WO1998028946A1 - Multicolor display devices - Google Patents
Multicolor display devices Download PDFInfo
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- WO1998028946A1 WO1998028946A1 PCT/US1997/023635 US9723635W WO9828946A1 WO 1998028946 A1 WO1998028946 A1 WO 1998028946A1 US 9723635 W US9723635 W US 9723635W WO 9828946 A1 WO9828946 A1 WO 9828946A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light emitting
- display
- red
- substrate
- blue light
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/10—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of electroluminescent light sources
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
- H10K59/35—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising red-green-blue [RGB] subpixels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/30—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission
- H10K59/38—Devices specially adapted for multicolour light emission comprising colour filters or colour changing media [CCM]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
- H10K50/125—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers specially adapted for multicolour light emission, e.g. for emitting white light
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/917—Electroluminescent
Definitions
- This invention relates to display devices, and more particularly to multicolor display devices having fluorescent dyes deposited by ink jet printing.
- the present invention is directed to display devices, each comprising a substrate and fluorescent dye deposited onto the substrate.
- the present invention further includes methods of making such display devices utilizing ink jet printing techniques.
- Such devices are advantageous in that the fluorescent dye can be deposited cheaply, over very large or very small areas, with a high degree of resolution. Consequently, they can be used in practically any application where display devices are presently used.
- red, green and/or blue fluorescent dyes are ink jet printed onto a transparent substrate to create an image with a predetermined configuration.
- the thus-created image is thereafter exposed to ultraviolet or other short wavelength radiation to activate the dyes and create a luminous color display.
- Such a display is "passive" in the sense that the image is fixed in the as-printed configuration.
- red, green and/or blue fluorescent dyes are again ink jet printed in a predetermined configuration onto a transparent substrate.
- a layer of transparent, conductive material is then deposited over the dyes.
- a layer of organic, blue light emitting device (OBLED) is thereafter deposited over the layer of transparent conductive material, and a conductive layer is deposited over the OBLED layer.
- Application of a potential across the conductive layers illuminates the OBLED layer, producing a blue emission, which stimulates fluorescent emission in the dyes, so long as the energy of the blue emission is greater than the emission of the dyes.
- red, green and blue light emitting regions are ink jet printed in a predetermined configuration onto a transparent substrate.
- the red and green light emitting regions are formed by ink jet printing red and green fluorescent dyes onto the substrate. No ink is deposited in the blue light emitting regions. Rather, the blue light emitting regions are left as empty spaces while the red and green fluorescent dyes are printed.
- a layer of transparent, conductive material is deposited over the red and green dyes and the empty spaces left for the blue light emitting regions.
- a layer of organic, blue light emitting device (OBLED) is thereafter deposited onto the layer of transparent, conductive material.
- OBLED organic, blue light emitting device
- the red and green dyes preferably have strong absorption in the blue, and preferably further have high blue-to-red and blue-to- green conversion efficiencies.
- red, green and blue light emitting regions are ink jet printed in the form of pixels onto a transparent substrate. Each pixel has one of each of a red, green and blue light emitting region.
- This fourth embodiment is made in a manner similar to the third embodiment, the primary difference being that the light emitting regions of the fourth embodiment are arranged in tri-color pixels whereas the light emitting regions of the third embodiment are arranged in some predetermined configuration.
- the displays of the present invention can be used in a wide variety of products including a computer, a television, a telecommunications device which incorporates a screen such as a telephone, a vehicle, a billboard or sign, or a large area wall, theater or stadium screen.
- the display devices of the present invention can be made using any sufficiently flat substrate, it is contemplated the devices can be used in xerography, thereby eliminating the need for lensing in printer bars.
- Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a multicolor display device, according to a first embodiment of the invention.
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a multicolor display device, according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- the present invention is directed to the construction of high resolution, full-color displays using printing technologies that deliver small amounts of liquid inks to a substrate in a specified pattern (referred to herein as "ink jet printing") .
- the liquid inks of the present invention preferably comprise selected fluorescent dyes and a host matrix in a liquid carrier medium.
- the liquid carrier medium is preferably water, an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, or isopropanol, or mixtures of the same.
- the particular carrier medium is typically selected based on its ability to molecularly disperse the fluorescent dyes and on its compatibility with the particular materials with which it comes into contact.
- the amount of host matrix is ordinarily selected to yield a viscosity compatible with the ink jet printing process and preferably ranges from about 2 to about 7 wt%.
- the amount of dye is selected such that it is present in an amount sufficient to give good color intensity, while not being so high that the dye molecules begin to aggregate reducing luminescence intensity. Preferred amounts of dye range from about 0.1 to about 6 wt% of the matrix.
- liquid inks of the present invention contain one or more dyes that fluoresce in red, green or blue, which are used to generate a luminescent region of the appropriate hue.
- the color of the luminescent region is dictated by the fluorescence energy of the dye and the relative proportions of the same.
- the dyes are preferably chosen to optimize the saturation (i.e., narrow lines at about 460, 520 and 650 nm for blue, green and red, respectively) , giving a wide color range for the devices to be manufactured.
- Preferred dyes with predominantly blue emission include: 8-anilino-l-napthalenesulfonic acid, 1, 3-diphenyl-l, 3-butadiene, diphenylhexatriene, Hoescht 33258, Hoescht 33324, thioflavin T, dia ⁇ idino-2-phenylindole*2HCL, coumarin 152, coumarin 20, coumarin 2, coumarin 339, coumarin 1, coumarin 138, coumarin 102, coumarin 314, and coumarin 30.
- Preferred dyes with predominantly green emission include: acridine orange, acridine yellow, acriflavin, dichlorofluorescene, 3, 6-diaminoacridine, fluoresceneisothiocyanate, lucifer yellow, quinacrinerhodamine 123, quinacridone, dimethylquiancridone, fluorescene, rhodamine 110, rhodamine 6G, and coumarin 6.
- Preferred dyes with predominantly red emission include: xylenol orange, lumogen red, cresyl violet, diethylthiacarbocyanine, ethidium bromide, oxazine 170, nile blue, oxazine 1, 1, 3-bis [4- (dimethylamino) phenyl] - 2, 4-dihydroxycyclobutenediylium, and 1, 3-bis [4- (dimethylamino) - 2-hydroxyphenyl] -2, 4-dihydroxycyclobutenediylium.
- the liquid inks of the present invention are placed into the wells of an ink jet printer, and mixed at individual points on the substrate in ratios appropriate to yield the colors of the desired image at the resolution of the printer (commonly 300-600 dpi) .
- green, blue and red groupings are deposited side-by-side as individual pixels of a full color display. The thickness of the deposited dye layer will be adjusted to optimize luminescent intensity.
- the presently preferred ink jet printing device is an Epson Stylus Color 500. While available in a printer, a preferred embodiment of the invention involves the use of a stylus within a plotter. Although more expensive, a plotter improves operation by increasing precision, reducing indexing difficulties (e.g., in the event multiple layers are deposited) and providing nonlinear features (such as interconnects) .
- the host matrix for the fluorescent dyes of the invention can comprise either polymeric materials or small molecules that readily form stable glassy thin films.
- polymeric matrix materials include: polymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylcarbazole, polybutadiene, and polyesters.
- An example of a small molecule is N, N ' -diphenyl-N, N ' bis ( 3-methylphenyl) -1, 1 ' - biphenyl-4 , 4 ' -diamine . This is a good glass forming material that can be used as a hole transporter in OLEDs and has its maximum absorption in the UV part of the spectrum.
- the choice of matrix materials will depend, among other things, on the stability of the different materials under printing conditions, their ability to transmit the ultraviolet light that is used to fluoresce the dyes as well as the light produced by the dyes, and their ability to resist phase separation and stabilize the dyes with respect to aggregation.
- the wavelength of the radiation used to fluoresce the dyes is preferably maximized to reduce its energy (and thus its tendency to degrade the display) , but must be of greater energy than the light produced by the dyes. For this reason, the wavelength of the radiation is usually in the blue to near-UV range.
- the substrate should be dimensioned such that it is flexible enough to accommodate its use in an ink jet printing device and should efficiently transmit ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation or both, depending on the application.
- the substrate preferably transmits visible and near ultraviolet radiation, while filtering out higher energy ultraviolet radiation.
- Preferred materials are flexible polyester and glass films (such as PyrexTM) , with glass being more preferred due to its low oxygen permeability.
- a luminous color display (10) is made by ink jet printing regions of fluorescent dye (11) onto the front surface of a substrate (12) .
- the front surface of substrate (12) is thereafter exposed to blue or UV radiation, thus stimulating fluorescent emission of dye (11) .
- the color of the dye region upon exposure can be controlled by varying the relative amounts of red, green and blue dye in the region.
- Substrate (12) should be transparent to the colors produced by the excited dye (11) , while preferably filtering out any high energy UV radiation.
- the dye can also be illuminated from the rear surface, with the substrate separating the dye from the radiation source. In this case, the substrate should be transparent to the wavelengths of the blue and/or ultraviolet light that excite the dye, while preferably filtering out high energy UV radiation.
- an additional layer can be provided, sandwiching the dye.
- one layer separates the dye from the viewer and the other separates the dye from the illumination source.
- the materials described above are preferred for both layers.
- the dye can be deposited on either of these layers.
- the source of the blue/ultraviolet radiation is not critical.
- it can be a conventional source such as a fluorescent tube (e.g., a "black light") .
- the source can be a simple device such as a planar OBLED layer sandwiched between two planar conductor layers (one of which is transparent to the illumination radiation) .
- a more elaborate version of such a device e.g., one containing individual electrical connections for each dye region
- the ultimate wavelength of the radiation emitted by the source should be shorter than the shortest wavelength of light emitted by the dye.
- the display of Figure 1 is "passive" in that it is limited to the printed configuration, and individual printed regions of fluorescent dye are not individually illuminated.
- One advantage of this device is that no individual electrical connections are needed for each region .
- red and green fluorescent dyes (21) are ink jet printed onto a transparent substrate (22) such as glass; a transparent, conductive layer (23) is deposited over the red and green dye; an organic blue light emitting device (OBLED) layer (24) is deposited over the transparent, conductive layer; and electrical contacts (25) are deposited onto the OBLED layer.
- a transparent substrate (22) such as glass
- a transparent, conductive layer (23) is deposited over the red and green dye
- an organic blue light emitting device (OBLED) layer is deposited over the transparent, conductive layer
- electrical contacts (25) are deposited onto the OBLED layer.
- a preferred material for the transparent, conductive layer (23) is indium-tin oxide (ITO) .
- ITO indium-tin oxide
- One desirable property indium-tin oxide is its ability to filter out destructive, high energy ultraviolet radiation, while being transparent to visible and near-ultraviolet radiation.
- Layer (23) can be formed by means of conventional sputtering or electron beam vapor deposition methods, and typically ranges in thickness from about 1000 to about o
- the deposition of layer (23) is preferably conducted under vacuum.
- OBLED layer (24) is preferably deposited by thermal evaporation o methods to a thickness which is often 400-1000A. The ultimate thickness will depend upon the OBLED. Preferably, this thickness will be as thin as possible to lower the voltage of the device, without significantly compromising quantum efficiency.
- the deposition of layer (24) is preferably conducted under vacuum. It is preferred that the device not be exposed to moisture, oxygen or other contaminants between the deposition of layers (23) and (24) .
- OBLED layer (24) is made from any suitable blue light-emissive organic compounds such as, for example, metal bidentate ligand complexes, and aromatic and heterocyclic polymers, as hereinafter described.
- the metal bidentate complexes which may be used for layer (24) have the formula MDL 4 2 wherein M is selected from trivalent metals of Groups 3-13 of the Periodic Table and Lanthanides.
- the preferred metal ions are Al +3 , Ga +3 , In +3 and Sc +3 .
- D is a bidentate ligand such as 2-picolylketones, 2-quinaldylkentones and 2- (o- phenoxy) pyridine ketones.
- the preferred groups for L 4 include acetylacetonate, compounds of the formula OR 3 R wherein R 3 is selected from Si and C, and R is selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic groups; 3,5-di(t-bu) phenol; 2, 6-di (t- bu) phenol; 2,6-di(t-bu) cresol; and H,Bpz 2 .
- R 3 is selected from Si and C
- R is selected from hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic groups
- 3,5-di(t-bu) phenol 2, 6-di (t- bu) phenol
- 2,6-di(t-bu) cresol 2,6-di(t-bu) cresol
- H,Bpz 2 the wavelength resulting from measurement of photoluminescence in the solid state of aluminum
- (picolymethylketone) bis [2, 6-di (t-bu) phenoxide] is 420nm.
- the cresol derivative of this compound also measured 420nm.
- Aluminum (picolylmethylketone) bis (OsiPh 3 ) and scandium (4-methoxy-picolylmethylketone) bis (acetylacetonate) each measured 433nm, while aluminum [2- (O-phenoxy) pyridine] bis [2, 6-di (t-bu) phenoxide] measured 450nm.
- Polymers of aromatic and heterocyclic compounds which are fluorescent in the solid state may be used for layer (24) .
- Examples of such polymers include poly (phenylene) , and poly (N-vinylcarbazole) .
- OLED materials are known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,294,870 to Tang et al., entitled “Organic Electroluminescent Multicolor Image Display Device”; Hosokawa et al., "Highly efficient blue electroluminescence from a distyrylarylene emitting layer with a new dopant," Appl. Phys . Lett., 67 (26) 25 December 1995, pp. 3853-3855; Adachi et al., “Blue light- emitting organic electroluminescent devices," Appl. Phys. Lett. , 56 (9) 26 February 1990, pp.
- Distyrylarylene derivatives such as those described in Hosokawa et al. are a preferred class of compounds.
- Other preferred OLEDs are described in the copending applications discussed below.
- the deposition of electrical contacts (25) may be accomplished by vapor deposition or other suitable metal deposition techniques.
- a preferred method of depositing such contacts is by ink jet printing as disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos . 4,668,533, 5,132,248 and 5,266,098, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.
- These electrical contacts may be made from indium, platinum, gold, silver or combinations such as Ti/Pt/Au, Cr/Au or Mg/Ag. Mg/Ag contacts are preferred.
- the embodiments discussed above in connection with Figure 2 have substantially the same device structure, the primary difference being that the light emitting regions of one embodiment are arranged in pixels, and is therefore useful for creating active displays such as flat-screen monitors and the like. In comparison, the light emitting regions of the other embodiment are arranged in some predetermined configuration. This embodiment is therefore compatible with "writing" special purpose logos, alpha numerics, segmental displays using red, green and blue regions as described above, or mixing appropriate amounts of red, green and blue in a given region to achieve a special color for that part of the display.
- the display devices of the present invention are appropriate for an extremely wide variety of applications including billboards and signs, computer monitors, telecommunications devices such as telephones, televisions, large area wall screens, theater screens and stadium screens.
- the subject invention as disclosed herein may be used in conjunction with the subject matter of co-pending applications "High Reliability, High Efficiency, Integratable Organic Light Emitting Devices and Methods of Producing Same", Attorney Docket No. 10020/1; "Novel Materials for Multicolor LED's", Attorney Docket No. 10020/2; "Electron Transporting and Light Emitting Layers Based on Organic Free Radicals", Attorney Docket No. 10020/3; "Red-Emitting Organic Light Emitting Devices (LED's)” Attorney Docket No. 10020/5; and "High Efficiency Organic Light Emitting Device Structures," Attorney Docket No. 10020/7; each co-pending application being filed on even date herewith, and each being herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- the subject invention as disclosed herein may also be used in conjunction with the subject matter of co-pending applications U.S. Serial Nos . 08/354,674; 08/613,207;
- Example 1 Generating a passive picture to be back lit with UV.
- the inks are first prepared to match the optimal viscosity and other solution properties of the chosen printer.
- These inks consist of a carrier solvent, roughly 1-10 weight % matrix material and 0.001 - 0.05 weight % fluorescent dye.
- the dye is chosen to achieve a desired hue (typically red, green or blue) and the matrix material is chosen to give a stable film which supports the dyes and prevents aggregation.
- the three wells of the printer are charged with the red, green and blue inks.
- the image is printed directly onto a polymeric or glass substrate.
- the inks are mixed by the ink jet printer at each pixel, if needed to achieve the appropriate color.
- the brightness at each pixel is adjusted by varying the total amount of ink deposited at each pixel.
- a small amount of ink will allow most of the irradiating light to pass through the film giving very little visible light.
- a larger amount of ink deposited will give a significant absorbance and thus a relatively larger amount of visible light from dye fluorescence.
- the color of each pixel is strictly determined by the ratios of the individual red, green and blue inks.
- Example 2 Generating a passive picture back lit with OLEDs.
- the inks are first prepared to match the optimal viscosity and other solution properties of the chosen printer.
- These inks consist of a carrier solvent, roughly 1-10 weight % matrix material and 0.001 - 0.05 weight % fluorescent dye.
- the dye is chosen to achieve a desired hue (typically red, green or blue) and the matrix material is chosen to give a stable film which supports the dyes and prevents aggregation.
- the three wells of the printer are charged with the red, green and blue inks.
- the image is printed directly onto a polymeric or glass substrate.
- the inks are mixed by the ink jet printer at each pixel, if needed to achieve the appropriate color.
- the color of each pixel is strictly determined by the ratios of the individual red, green and blue inks.
- the thickness of the fluorescent films will be chosen to achieve a transparency of less than 10% at the intended irradiation wavelength.
- a layer of transparent conducting material is then applied to the entire printed substrate. This conductive material is indium-tin oxide (deposited by sputtering) or a conducting polymer (applied by spray on or other large area technique) or any other transparent conductive material that may be used as the anode in an OLED.
- Multiple organic layers are then deposited over the entire substrate to make an active multilayer OLED structure. The composition and structure of these organic multilayers are chosen to match the output of the
- OLEDs to the absorption spectra of the chosen red, green and blue dyes, and are well known to those skilled in the art of fabrication or organic light emitting devices.
- a mask is then applied and a film of a low work function metal is deposited above each pixel defined by the ink jet printer. Applying a bias between the conductive film and the metal electrode gives light which stimulates the dye region giving red, green and blue emission.
- the brightness at each pixel is controlled by setting the current level at the OLED.
- the color of a given pixel is controlled by the ratio of red to green to blue fluorescent dyes in the film.
- Example 3 Generating a pixel array back lit with OBLEDs .
- the inks are first prepared to match the optimal viscosity and other solution properties of the chosen printer.
- These inks consist of a carrier solvent, roughly 1-10 weight % matrix material and 0.001 - 0.05 weight % fluorescent dye.
- the dye is chosen to achieve a desired hue (red and green) and the matrix material is chosen to give a stable film which supports the dyes and prevents aggregation.
- the wells of the printer are charged with the red and green inks.
- the image is printed directly onto a polymeric or glass substrate. The printer is used to deposit individual red and green fluorescent elements on the substrate.
- the thickness of the red and green fluorescent films are chosen to achieve a transparency of less than 10% at the intended irradiation wavelength.
- a layer of transparent conducting material is then applied to the entire printed substrate.
- This conductive material can be indium-tin oxide (deposited by sputtering) or a conducting polymer (applied by spray on or other large area technique) or any other transparent conductive material that may be used as the anode in an
- OLED OLED
- Multiple organic layers are then deposited over the entire substrate top make an active multilayer OBLED structure.
- the composition and structure of these organic multilayers are chosen to match the output of the OBLEDs to the absorption spectra of the chosen red and green dyes, and are well known to those skilled in the art of fabrication or organic light emitting devices.
- a mask is then applied and a film of a low work function metal is deposited above each pixel defined by the ink jet printer. Applying a bias between the conductive film and the metal electrode gives light which stimulates the dye region giving red or green emission, whose intensity is directly dependent on the intensity of the OBLED used in irradiating it.
- the brightness at each pixel is controlled by setting the current level at the OBLED.
- the regions of the substrate that are not covered with the red or green fluorescent dye will be open and blue light from the OBLED will be transmitted. Color mixing is achieved controlling the intensity of the individual red, green and blue pixels.
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU57123/98A AU5712398A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-23 | Multicolor display devices |
JP52901298A JP2001507502A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-23 | Multi-color display |
CA002275631A CA2275631A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-23 | Multicolor display devices |
EP97953361A EP0958714A4 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-23 | Multicolor display devices |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/772,333 | 1996-12-23 | ||
US08/772,333 US6013982A (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1996-12-23 | Multicolor display devices |
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WO1998028946A1 true WO1998028946A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
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PCT/US1997/023635 WO1998028946A1 (en) | 1996-12-23 | 1997-12-23 | Multicolor display devices |
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US (3) | US6013982A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0958714A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2001507502A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20000062303A (en) |
AU (1) | AU5712398A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2275631A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW419930B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1998028946A1 (en) |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2001507502A (en) | 2001-06-05 |
AU5712398A (en) | 1998-07-17 |
CA2275631A1 (en) | 1998-07-02 |
TW419930B (en) | 2001-01-21 |
US20010009691A1 (en) | 2001-07-26 |
EP0958714A4 (en) | 2000-07-26 |
EP0958714A1 (en) | 1999-11-24 |
US6245393B1 (en) | 2001-06-12 |
US6013982A (en) | 2000-01-11 |
KR20000062303A (en) | 2000-10-25 |
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