WO1997014791A1 - Animals with targeted gene deletion - Google Patents
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- WO1997014791A1 WO1997014791A1 PCT/US1996/016807 US9616807W WO9714791A1 WO 1997014791 A1 WO1997014791 A1 WO 1997014791A1 US 9616807 W US9616807 W US 9616807W WO 9714791 A1 WO9714791 A1 WO 9714791A1
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0275—Genetically modified vertebrates, e.g. transgenic
- A01K67/0276—Knockout animals
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
- C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
- C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
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- A01K2217/075—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination inducing loss of function, i.e. knock out
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/10—Mammal
- A01K2227/105—Murine
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/0306—Animal model for genetic diseases
- A01K2267/0325—Animal model for autoimmune diseases
Definitions
- This invention relates to model systems for autoimmune disease.
- the invention relates to animals, preferably mice, with a specifically-targeted disruption of a gene encoding a protein tyrosine kinase enzyme of the src family.
- Mice according to the invention show a variety of perturbations of the immune system, and at the age of six weeks more than 90% develop early signs of autoimmune glomerulonephritis.
- Cells of the immune system are subject not only to regulation by a variety of growth factors and cytokines, but also utilise a complex system of signal transduction to mediate cell activation following antigen stimulation.
- the src family of protein tyrosine kinases has been implicated in cell signalling through the physical association of these kinases with different cell surface receptors which on their own lack intrinsic catalytic activity (Bolen et al , 1992) .
- the protein tyrosine kinase known as lyn is expressed in a broad range of cell types and tissues (Bolen et al, 1992) .
- BCR B cell antigen receptor
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- G-CSF G-CSF receptor
- mice in which one or other src-related kinase genes has been disrupted by homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells (reviewed in Varmus and Lowell, 1994) .
- mice in which the lyn gene is disrupted have not hitherto been described.
- a competent, signal-transducing BCR consists of an antigen-binding membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) non ⁇ covalently associated with disulphide-linked heterodimers of Ig- ⁇ and Ig- ⁇ / ⁇ subunits (Reth, 1992) . While the molecules that make up this BCR complex lack intrinsic catalytic activity, stimulation of resting B cells with antibodies to membrane Ig induces rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of B cell proteins, suggesting associated tyrosine kinase activities (Gold et al , 1990; Campbell and Sefton, 1990; Gold et al, 1991) .
- Ig antigen-binding membrane immunoglobulin
- ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
- FceRI is a tetrameric structure consisting of a ligand binding ⁇ subunit, a ⁇ subunit and homodimeric ⁇ subunits (Blank et al, 1989) .
- the cytoplasmic domains of the ⁇ and ⁇ subunits of FceRI also contain ITAMs (Ravetch, 1994) .
- mice which are unable to express lyn (lyn -/- mice) by gene targeting in ES cells.
- lyn is an indispensable component of the BCR and FceRI complexes, and that its actions are required for the elimination of autoreactive antibodies.
- lyn -/- mice show that the absence of the lyn gene is associated in the long term with depletion of lymphoid tissue, extramedullary haematopoiesis, expansion of cells of the myeloid lineage, glomerulonephritis leading to renal failure, and lesions in spleen, lymph node, liver and kidney resembling malignancy. Consequently the lyn -/- mouse is useful as a model of autoimmune disease, especially autoimmune glomerulonephritis, and of certain malignancies or dysplasias of myeloid origin, such as myeloid leukemia, malignant histiocytoma, and histiocytosis.
- a non-human animal carrying a disruption of a gene encoding a lyn protein tyrosine kinase.
- the animal is a rodent, for example a mouse, rat, rabbit or hamster, and more preferably is a mouse.
- spleen or liver cells of the animal are incapable of producing detectable levels of enzymically- active lyn.
- the gene encoding lyn is completely inactivated.
- the animal carries a mutation directed to deletion of the lyn promoter and associated regulatory sequences. Even more preferably, the deletion comprises the region between an PstI site upstream of the lyn promoter and Xbal site approximately 11.5 kB downstream in intron 1 of the lyn gene .
- the animal may also carry one or more additional mutations which result in disruption of a specific gene.
- another protein tyrosine kinase of the src family may be disrupted; alternatively, a gene encoding a cytokine such as an interleukin, a receptor such as the B-cell antigen receptor, the lipopolysaccharide receptor, the high affinity FceRI complex, or the GSF receptor, or a growth factor, such as G-CSF, is disrupted.
- a cytokine such as an interleukin
- a receptor such as the B-cell antigen receptor, the lipopolysaccharide receptor, the high affinity FceRI complex, or the GSF receptor
- a growth factor such as G-CSF
- mice in which the gene encoding lyn is disrupted can be crossed with animals in which there is a naturailly-occurring mutation which affects immune function.
- Mice in which the genes for GM-CSF and/or G- CSF are disrupted are described in Patent Application No. WO/9523862 (PCT/AU94/00103) ; other suitable mouse strains, both generated by targeted gene disruption or naturally-occurring, are described herein, or are known in the art.
- the novel animals of the invention provide a convenient model system for the study of diseases associated with or caused by lyn deficiency, and for the testing of putative therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of these diseases. It is contemplated that these diseases include, but are not limited to, autoimmune diseases, allergy and asthma, and malignant disease.
- this aspect of the invention provides a model system for autoimmune disease, especially autoimmune disease manifested by glomuleronephritis and/or pancytopaenia; also preferably the animal is a lyn -/- mouse of more than six weeks of age.
- the invention provides a model of malignant disease of cells of the myeloid lineage; preferably the malignant cells are myelo/monocytic or histiocytic in appearance.
- Suitable therapeutic agents for testing in this system include analogues or fragments of lyn which have protein tyrosine kinase activity.
- gene therapy to provide the lyn gene may be the most appropriate course. Methods for such gene therapy are known in the art, given that the identity of the defective gene is known and that the appropriate DNA has been isolated. In a particularly preferred form, it is contemplated that intravenous administration of liposomal formulations of cDNA encoding lyn will be used, as described for example by Zhu et al (1993) .
- the invention provides a method of diagnosis of a disease associated with or caused by lyn deficiency, comprising the step of testing a tissue or cell sample from a subject suspected of suffering from such a deficiency for the absence of the gene encoding lyn.
- the test may suitably be carried out using peripheral blood lymphocytes, but may also use tissue obtained by biopsy, for example from kidney, liver or spleen.
- Such tests may be carried out using methods known per se, such as protein kinase assay, polymerase chain reaction, or reaction with a probe labelled with a detectable marker, for example using in si tu hybridization. It is contemplated that this diagnostic method of the invention will be particularly useful in the differential diagnosis of autoimmune disease, cancer, allergy and asthma.
- the animals of the invention have been shown to have a defective IgE-mediated anaphylactic response.
- the invention therefore provides a method of prevention or amelioration of an IgE-mediated immune reaction, comprising the step of administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective dose of an antagonist of lyn.
- mice in which lyn expression is disrupted show significant depletion of lymphoid tissue accompanied by extramedullary haematopoiesis with increasing age; these changes are accompanied by increased ability of bone marrow cells to form haematopoietic colonies in semi-solid agar culture.
- the invention provides a factor which is involved in regulation of haematopoiesis, and which is present in animals in which expression of lyn is disrupted.
- haematopoietic growth factors in mice have a high degree of homology with the corresponding factors in humans, and this homology is sufficient to enable a gene encoding a murine growth factor to be used as probe for the isolation of the corresponding human factor. Even if the degree of homology is relatively low, iterative screening at low stringency can be used. Therefore this aspect of the invention also provides a gene encoding a factor involved in regulation of haematopoiesis, and which is present in animals in which the expression of lyn is disrupted, which can be used for isolation of the corresponding human gene.
- the invention provides a targeting construct for disruption of the gene encoding lyn, as described herein.
- Figure 1 illustrates the generation of Lyn null (lyn -/-) mice.
- A Targeting vector and homologous recombination at the lyn locus.
- a partial restriction map of a portion of the lyn locus is shown; the filled box represents the mouse lyn promoter.
- the arrow represents the direction of transcription of PGKNeo.
- the locations of diagnostic PCR primers 1 and 2 and the probe used for Southern analysis are indicated. Wavy lines indicate plasmid sequences.
- the predicted map of the mutated lyn allele is shown at the bottom. B, BamHI; N, Ncol ; H, Hindlll; P, PstI; X, Xbal . Not all PstI sites are indicated.
- Figure 2 shows that Lyn -/- mice have lower levels of recirculating B cells.
- A Representative two-colour fluorescence analysis of lymphoid tissues from lyn +/+ and lyn -/- mice, stained using mAbs to B220 and IgM. The boxes in the bone marrow profiles show the % of recirculating B cells; the % of B cells present in other tissues are indicated.
- B Left panel: proportion of B220 1 °/CD43 + /lgM " (or pro-B) , B220 lo /CD43 " /IgM " (or pre-B), (proB & preB) , immature B (Imm. B) and recirculating B (Rec. B) cells in the marrows of lyn +/+ mice (solid bars) and lyn -/- mice (open bars) .
- the results are derived from the analysis of marrows from 8 mice by two-colour fluorescence using mAbs to B220 and IgM.
- the average numbers of nucleated cells recovered from lyn +/+ and lyn -/- mice were: blood, lyn +/+ 8.7 x 10 s ⁇ 0.6 x IO 6 , lyn - /- 7 x IO 6 ⁇ 0.4 x IO 6 ; spleen, lyn +/+ 1.5 x IO 8 ⁇ 0.3 x 10 8 , lyn -/- 1.2 x IO 8 ⁇ 0.1 x IO 8 ; axillary lymph node, lyn +/+ IO 7 ⁇ 0.3 x IO 7 , lyn -/- 1.3 x IO 7 ⁇ 0.45 x IO 7 ; mesenteric lymph node, lyn +/+ 2.8 x IO 7 ⁇ 0.4 x IO 7 lyn - /- 2.4 x IO 7 ⁇ 0.8 x IO 7
- Figure 3 shows representative results of analysis of B and T cell function in Lyn -/- mice.
- FIG. 4 shows the levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) in the serum of unchallenged mice and the frequency of IgGl and IgM secreting cells.
- Ig immunoglobulin
- Figure 5 illustrates the immune response of Lyn -/- mice after challenge with TI and TD antigens.
- FIG. 6 shows lymph node histology, kidney pathology and autoantibodies in control and Lyn -/- mice.
- A Low-power view of a lymph node from a control mouse, showing well-formed secondary follicles with germinal centers (arrow) .
- B Low-power view of a lymph node from a lyn -/- mouse, showing poorly-formed follicles (indicated by arrows) .
- Figure 7 shows the rapid passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction as visualised by Evans blue extravasation in control mice whereas Lyn -/- mice failed to mediate this response.
- PCA passive cutaneous anaphylaxis
- a pair of primers specific for mouse lyn (5' -ATGGGGAATGGTGGAAAGCT and 5 ' -ACTTCCCCAAACTGCCCTGC) was used to assess whether the lyn gene was expressed in mice carrying a mutation in their lyn promoter.
- Primers specific for mouse hck (5 ' -CTGGGGGGTCGGTCTAGCTGC and 5' -GGTATCCTCAGAGCCCTCCAC) were used as a positive control.
- the reverse transcription reaction was carried out using a GeneAmp RNA PCT Kit (Perkin Elmer Cetus,
- RNA derived from mouse liver 1 ⁇ g RNA derived from mouse liver, using oligo (dT) as the 3' primer.
- PCR amplification of cDNA was carried out by sequential cycling for 35 cycles at 95°C (30s) , 60°C (30s) and 72°C (30s) . Products were eiectrophoresed on 1% agarose gels.
- Spleen and liver extracts were prepared, immunoprecipitated with preimmune or lyn-specific antisera and subjected to kinase assay as previously described (Stanley et al, 1991) .
- Bone marrow cells were obtained by flushing femurs, and peritoneal cavity cells were isolated by peritoneal lavage using PBS/1% FBS.
- Peripheral blood (0.2 ml) was depleted of red blood cells by using 0.83% NH 4 C1 prior to staining.
- Single cell suspensions were prepared from lymphoid organs in PBS/1% FBS.
- Cells (IO 5 ) were incubated with fluorescein (FITC) -and phycoerythrin (PE) -conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) , and analysed using a
- FACScan Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA
- Tricolor Avidin Caltag, So. San Francisco, CA
- Dead cells were excluded on the basis of propidium iodide uptake and 10,000 events were acquired.
- RA3-6B2 B220
- 331.12 IgM
- goat anti-mouse IgD Nordic Immunological Laboratories, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- 187.1 Ig ⁇
- JC5 Ig ⁇
- S7 CD43
- B3B4 CD23
- Ml/69 HSA
- M5/114 Ia b ' d
- GK1.5 CD4
- 53.6 CD8
- 53.7 CD5
- 6B2-8C5 GR-1)
- Mel-14 L-selectin
- NP-KLH 100 ⁇ g in alum
- NP-LPS 10 ⁇ g in PBS
- Serum titres of antigen-specific Ig of the indicated isotypes were determined at regular intervals after immunization, using an NP-specific ELISA performed as previously described (Smith et al, 1994) .
- Total serum Ig titres were determined by ELISA using sheep anti-mouse Ig (Silenus Laboratories, Hawthorn, Australia) as a capture reagent, and developed with isotype-specific goat sera directly conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (Southern Biotechnology Associates Inc., Birmingham, AL) . Purified myeloma proteins (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were used as standards. ELISPOT assays were carried out as previously described (Lalor et al , 1992) , again using sheep anti-mouse Ig capture and goat anti-mouse Ig developing reagents as described above.
- Immunohistochernistry and Immunofluorescence Anti-nuclear antibodies were detected using fixed human HEp-2 cells (Immuno-Concepts, Sacramento, CA) , following the manufacturer's instructions. Sera from lyn +/+ and -/- mice were used at a dilution of 1:100 and 1:1000 respectively. Bound antibodies were revealed with a fluoresceinated sheep anti-mouse Ig serum (Silenus
- mice Control and lyn -/- mice were anaesthetised with chloral hydrate, then injected intradermally in their left ears with 20 ng mouse anti-dinitrophenyl (anti-DNP) IgE antibody (Sigma) diluted in 20 ⁇ l of PBS. The right ears of the same mice were injected with PBS. After 24 hr, the mice were given an intravenous injection of 100 ⁇ g of DNP-human serum albumin (HSA) (Sigma) in 100 ⁇ l of 0.9% NaCl/1% Evans blue dye. The PCA reaction was evident within 5 min of the second injection, and after 60 min, mice were sacrificed and their ears subjected to histological analyses.
- HSA DNP-human serum albumin
- Genomic clones containing the mouse lyn promoter have been described previously (Hibbs et al, 1995) , and were used to construct the targeting vector. Initial attempts to create lyn -/- mice were frustrated by the discovery that a significant portion of the coding sequences of the lyn gene is duplicated. Structural analysis revealed that the promoter and exons 11 to 13 are present in single copy; however, sequences corresponding to the first coding exon are duplicated, and this duplication extends to intron 10. Two sets of genomic clones representing the duplicated regions were isolated and characterised, and nucleotide sequence analysis showed minimal sequence divergence between the two.
- a targeting vector was constructed to replace the lyn promoter and associated regulatory sequences (approximately 11.5 kb of genomic sequence) with a PGKNeo expression cassette.
- a positive control construct was generated by ligating an additional 840 bp of genomic sequence to the 3 ' end of the short arm of the targeting construct, and was used to develop a diagnostic PCR. The structure of this construct is shown in Figure IA.
- the pGKNeo expression cassette (Tybulewicz et al , 1991) was inserted in reverse transeriptional orientation to the lyn gene between a PstI site upstream of the promoter and an Xbal site approximately 11.5 kb downstream in intron 1, creating a construct with a long arm of homology of 5.3 kb and a short arm of 1.1 kb in length.
- E14 ES cells (Handyside et al, 1989) were propagated and electroporated as previously described (Mann et al , 1993) . Selection for growth in G418 was initiated 24 hr after electroporation, and G418-resistant colonies were micro-manipulated after a further 7 days.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- primer 1 was complementary to sequences at the 5 ' end of the PGK promoter
- primer 2 was complementary to lyn genomic sequences downstream of the short arm of homology
- Lyn +/- animals were interbred to produce litters that included lyn -/- offspring.
- Southern blot analysis of mouse tail D ⁇ A from progeny derived from such a mating identified the expected three genotypes, as shown in Figure IB, and these were in a ratio consistent with normal patterns of Mendelian inheritance (158 lyn +/+, 292 lyn +/-, 130 lyn -/-) .
- the mutant mice were viable and fertile, and young mice were superficially healthy. Mice were maintained in a conventional animal facility.
- Example 2 Lyn -/- Mice have Reduced Numbers of Recirculating B Cells
- pro-B (B220 lo /CD43VlgM ' )
- pre-B (B220 lo /CD43 " /IgM-)
- immature B (B220 lo /CD437lgM ) cell populations were the same in lyn +/+ and -/- bone marrow.
- the recirculating B cell (B220 hl /CD43 " /Ig + ) population in lyn -/- bone marrow was reduced by between 50% and 100% compared to controls, as shown in Figure 2.
- B cell numbers were not due to a selective block in B cell development, as the proportion of peripheral B cells expressing B cell developmental markers such as MHC Class II, surface IgD, CD23, heat stable antigen and Mel-14 was the same in lyn -/- and control mice.
- Figure 3A Axillary lymph nodes showed little difference between lyn +/+ and -/- mice in B cell number, while differences in B cell numbers between spleen and mesenteric lymph node were two-fold and three-fold respectively ( Figure 2B) . To compensate for these differences, cultures were adjusted to contain equivalent numbers of B cells. While lymph node ( Figure 3A) and splenic B cells (Figure 3B) from control mice responded typically to cross-linking of surface Ig with anti-Ig, the corresponding cells from lyn -/- mice responded poorly ( Figure 3A and 3B) , and no alteration in the kinetics of the response was evident.
- Example 4 Lyn -/- Mice have Elevated Levels of Serum I ⁇ M
- the levels of Ig isotypes in the serum were measured by ELISA.
- Lyn -/- mice showed normal levels of circulating IgGl, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3, but a ten-fold elevation in serum IgM.
- Lyn +/- mice had a level of IgM slightly higher than that of lyn +/+ mice, but five-fold less than that of lyn -/- mice.
- ELISPOT enzyme-linked immunospot assay for detection of antibody-secreting cells was used to determine whether the elevated level of circulating IgM was due to an increase in the number of antibody-forming cells (AFC) . While no significant differences were observed in the number of IgGl-AFC in lyn -/- mice compared to control mice, there was a ten-fold increase in the number of IgM-AFC in all lyn -/- lymphoid tissues examined as shown in Figure 4B. Thus the elevated level of circulating IgM in lyn -/- animals is a result of an elevation in the total number of IgM-producing plasma cells.
- AFC antibody-forming cells
- Example 5 Perturbed Humoral Immune Responses in Lyn -/- Mice Mice challenged with T-independent (TI) antigens secrete IgM, followed by a switch to IgG3 (Coffman et al , 1993) . To determine whether this response was impaired in lyn -/- mice, groups of six lyn +/+, +/- and -/- mice were immunized with 10 ⁇ g of the hapten (4-hydroxy-3- nitro-phenyl) acetyl (NP) coupled to the TI carrier LPS (NP LPS) , and their serum antibody response measured weekly following immunization. The results are summarized in Figure 5.
- TI T-independent
- mice prior to immunization had measurable levels of NP-binding IgM antibodies, presumably due to high levels of circulating cross-reactive antibody (Figure 5A, i) .
- lyn -/- mice showed no measurable increase in the level of NP- specific IgM after immunization with NP-LPS, their ability to respond to this antigen was evidenced by the appearance of NP-specific IgG3 ( Figure 5A, i and ii) .
- lyn -/- mice mounted an efficient IgG3 response within one week of immunization, this response decayed more rapidly than that of control mice ( Figure 5A, ii) .
- mice The IgG3 response of lyn +/- mice also decayed more rapidly than that of lyn +/+ mice, but was still greater than the response of lyn -/- mice.
- TD T dependent
- mice were immunized with 100 ⁇ g NP coupled to the protein keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) .
- KLH protein keyhole limpet haemocyanin
- both lyn -/- and +/- mice again had detectable levels of circulating cross-reactive IgM antibody prior to immunization, the titre increased after immunization in a manner analogous to control mice ( Figure 5B, i) .
- the three groups of mice produced NP-specific IgGl with similar kinetics, and at a similar serum titre ( Figure 5B, ii) .
- lymph nodes from lyn +/+ mice maintained in a conventional animal facility showed the presence of numerous germinal centres in B cell follicles (Figure 6A) .
- lymph nodes from littermate lyn -/- mice show very poorly formed germinal centres, suggesting some defect in TD responses ( Figure 6B) .
- the number of follicle centre cells was reduced, the follicles lacked zonation, and the mantle zones were poorly developed.
- there was severe depletion of cortical lymphocytes resulting in small atrophic lymph nodes, although plasma cells were still present within the medullary cords. Similar progressive changes were seen in the B cell zones of the splenic white pulp.
- Example 6 I ⁇ E-mediated Anaphylaxis is Defective in Lyn - /- Mice Since lyn has been shown to be associated with the
- Example 7 Lyn -/- Mice Develop Severe Glomerulonephritis as a Result of IgG Immune Complex Deposition in the Kidney A significant decline with increasing age in the numbers of lyn -/- mice compared to control mice was noted. Unlike control mice, which remained healthy, a proportion of lyn -/- mice aged from 4 weeks to 10 months became emaciated and were sacrificed. Analysis of their peripheral blood showed that all animals were severely anaemic and thrombocytopaenic (Table 1) , and several were also leukopaenic.
- extramedullary haematopoiesis is prominent in these mice, particularly in spleen and liver, but also in lymp node, lung, heart and kidney in some mice.
- the extramedullary haematopoiesis is correlated with bone marrow failure, and possibly also with chronic infection.
- Preliminary analysis of bone marrow and spleen progenitors in colony-forming cell assays suggests that these progenitors are elevated in aged lyn -/- mice.
- lymphoid tissue in aged lyn -/- mice is also correlated with an expansion of cells of myeloid origin that progress to malignant-like state.
- Such lesions have been found predominantly in spleen and lymph nodes, but have also been observed in liver and kidney. These lesions have the histological appearance of immature myelo/monocytic or histiocytic cells, and resemble histiocytic neoplasms.
- Bone marrow and spleen cells from mice with such malignant-like lesions showed an increased capacity to form colonies in semi-solid agar cultures. In most cases the increase was 2-3 fold, but in some animals the increase was up to 50-fold. Such growth capacity renders the cells useful for the study of growth factors and of putative inhibitors of such factors. Without wishing to be bound by any proposed mechanism for the observed effect, it is suggested that in the lyn -/- mice studied, there is either:-
- such a factor may be produced by non-malignant cells, but exerts an effect which promotes development of malignancy.
- the present invention thus provides a lyn -/- animal model, such as mice, which is useful for studying diseases associated with BCR-mediated signal transduction required for T-cell independent B cell proliferation.
- a lyn -/- animal model such as mice, which is useful for studying diseases associated with BCR-mediated signal transduction required for T-cell independent B cell proliferation.
- the reduction in the number of B cells in the lymphoid tissues of such animals makes the animals suitable for the study of B-cell development, diseases including autoimmune diseases, allergy, asthma and dysplasias of myeloid origin, and for the screening of therapeutic agents for the treatment or prevention of such diseases.
- Double or multiple knock-out animals may also be produced by crossing a lyn -/- strain with one carrying the appropriate gene disruption (s) , thus providing additional models for investigation of targeted gene deletion and/or related diseases.
- the apparent failure of the lyn -/- mice to develop normal germinal centres also provides a convenient system for studying the T-dependent responses such as generation of high affinity antibodies or memory B cells, and the effects of antigen concentration on such responses.
- B cell abnormalities associated with lyn -/- mice resemble those seen in the xid mouse, which is characterized by a mutation in btk (Thomas et al , 1993; Rawlings et al , 1993) .
- the phenotypes, however, are not identical; B cell deficiency in xid mice is due to a maturational block, and xid mice show reduced levels of serum IgM.
- the similarity between the lyn -/- and xid phenotypes is intriguing, and provides the ability to investigate whether btk and lyn may participate in the same signal transduction pathways.
- the lyn -/- animals of the invention may also be compared with Oct-2 -/- mice, which have reduced numbers of B cells, fail to respond to TI mitogens, but proliferate and differentiate normally in response to T cell signals in vi tro (Corcoran et al, 1993; Corcoran and Karvelas, 1994) . However, normal levels of lyn message are present in Oct-2 -/- B cells (Corcoran and Karvelas, 1994) .
- Vav -/- mice also have diminished B cell responses to anti-Ig, although they respond normally to LPS (Tarakhovsky et al , 1995; Zhang et al , 1995), and may have reduced numbers of B cells (Tarakhovsky et al , 1995; Fischer et al, 1995) .
- TD responses of vav -/- mice also appear to be normal (Tarakhovsky et al , 1995; Zhang et al , 1995) .
- the similarity of the B cell phenotypes of mice with mutations in different signal transduction molecules is consistent with the cascade of interactions believed to occur following ligation of the BCR (Pleiman et al , 1994b) .
- the lyn -/- animals of the invention provide another model for studying BCR-related functions or more specifically, lyn deficiency.
- mice The elevated levels of both IgM antibody and IgM secreting cells, and the existence of circulating autoantibodies in the lyn -/- mice are surprising, and provide additional basis for investigating B-cell depletion and autoimmunity in these mice. While examples of hyper IgM with an associated autoimmunity have been described in other strains of mice, the nature of these conditions appears to be distinct from that found in lyn -/- mice. In NZB mice and related strains, the hyper IgM and autoantibody production are associated with a B cell hyperplasia, particularly of the Ly-1 B cell subset (Hayakawa et al , 1983) .
- lyn -/- mice have normal IgG serum titres, and generate IgGl antibodies in response to a TD antigen, whereas the CD40 ligand mutation results in agammaglobulinaemia (Aruffo et al , 1993) .
- lyn -/- B cells proliferate normally when stimulated through CD40.
- the immune complexes generated could act as a focal point for T-cell recruitment and the consequent development of a more pathological IgG-mediated condition.
- the glomerulonephritis and pancytopaenia seen in these mice bear many similarities to the renal and haematologic pathology manifested in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) , a disease characterized by the production of multiple autoantibodies and immune complex deposition.
- SLE systemic lupus erythematosus
- genetic susceptibility combined with an environmental trigger is thought to cause autoantibody production by B cells, at least in part because of abnormal B cell signalling (Mountz et al , 1991; Drake and Kotzin, 1992) .
- the normal function of lyn may be critical for the maintenance of self-tolerance in the face of adverse environmental triggers, and the animals of the invention can be used to identify such triggers.
- mice deficient in lyn are defective in mediating cutaneous anaphylaxis, and thus that lyn is directly implicated as a crucial signalling component of this receptor complex. This suggests that antagonists of lyn are useful to prevent or ameliorate IgE- mediated immune reactions, including allergy and asthma.
- B cells can respond in a number of different ways to stimulation with antigen and their response is dependent on their state of differentiation and on the concentration of antigen. They can be induced to proliferate or to differentiate into antibody-producing cells or memory cells, and, under certain conditions, they can be either clonally deleted or made unresponsive. The data suggest that lyn is necessary not only for B cell proliferation, but also for clonal deletion of autoreactive B cells.
- the present data indicate that the lyn -/- animal may be used as a model of malignant disease of cells of the myeloid lineage, such as those which are myelo/monocytic or histocytic in appearance, or for the study of factors involved in regulation of myelopoiesis.
- Gramulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signaling involves the formation of a three-component complex ' with Lyn and Syk protein-tyrosine kinases" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994 21 4683-4687.
- the B-cell antigen receptor complex structure and signal transduction
- src-family tyrosine kinase p55 fgr is expressed in murine splenic B cells and is activated in response to antigen receptor cross-linking" J. Immunol., 1995 154 3234-3244.
Abstract
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WO2002015680A1 (en) * | 2000-08-24 | 2002-02-28 | Japan Science And Technology Corporation | Type iii allergic inflammation model animal |
Citations (2)
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US4736866A (en) * | 1984-06-22 | 1988-04-12 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Transgenic non-human mammals |
US5487992A (en) * | 1989-08-22 | 1996-01-30 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Cells and non-human organisms containing predetermined genomic modifications and positive-negative selection methods and vectors for making same |
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1996
- 1996-10-18 EP EP96936753A patent/EP0876480A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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US4736866A (en) * | 1984-06-22 | 1988-04-12 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Transgenic non-human mammals |
US4736866B1 (en) * | 1984-06-22 | 1988-04-12 | Transgenic non-human mammals | |
US5487992A (en) * | 1989-08-22 | 1996-01-30 | University Of Utah Research Foundation | Cells and non-human organisms containing predetermined genomic modifications and positive-negative selection methods and vectors for making same |
Non-Patent Citations (7)
Title |
---|
EMBO, Volume 9, No. 7, issued 1990, CAMPBELL et al., "Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation is Induced in Murine B Lymphocytes in Response to Stimulation with Anti-Immunoglobulin", pages 2125-2131. * |
MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOLOGY, Volume 11, issued July 1991, STANLEY et al., "Alternatively Splice Murine Lyn mRNAs Encode Distinct Proteins", pages 3399-3406. * |
PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A., Volume 91, issued May 1994, COREY et al., "Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Receptor Signaling Involves the Formation of a Three-Component Complex with Lyn and Syk Protein-Tyrosine Kinases", pages 4683-4687. * |
PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. U.S.A., Volume 91, issued May 1994, PLEIMAN et al., "Distinct p53/p56lyn and p59fyn Domains Associate with Nonphosphorylated and Phosphorylated lg-alpha", pages 4268-4272. * |
SCIENCE, Volume 251, issued 11 January 1991, YAMANISHI et al., "Association of B Cell Antigen Receptor with Protein Tyrosine Kinase Lyn", pages 192-194. * |
SCIENCE, Volume 261, issued 09 July 1993, ZHU et al., "Systemic Gene Expression After Intravenous DNA Delivery Into Adult Mice", pages 209-211. * |
See also references of EP0876480A4 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002015680A1 (en) * | 2000-08-24 | 2002-02-28 | Japan Science And Technology Corporation | Type iii allergic inflammation model animal |
US7282620B2 (en) | 2000-08-24 | 2007-10-16 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Type III allergic inflammation model animal |
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EP0876480A1 (en) | 1998-11-11 |
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