skin.
  • Figures 2 and 3 show a second embodiment of a device 20 comprising cuff means 22 adapted to be affixed to a limb 24 of the subject and to retain a headspace in a volume above said portion of skin.
  • the cuff means 22 are affixed to the subject by way of elastic hoops 26, 28 contained within the body of the cuff means 22.
  • the cuff means 22 are so shaped that, when affixed to the subject, the region 29 serves to retain a headspace above the skin which contains gases and volatile species emanating from the skin.
  • Gas sensing means 30 are connected to the cuff means 22 through a gas conducting conduit 32 such as a length of flexible tubing.
  • Gases and volatile species are detected by the gas sensing means 30 by slowly pumping the contents of the headspace through the conduit and across the gas sensor or sensors of the gas sensing means 30. It is also within the scope of the invention to house the gas sensing means in the cuff means.
  • the methods and devices of the present invention may be used to detect numerous conditions, including dermatic conditions such as skin cancer and parasitic infestations, disease states such as diabetes and heart disease, and the presence of heavy metals and drugs in the subject. It may also be possible to detect changes in metabolic states.
  • an advantage of the present invention is that it is unintrusive and causes minimal discomfort, attributes which are extremely important factors when dealing with animals.
  • Animals having coats, such as fur or wool coats, may require the removal of a portion of the coat before detection of the condition is attempted.
  • detection of gases and volatile species emanating from the skin of the subject and passing through the coat is also possible.

Abstract

There is disclosed a device for detecting a condition in a subject, the device being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject.

Description

Method and Device for Detecting a Condition
This invention concerns methods and devices for detecting a range of conditions in a subject by analysing gases and volatile species emanating from the skin of the subject.
International Publication WO95/33848 describes methods and apparatus for the identification of bacteria through analysis of characteristic gases and vapours produced by the bacteria. The present invention extends the range of conditions that might be detected through gas phase monitoring to various non-bacterial conditions, and provides a convenient and suφrising means for obtaining samples of gaseous or volatile species.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a device for detecting a condition in a subject, the device being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject.
The gas sensing means may comprise an array of gas sensors.
The gas sensing means may comprise at least one semiconducting organic polymer sensor.
The detection of a condition may be indicated by a variation in the colour of the at least one semiconducting organic polymer sensor.
The device may further comprise data storage means for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means. The device may comprise analysis means for analysing the output of the gas sensing means in order to determine if a condition has been detected.
The device may further comprise wetting means for wetting the portion of the skin to which the device is affixed.
The device may further comprise an adhesive for affixing the device to the portion of the skin.
The gas sensing means may be housed in a flexible member.
The device may comprise cuff means adapted to be affixed to a limb of the subject and to retain a headspace in a volume above said portion of skin.
The gas sensing means may be housed in said cuff means, or they may be connected to said cuff means through a gas conducting conduit.
The device may detect a dermatic condition, which may be skin cancer or a parasitic infestation.
The device may detect a disease state, which may be diabetes or heart disease.
The device may detect the presence of heavy metals in the subject.
The device may detect the presence of drugs in the subject. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method for detecting a condition in a subject comprising the steps of: obtaining a sample of gases and volatile species emanating from a portion of skin of the subject; detecting said gases and volatile species with gas sensing means: and correlating the detection of said gases and volatile species with the occurence of the condition.
Although devices of the type described above can of course be used in such a method, it is also possible to utilise gas sensors which are not affixed to a portion of the skin. For example, gases emanating from the skin might be trapped within a container which is transported to a laboratory for analysis by a gas sensing device.
Methods and devices in accordance with the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:-
Figure 1 shows (a) an elevation of and (b) a cross section through a first embodiment;
Figure 2 shows a second embodiment; and
Figure 3 is a cross section through the second embodiment.
Figure 1 shows a first embodiment of a device 10 for detecting a condition in a subject, the device 10 being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means 12 disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject. A preferred form of gas sensing means comprises at least one semiconducting organic polymer (SOP) sensor. Examples of suitable, gas sensitive, SOPs include heteroaromatic polymers such as polypyrrole, polyindole and various substituted variants. The applicants produce commercially a range of gas sensing devices which utilise an array of SOPs. Further details concerning the choice of SOPs, their manufacture, methods for interrogating them and data analysis can be found, for example, Gardner J W and Bartlett P N, Sensors and Actuators B, 18-19 ( 1994) 211 -220; Persaud K C, Bartlett J G and Pelosi P, in "Robots and Biological Systems : Towards a new bionics?", Eds. Dario P, Sandini G and Aebisher P, NATO ASI Series F : Computers and Systems Sciences 102 (1993) 579 and references therein; International Publications WO 96/00383 and WO 96/00384.
Typically an array of SOPs having broad and overlapping sensitivities is employed. However, it is possible to use a single SOP gas sensor in conjunction with a suitable interrogation technique such as applying ac electrical signal to the sensor or a suitable time varying electrical signal accompanied by a time-to-frequency domain transformation (see International Publication WO 97/18467 and British Patent GB 2 203 553). Neural network algorithms are commonly employed for data analysis purposes which, owing to the nature of the data, is usually a pattern recognition problem. An advantage with neural networks is their flexibility. However, simplified data analysis methods may be applicable to devices which are specifically adapted to recognise the occurrence of a single condition. It is advantageous to compile a database representing the gaseous signature of a "normal" population and to compare the odour obtained from the subject with these "control" responses in order to detect abnormalities. The detection of a condition may be based on the intensities of the sensor responses as well as the patterns produced by them.
SOP based gas sensors are sensitive to temperature and humidity variations (as are many other forms of gas sensors). It is extremely advantageous in this regard that the regulatory processes in the human body act to maintain constant temperature and humidity levels at the skin interface.
Other forms of gas sensing device are within the scope of the invention, such as arrays of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors, SAWs or quartz resonators, or combinations thereof, forms of gas chromatography. mobile ion spectrometry and mass spectrometry.
The device can further comprise data storage means, such as a datalogger, for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means. In this instance, analysis of the data generated by the gas sensing means, in order to determine if the condition exists, is performed externally by downloading the data to, for example, a computer having suitable analysis software. Alternatively, the gas sensing means can be interrogated directly at selected times by an external 'reader', with subsequent analysis of the data thus obtained.
Alternatively still, the device may be provided with means adapted to indicate that the presence of the condition has been detected. One way of doing this is to employ semiconducting organic polymers that change colour on exposure to various gases (the colour change is associated with reduction and oxidation of the polymer - the same physical processes that affect conductivity). In this way. the presence or absence of a desired condition could be indicated by the colour of a gas sensor, or by a colour combination of an array of sensors. Another way is for the analysis to be performed by the device itself, the device comprising analysis means for analysing the output of the gas sensing means in order to determine if a condition has been detected.
One difficulty encountered with making measurements of the type described above is that the skin acts as a barrier layer and thus inherently tends to prevent the escape of gases, liquids and volatile species. One way of encouraging such escape is to remove the outer dermatic layer by electrolysis. However, such an approach is painful and undesirable. Another method is to wet the skin in some way before or during the making of measurements in order to promote swelling of the dermus. This wetting process can be integrated with the device of the present invention by providing the device with wetting means for wetting the portion of the skin to which the device is affixed. The wetting means might comprise, for example, a gel which is placed in contact with the skin.
The device can be affixed to the portion of skin by various means, such as by an adhesive or by suction. The device 10 shown in Figure 1 utilises an adhesive 11 applied to the periphery of the device 10 to affix the device 10 to the skin in much the same way that a conventional plaster is applied to a wound. In this embodiment, the gas sensing means 12 are housed in a flexible member 14 which is affixed by the adhesive to the portion of the skin. The flexible member 14 comprises a flexible outer layer 14a and a gas permeable pad 14b in contact with the skin. An advantage with this configuration is that the device does not restrict ordinary movement of the subject, allowing measurements to be made conveniently and over an extended period of time.
Figures 2 and 3 show a second embodiment of a device 20 comprising cuff means 22 adapted to be affixed to a limb 24 of the subject and to retain a headspace in a volume above said portion of skin. The cuff means 22 are affixed to the subject by way of elastic hoops 26, 28 contained within the body of the cuff means 22. The cuff means 22 are so shaped that, when affixed to the subject, the region 29 serves to retain a headspace above the skin which contains gases and volatile species emanating from the skin. Gas sensing means 30 are connected to the cuff means 22 through a gas conducting conduit 32 such as a length of flexible tubing. Gases and volatile species are detected by the gas sensing means 30 by slowly pumping the contents of the headspace through the conduit and across the gas sensor or sensors of the gas sensing means 30. It is also within the scope of the invention to house the gas sensing means in the cuff means.
The methods and devices of the present invention may be used to detect numerous conditions, including dermatic conditions such as skin cancer and parasitic infestations, disease states such as diabetes and heart disease, and the presence of heavy metals and drugs in the subject. It may also be possible to detect changes in metabolic states.
Although the subject in question may be human, it is also possible to apply the invention to the detection of conditions in animals. Indeed, an advantage of the present invention is that it is unintrusive and causes minimal discomfort, attributes which are extremely important factors when dealing with animals. Animals having coats, such as fur or wool coats, may require the removal of a portion of the coat before detection of the condition is attempted. However, detection of gases and volatile species emanating from the skin of the subject and passing through the coat is also possible.

Claims

1. A device for detecting a condition in a subject, the device being adapted to be affixed to a portion of the skin of the subject and having gas sensing means disposed so as to detect gases and volatile species emanating from said portion of the skin of the subject.
2. A device according to claim 1 in which the gas sensing means comprise an array of gas sensors.
3. A device according to claim 1 or claim 2 in which the gas sensing means comprise at least one semiconducting organic polymer sensor.
4. A device according to claim 3 in which the detection of a condition is indicated by a variation in the colour of the at least one semiconducting organic poh'mer sensor.
5. A device according to any of the previous claims further comprising data storage means for storing data related to the output of the gas sensing means.
6. A device according to any of the previous claims comprising analysis means for analysing the output of the gas sensing means in order to determine if a condition has been detected.
7. A device according to any of the previous claims further comprising wetting means for wetting the portion of the skin to which the device is affixed.
8. A device according to any of the previous claims further comprising an adhesive for affixing the device to the portion of the skin.
9. A device according to any previous claim in which the gas sensing means are housed in a flexible member.
10. A device according to any of claims 1 to 8 comprising cuff means adapted to be affixed to a limb of the subject and to retain a headspace in a volume above said portion of skin.
11. A device according to claim 10 in which the gas sensing means are housed in said cuff means.
12. A device according to claim 10 in which the gas sensing means are connected to said cuff means through a gas conducting conduit.
13. A device according to any of the previous claims for detecting a dermatic condition.
14. A device according to claim 13 in which the dermatic condition is skin cancer.
15. A device according to claim 13 in which the dermatic condition is a parasitic infestation.
16. A device according to any of the previous claims for detecting a disease state.
17. A device according to claim 16 in which the disease state detected is diabetes.
18. A device according to claim 16 in which the disease state detected is heart disease.
19. A device according to any of the previous claims for detecting the presence of heavy metals in the subject.
20. A device according to any of the previous claims for detecting the presence of drugs in the subject.
21. A method for detecting a condition in a subject comprising the steps of: obtaining a sample of gases and volatile species emanating from a portion of skin of the subject; detecting said gases and volatile species with gas sensing means; and correlating the detection of said gases and volatile species with the occurence of the condition.
PCT/GB1998/002406 1997-08-15 1998-08-10 Method and device for detecting a condition WO1999009408A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9717306.6 1997-08-15
GBGB9717306.6A GB9717306D0 (en) 1997-08-15 1997-08-15 Method and device for detecting a condition

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WO1999009408A1 true WO1999009408A1 (en) 1999-02-25

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6013229A (en) * 1995-03-27 2000-01-11 California Institute Of Technology Sensor arrays for detecting analytes in fluids
WO2000054050A2 (en) * 1999-03-09 2000-09-14 Osmetech Plc Method for detecting conditions by analysis of aqueous condensate from respiratory gases
US6244096B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2001-06-12 California Institute Of Technology Trace level detection of analytes using artificial olfactometry
US6494833B1 (en) 2001-06-19 2002-12-17 Welch Allyn, Inc. Conditioning apparatus for a chemical sensing instrument
US7255677B2 (en) 2002-03-04 2007-08-14 Smiths Detection Inc. Detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of a medical condition or disease with artificial olfactometry
EP2096427A2 (en) 1998-11-16 2009-09-02 California Institute of Technology Simultaneous determination of equilibrium and kinetic properties

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US4595011A (en) * 1984-07-18 1986-06-17 Michael Phillips Transdermal dosimeter and method of use
US4697450A (en) * 1985-03-15 1987-10-06 Sensormedics Corporation Gas monitor having trend indicators
US4821732A (en) * 1987-04-23 1989-04-18 Jack Lippes Method for monitoring fetal-material circulation time
WO1994007407A1 (en) * 1992-09-25 1994-04-14 Safety Technology Partners, Ltd. Blood alcohol monitor
WO1995033848A1 (en) * 1994-06-09 1995-12-14 Aromascan Plc Detecting bacteria
WO1996000384A1 (en) * 1994-06-23 1996-01-04 Aromascan Plc Semiconducting organic polymers

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4595011A (en) * 1984-07-18 1986-06-17 Michael Phillips Transdermal dosimeter and method of use
US4697450A (en) * 1985-03-15 1987-10-06 Sensormedics Corporation Gas monitor having trend indicators
US4821732A (en) * 1987-04-23 1989-04-18 Jack Lippes Method for monitoring fetal-material circulation time
WO1994007407A1 (en) * 1992-09-25 1994-04-14 Safety Technology Partners, Ltd. Blood alcohol monitor
WO1995033848A1 (en) * 1994-06-09 1995-12-14 Aromascan Plc Detecting bacteria
WO1996000384A1 (en) * 1994-06-23 1996-01-04 Aromascan Plc Semiconducting organic polymers

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6013229A (en) * 1995-03-27 2000-01-11 California Institute Of Technology Sensor arrays for detecting analytes in fluids
US6244096B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2001-06-12 California Institute Of Technology Trace level detection of analytes using artificial olfactometry
US6319724B1 (en) 1998-06-19 2001-11-20 Cyrano Sciences, Inc. Trace level detection of analytes using artificial olfactometry
US6467333B2 (en) 1998-06-19 2002-10-22 California Institute Of Technology Trace level detection of analytes using artificial olfactometry
US6841391B2 (en) 1998-06-19 2005-01-11 Smiths Detection-Pasadena, Inc. Medical applications of artificial olfactometry
EP2096427A2 (en) 1998-11-16 2009-09-02 California Institute of Technology Simultaneous determination of equilibrium and kinetic properties
WO2000054050A2 (en) * 1999-03-09 2000-09-14 Osmetech Plc Method for detecting conditions by analysis of aqueous condensate from respiratory gases
WO2000054050A3 (en) * 1999-03-09 2001-01-25 Osmetech Plc Method for detecting conditions by analysis of aqueous condensate from respiratory gases
US6494833B1 (en) 2001-06-19 2002-12-17 Welch Allyn, Inc. Conditioning apparatus for a chemical sensing instrument
US7255677B2 (en) 2002-03-04 2007-08-14 Smiths Detection Inc. Detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of a medical condition or disease with artificial olfactometry
US7819803B2 (en) 2002-03-04 2010-10-26 Smiths Detection Inc. Detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of a medical condition or disease with artificial olfactometry

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