WO1998048290A1 - Monitoring battery condition - Google Patents

Monitoring battery condition Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1998048290A1
WO1998048290A1 PCT/NO1998/000128 NO9800128W WO9848290A1 WO 1998048290 A1 WO1998048290 A1 WO 1998048290A1 NO 9800128 W NO9800128 W NO 9800128W WO 9848290 A1 WO9848290 A1 WO 9848290A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cell
battery
calculated
current
voltage
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO1998/000128
Other languages
French (fr)
Norwegian (no)
Inventor
Einar Gotaas
Original Assignee
Einar Gotaas
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Einar Gotaas filed Critical Einar Gotaas
Priority to AU70861/98A priority Critical patent/AU7086198A/en
Publication of WO1998048290A1 publication Critical patent/WO1998048290A1/en

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Classifications

    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/389Measuring internal impedance, internal conductance or related variables
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/374Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/378Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator
    • G01R31/379Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] specially adapted for the type of battery or accumulator for lead-acid batteries
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01RMEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3835Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC involving only voltage measurements

Definitions

  • the present invention describes a method for determining several important physical parameters of an accumulator battery. This may e.g. relate to monitoring the operation of an accumulator battery in a submarine, a propulsion battery in a fork lift/electric motor car, or an emergency power battery.
  • the present invention is based upon having available voltage measurements from all cells in the battery. A more detailed description of the invention shall hereby be given, with reference to the enclosed drawing.
  • Fig. 1 shows two interconnected single cells in a large battery.
  • the cells are interconnected in series in the conventional manner by means of contact rails/leads.
  • the drawing indicates rails to be screwed up to the pole terminals of single cells by means of a bolt.
  • coupling resistance In the coupling points there will always appear a coupling resistance.
  • Kn Interconnection conductor between cells n-1 and n in the series connection.
  • Rhn Coupling resistance between conductor and positive cell pole of cell n Rhn Coupling resistance between conductor and positive cell pole of cell n.
  • Fig. 2 shows how voltages are measured across single cells in the battery.
  • Un1 Is the voltage between the poles of cell n.
  • Un2 Voltage between negative pole of cell n and negative pole of cell (n+1).
  • the coupling resistances (RL. and Rh..) should be as low as possible. However, it turns out that the coupling screws (S) may unscrew. Thereby a significant voltage drop may arise across this connection coupling. When the battery is discharged, this will have as a result a lower output voltage. When recharging the accumulator, this may have the result that the battery does not obtain a full charge. Further, heat will be generated in the coupling. This may start fires and explosions.
  • the voltage measurements (Un2 and Un1) are made directly between the pole terminals. By calculating the voltage difference (Un2 - Un1) one obtains the voltage drop across the conductor rail and the two screws.
  • the current in the series connection is always known, so that the coupling resistance Rhn + RLn + 1 can be calculated.
  • the internal resistance Rn of the battery is also an interesting parameter. It is calculated in the conventional manner, by measuring voltage between the pole terminals, for two different currents through the cell. During operation of the battery, both in recharging and discharging, the equivalent internal resistance can be calculated in a simple manner for different current and current directions (recharging and discharging).
  • the charge condition of the cell, or its capacity, is determined conventionally by measuring the specific weight of the cell electrolyte. This is quite an awkward procedure. There are no acceptable acid weight sensors available for connection to an automatic data acquisition system. Besides, in a valve controlled (gel) lead battery (or Nicad battery) there will be no liquid electrolyte. Determining remaining capacity in an accumulator is a large problem.
  • Cr cell rest capacity
  • Rnx is the internal resistance
  • Cnx is the capacity when the cell was last defined to be fully charged.
  • the internal resistance will also have a quite regular, predetermined increase as a function of the cell age and the number of times it has been recharged/discharged.
  • the variation of the internal resistance with age and charge condition should in the future be regarded as one part of the cell specifications.
  • Some lead batteries e.g. submarine batteries, must withstand large mechanical loads. If and electrode is loosened mechanically inside a battery cell, it may create a short-circuit in the cell. This may result in total loss of ship. When the battery is aged, material from one electrode will gradually be corroded away. This implies a reduction of the mechanical strength. Such a reduction of mechanical strength will be observed as an increase in internal resistance in the cell. With measurements as described, it will also be possible to monitor mechanical strength in each respective cell.
  • the total battery output will depend on the weakest cell in the series. We know that there is some dispersion when manufacturing these cells. Further, e.g. lifetime and output are reduced quite significantly (10-50%) when the temperature is increased by merely 10 degrees. There will always be temperature gradients in a battery room, the cells standing in the centre of a block will of course be less cooled than the cells located outermost in the block. Also, “avalanche-effects" may arise in a battery. For example, the cells getting the highest temperatures, will have an increased internal resistance. This results again in increased heating if the current is maintained constant.
  • the internal resistance of the cell is not necessarily a purely ohmic resistance.
  • the correct internal impedance of the cell can be determined.

Abstract

In an accumulator battery, voltages are measured across every single cell. The voltage between the positive pole of a cell and the negative pole of the next cell of the series of connection is also measured. These voltage measurements are made for various currents through the battery. Based upon these measurements, it is possible to calculate the different equivalent resistances in the system: the equivalent internal resistance of each respective cell, as well as the resistance in the connection couplings between every cell in the battery. By means of these values it is possible to calculate the remaining capacity of each cell.

Description

MONITORING BATTERY CONDITION
The present invention describes a method for determining several important physical parameters of an accumulator battery. This may e.g. relate to monitoring the operation of an accumulator battery in a submarine, a propulsion battery in a fork lift/electric motor car, or an emergency power battery.
Common to all these applications is that many single cells are interconnected in a series connection. When operating such a "series connection", it is very important that recharging and discharging are controlled and limited in accordance with the conditions of the particular single cell having the highest load. Further, the total properties of the battery will always be limited by the condition of the "poorest" cell. E.g. measuring the total voltage across the whole series connection, dividing this voltage by the number of cells in the battery, in order thereby to make a statement regarding the voltage across each single cell, may result in catastrophic consequences.
Batteries for which the present invention has been primarily conceived, consist of from 24 to 200 cells altogether in a series connection. Collecting measuring data from each respective cell traditionally requires very many cables, for example two single leads for every measurement parameter for each cell. Recording only temperature and voltages from a 24 cell battery will therefore immediately result in several hundred leads. This will soon become expensive and over-complex.
During recent years, measuring systems have appeared that are able to undertake such data acquisition using only a limited number of leads.
The present invention is based upon having available voltage measurements from all cells in the battery. A more detailed description of the invention shall hereby be given, with reference to the enclosed drawing.
Fig. 1 shows two interconnected single cells in a large battery. The cells are interconnected in series in the conventional manner by means of contact rails/leads. The drawing indicates rails to be screwed up to the pole terminals of single cells by means of a bolt. In the coupling points there will always appear a coupling resistance. For the rest, we shall describe the single cell in the conventional manner, that is an ideal cell having an "equivalent internal resistance" connected in series. Symbols:
Kn: Interconnection conductor between cells n-1 and n in the series connection.
K(n+1) Interconnection conductor between cells n and n+1. S Screw/bolt for connection conductor. T Pole terminals (positive or negative) for each cell. RLn Coupling resistance between conductor and negative cell pole of cell n.
Rhn Coupling resistance between conductor and positive cell pole of cell n.
Rn Internal resistance of single cell. Un "Open circuit voltage" of single cell.
Fig. 2 shows how voltages are measured across single cells in the battery.
Un1 Is the voltage between the poles of cell n. Un2 Voltage between negative pole of cell n and negative pole of cell (n+1).
Current through the series connection of cells.
The coupling resistances (RL. and Rh..) should be as low as possible. However, it turns out that the coupling screws (S) may unscrew. Thereby a significant voltage drop may arise across this connection coupling. When the battery is discharged, this will have as a result a lower output voltage. When recharging the accumulator, this may have the result that the battery does not obtain a full charge. Further, heat will be generated in the coupling. This may start fires and explosions.
The voltage measurements (Un2 and Un1) are made directly between the pole terminals. By calculating the voltage difference (Un2 - Un1) one obtains the voltage drop across the conductor rail and the two screws. The current in the series connection is always known, so that the coupling resistance Rhn + RLn + 1 can be calculated. The internal resistance Rn of the battery is also an interesting parameter. It is calculated in the conventional manner, by measuring voltage between the pole terminals, for two different currents through the cell. During operation of the battery, both in recharging and discharging, the equivalent internal resistance can be calculated in a simple manner for different current and current directions (recharging and discharging).
It turns out that this equivalent internal resistance is dependent on several parameters, like e.g. current, temperature and the age of the cell. Current and temperature dependence is common knowledge. Besides, it is common knowledge that the internal resistance increases in proportion to cell operating time.
The charge condition of the cell, or its capacity, is determined conventionally by measuring the specific weight of the cell electrolyte. This is quite an awkward procedure. There are no acceptable acid weight sensors available for connection to an automatic data acquisition system. Besides, in a valve controlled (gel) lead battery (or Nicad battery) there will be no liquid electrolyte. Determining remaining capacity in an accumulator is a large problem.
Empirically it turns out that the internal resistance of the cell is also dependent on the cell rest capacity (Cr). In a simplified manner, it can be expressed that the remaining capacity Cr is given by a function f Cr=f(T,A,Rn,U,l,Rhl,Rnx,Cnx) where T is temperature, A is total cell operating time, Rn is instantaneous, measured internal resistance, Rhl is sum resistance in the pole coupling points, U is cell open circuit voltage, and I is current through the cell. Rnx is the internal resistance, and Cnx is the capacity when the cell was last defined to be fully charged.
All these parameters are measured in a simple manner. E.g. by using a data acquisition apparatus as mentioned in the introduction, this data capture does not entail large expenses. We assume that the battery, in a close past, has been charged to full charge, and been discharged far down, so that the capacity Cnx was then estimated relatively well. During operation of batteries, these data are not hard to come by. Several algorithms can be used to estimate the remaining capacity of cells. Mere extrapolations based on empirical data will give a result. Further, one may describe a battery cell mathematically, and thereby also calculate rest capacity. In both of these calculating models, the most important parameter is the equivalent internal resistance of the cell. This internal resistance turns out to have a very predictable increase with decreasing charge/rest capacity in the battery. . However, the internal resistance will also have a quite regular, predetermined increase as a function of the cell age and the number of times it has been recharged/discharged. The variation of the internal resistance with age and charge condition should in the future be regarded as one part of the cell specifications. When using cost-effective data acquisition systems as described in the introduction, it is now possible to utilize the regularity and consequently predictability that is inherent in the various "equivalent resistances" of the battery. For large batteries, e.g. submarine batteries, where tens of kAmperes may flow continuously, it is also important to take into consideration the equivalent resistances in the connection couplings between the single cells.
For such large currents it is also of course very important to monitor the resistance in the cell connection couplings. Even a small resistance here may result in a very significant voltage drop. In a worst case this may entail heat generation to such a large degree that a fire is started. A phenomenon like electric arcs is also a possible consequence of poor connections. The battery room in a submarine is often poorly ventilated, and oxyhydrogen gas is liberated during recharging, so that explosion is a not unknown phenomenon.
Some lead batteries, e.g. submarine batteries, must withstand large mechanical loads. If and electrode is loosened mechanically inside a battery cell, it may create a short-circuit in the cell. This may result in total loss of ship. When the battery is aged, material from one electrode will gradually be corroded away. This implies a reduction of the mechanical strength. Such a reduction of mechanical strength will be observed as an increase in internal resistance in the cell. With measurements as described, it will also be possible to monitor mechanical strength in each respective cell.
To understand the importance of monitoring every single cell in a battery, the following should be mentioned: The total battery output will depend on the weakest cell in the series. We know that there is some dispersion when manufacturing these cells. Further, e.g. lifetime and output are reduced quite significantly (10-50%) when the temperature is increased by merely 10 degrees. There will always be temperature gradients in a battery room, the cells standing in the centre of a block will of course be less cooled than the cells located outermost in the block. Also, "avalanche-effects" may arise in a battery. For example, the cells getting the highest temperatures, will have an increased internal resistance. This results again in increased heating if the current is maintained constant.
Finally it shall be mentioned that the internal resistance of the cell is not necessarily a purely ohmic resistance. By calculating the internal resistance of the cell for various current changes, frequences, amplitudes etc., the correct internal impedance of the cell can be determined. Experiences during later years may indicate that it may be possible, without knowing the cell history, to separate the remaining capacity of the cell and the influence of the cell age on the equivalent impedance of the cell. This seems to presuppose that we have an accurate measurement of the total internal complex impedance of the cell (merely ohmic resistance measurement is not sufficient).

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS
1. A method for monitoring the operation of batteries consisting of several single cells, where the battery is monitored by a data acquisition system able to s measure temperature and voltage in each single cell, characterized in that voltage is measured between the negative and the positive pole terminal of every single cell, and correspondingly between the negative pole terminal of cell n in the series connection and the negative pole terminal of cell n+1 in the series connection, and that the coupling resistances o between every cell is calculated on the basis of the current passing through the battery, and that the equivalent internal resistance of the cell is calculated on the basis of the change in cell voltage caused by a change in the current through the battery.
s 2. The method of claim 1, characterized in that all equivalent resistances in and between every cell is calculated on the basis of several different, known current values that are applied or tapped through the cell series connection.
0 3. The method of claim 1 and 2, characterized in that, based on empirical data for the battery cell in question or based on a mathematical model of the cell, together with measured temperature, measured cell voltage and calculated equivalent resistances, the instantaneous value of the remaining capacity in every battery cell is calculated. 5
4. The method of claim 1 , characterized in that the interface resistance in the connection couplings between every cell in the battery is calculated continuously, based on the instantaneous value of the current, and that a warning is activated if this 0 resistance changes rapidly or is outside predetermined values.
5. The method of claim 1 and 2, characterized in that the cell internal resistance is used to estimate the mechanical strength of the cell.
6. The method of claim 1 , characterized in that an ac current having frequency, amplitude and shape that can be chosen, is superposed on the battery recharging current or discharging current, and that the different equivalent resistances of each cell are calculated on the basis of the changes caused by said ac current, and that based upon these calculations, an equivalent complex internal impedance is calculated.
7. The method of claim 6, characterized in that the complex internal impedance of the cell is calculated and used to estimate the remaining capacity of the cell.
PCT/NO1998/000128 1997-04-22 1998-04-22 Monitoring battery condition WO1998048290A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU70861/98A AU7086198A (en) 1997-04-22 1998-04-22 Monitoring battery condition

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NO971841 1997-04-22
NO971841A NO971841L (en) 1997-04-22 1997-04-22 Method of monitoring battery operation

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0934580A1 (en) * 1997-08-22 1999-08-11 Ellen Caravello Battery capacity monitoring system
EP1037063A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2000-09-20 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fault determination apparatus and fault determination method for a battery set
EP1115003A1 (en) * 1999-12-30 2001-07-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method of recognising a defective car battery
WO2001093365A1 (en) * 2000-05-29 2001-12-06 Einar Gotaas Battery quality monitoring method
US6635379B2 (en) 2000-02-22 2003-10-21 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Battery sealing inspection method
FR3002325A1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-08-22 Renault Sa IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BATTERY
WO2019042636A1 (en) * 2017-09-04 2019-03-07 Renault S.A.S Method for determining the state of an electrical line linking a battery cell to a monitoring unit, and corresponding monitoring unit
US11708005B2 (en) 2021-05-04 2023-07-25 Exro Technologies Inc. Systems and methods for individual control of a plurality of battery cells

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4697134A (en) * 1986-07-31 1987-09-29 Commonwealth Edison Company Apparatus and method for measuring battery condition
US4833459A (en) * 1987-01-27 1989-05-23 Wolfgang Geuer Circuit arrangement for continually monitoring the quality of a multicell battery
US5281920A (en) * 1992-08-21 1994-01-25 Btech, Inc. On-line battery impedance measurement
DE4408740C1 (en) * 1994-03-15 1995-07-20 Sonnenschein Accumulatoren Circuit arrangement for checking a multi-cell battery
US5546003A (en) * 1994-03-07 1996-08-13 Polytronics Engineering Ltd. Multi-cell battery monitoring system with single sensor wire

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4697134A (en) * 1986-07-31 1987-09-29 Commonwealth Edison Company Apparatus and method for measuring battery condition
US4833459A (en) * 1987-01-27 1989-05-23 Wolfgang Geuer Circuit arrangement for continually monitoring the quality of a multicell battery
US5281920A (en) * 1992-08-21 1994-01-25 Btech, Inc. On-line battery impedance measurement
US5546003A (en) * 1994-03-07 1996-08-13 Polytronics Engineering Ltd. Multi-cell battery monitoring system with single sensor wire
DE4408740C1 (en) * 1994-03-15 1995-07-20 Sonnenschein Accumulatoren Circuit arrangement for checking a multi-cell battery

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0934580A4 (en) * 1997-08-22 2000-08-30 Ellen Caravello Battery capacity monitoring system
EP0934580A1 (en) * 1997-08-22 1999-08-11 Ellen Caravello Battery capacity monitoring system
US6477024B1 (en) 1999-03-12 2002-11-05 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fault determination apparatus and fault determination method for a battery set
EP1037063A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2000-09-20 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Fault determination apparatus and fault determination method for a battery set
EP1115003A1 (en) * 1999-12-30 2001-07-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Method of recognising a defective car battery
US6635379B2 (en) 2000-02-22 2003-10-21 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Battery sealing inspection method
WO2001093365A1 (en) * 2000-05-29 2001-12-06 Einar Gotaas Battery quality monitoring method
FR3002325A1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-08-22 Renault Sa IMPEDANCE ESTIMATION OF A MOTOR VEHICLE BATTERY
WO2014128395A1 (en) * 2013-02-21 2014-08-28 Renault S.A.S Method and device for estimating the impedance of a motor vehicle battery
WO2019042636A1 (en) * 2017-09-04 2019-03-07 Renault S.A.S Method for determining the state of an electrical line linking a battery cell to a monitoring unit, and corresponding monitoring unit
FR3070764A1 (en) * 2017-09-04 2019-03-08 Renault S.A.S. METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE STATUS OF AN ELECTRICAL LINE CONNECTING A BATTERY CELL OF ACCUMULATORS TO A CONTROL UNIT AND CORRESPONDING CONTROL UNIT
US11708005B2 (en) 2021-05-04 2023-07-25 Exro Technologies Inc. Systems and methods for individual control of a plurality of battery cells
US11897362B2 (en) 2021-05-04 2024-02-13 Exro Technologies Inc. Systems and methods for individual control of a plurality of controllable units of battery cells

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO971841L (en) 1998-10-23
NO971841D0 (en) 1997-04-22
AU7086198A (en) 1998-11-13

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