WO1997014075A1 - Materiau photoemetteur, dispositif a source lumineuse plan et dispostif d'affichage a cristaux liquides - Google Patents
Materiau photoemetteur, dispositif a source lumineuse plan et dispostif d'affichage a cristaux liquides Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997014075A1 WO1997014075A1 PCT/JP1996/002822 JP9602822W WO9714075A1 WO 1997014075 A1 WO1997014075 A1 WO 1997014075A1 JP 9602822 W JP9602822 W JP 9602822W WO 9714075 A1 WO9714075 A1 WO 9714075A1
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- light
- light guide
- refractive index
- interface
- incident
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0056—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide for producing polarisation effects, e.g. by a surface with polarizing properties or by an additional polarizing elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/13362—Illuminating devices providing polarized light, e.g. by converting a polarisation component into another one
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
- G02B6/0038—Linear indentations or grooves, e.g. arc-shaped grooves or meandering grooves, extending over the full length or width of the light guide
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0053—Prismatic sheet or layer; Brightness enhancement element, sheet or layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
- G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
- G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
- G02B6/005—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided by one optical element, or plurality thereof, placed on the light output side of the light guide
- G02B6/0055—Reflecting element, sheet or layer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/133536—Reflective polarizers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/133528—Polarisers
- G02F1/13355—Polarising beam splitters [PBS]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a planar light W device that emits light uniformly from a surface having a predetermined area using light of intact light (naturally polarized light), such as light of a fluorescent lamp, and a light guide used for the same. It concerns the body.
- the planar light source device and the light guide according to the present invention are typically incorporated into a backlight module of a liquid ft display device.
- the light emitted from a planar light source is diffused and condensed by a light diffusion sheet, prism sheet, etc., so that it was measured very brightly for the viewer of the surface and easy to see.
- 100% of the light emitted from the backlight in the actual BR is not necessarily emitted to the viewer.
- the Li-light plate penetrates only one of the orthogonal P-waves and S-waves and absorbs the other, which results in a loss of approximately 50% of the light.
- the use of the fll light separation means and the phase conversion means is performed. If the VS light separation means and the phase conversion means are used, the light incident on the fluence plate can be polarized in advance.
- the light use efficiency can be improved by polarizing the light into light that can pass through the light board.
- a prism array having a triangular or W-shaped irregular surface (array-shaped portion) is crossed, and one or more dielectric layers are laminated on the irregular surface.
- a planar light source device has been proposed in which a luminous component is formed on the light exit surface side of a light guide. According to this, the light emitted from the light guide is S at the interface between the prism array and the rust conductor interference antinode, or at the interface between the ⁇ ⁇ body interference K and another dielectric interference ⁇ ⁇ laminated thereon.
- Wave and P wave one of the polarized light (P wave) passes through the polarization group, and the other polarized light (S wave) returns to the light guide side by repeating total reflection.
- the emitted light hits the light-diffusing sheet or the light-guiding body dot printing material (light-diffusing material) again and is diffused.
- the scintillation light becomes unpolarized and is reused.
- the separation of waves and P-waves is not perfect, it is possible to increase the amount of light that passes through the polarizer because it is designed to emit more polarized light on either side. It is assumed that light exiting the body is incident perpendicularly to the prism array. That is, difficulty provided the conditions when passing through the diffusion sheet disposed hear the light guide and the prism array Kunar. Therefore, light use efficiency is not sufficient,
- incident light is separated into S waves and P waves by means of a VS light beam splitter, and the S wave is passed through a 1Z2 wavelength plate.
- a technique has been disclosed in which a P-wave is converted into a P-wave, then combined with the original P-wave by a condenser lens, and then incident on a liquid crystal cell by a concave mirror.
- the S-wave included in the incident light is converted into a P-wave, combined with the original P-wave, and then incident on the liquid crystal cell, so that the polarization that is effectively used (in this case, P wave) can be increased,
- the polarization that is effectively used in this case, P wave
- the S wave and the P wave can be effectively separated, and there is no problem in converting the S wave into a P wave and combining it with the original P wave.
- expensive optical components such as a beam splitter and a condenser lens are required, it is not suitable for use in a pack light of a liquid crystal display device.
- the present invention which discloses a planar light source device, further improves the idea shown in this II.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a light guide with high efficiency of light utilization. And a planar light emitting device using the light guide.
- a second object of the present invention is to provide light guides of various shapes using the same principle of light guides as the first object.
- a third object of the present invention is to provide a planar light emitting device having less variation in in-plane luminance distribution depending on the distance from the light ffl and having more uniform emission intensity.
- the fourth object of the present invention is to provide a more ideal angle from light to light guide.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a planar light emitting device capable of making light incident thereon.
- a fifth object of the present invention is to provide a liquid crystal display device having high brightness and excellent surface texture by using a light guide or a surface light device realizing the first to fourth objects. With the goal.
- the above-mentioned ⁇ in the present invention is a first surface which is an incident surface of natural ⁇ light as incident light, and a second surface different from the ⁇ first surface which is an exit surface of specific polarized light whose natural polarization is changed.
- An angle between the interface between two types of materials having different refractive indices and satisfying the pre-Star condition with respect to the main traveling direction of incident light (0 B ) soil 10 ⁇ The direction of this interface is present in at least two or more in one light guide, and the difference between the refractive indices of the two types of materials having different refractive indices is 0.001 to 1.0 can be achieved by a light guide with a feature of 1.0.
- the light guide according to the present invention has a first transparent member having a plurality of upwardly convex and concave shapes on a first surface and having a first refractive index, and a downwardly convex and concave shape.
- a planar light emitting device can be configured using this light guide.
- the planar light emitting device typically includes a light source that emits natural light (and a first surface adjacent to the light source).
- a light guide according to the present invention wherein the light guide has a light incident surface, and emits only a specific polarized light of light from the light in a direction normal to a second surface perpendicular to the first surface. Crotched in contact with a third side opposite the first side of the body The phase of light passing through the light guide is 90 between the first light reflection mechanism, the light guide, and the first reflection mechanism.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the correlation between the distance from the incident surface and the luminance.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the loss of the triangular prism and the brightness »!.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention II.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic view according to the 12th embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram according to a fifteenth embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram according to a fifteenth embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a chess diagram according to the 16th embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view according to a seventeenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a chess style diagram according to the nineteenth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram according to a 20th embodiment according to the present invention
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram according to a 21st embodiment according to the present invention
- FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram according to the present invention. It is a schematic diagram according to a second embodiment according to the.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic view according to the 23rd embodiment according to the present invention
- FIG. 17 is a schematic view according to the 24th embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a schematic view of a twenty-fifth embodiment according to the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram relating to the 26th embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 20 is a diagram relating to the application of the present invention.
- the incident angle is ⁇ 80.
- FIG. 22 shows the variation of the exit angle at the time of FIG.
- Fig. 23 shows the variation of the emission angle at the time of Fig. 23. The figure relates to the principle of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a schematic view according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram in which the planar light emitting device according to the present invention is applied to a liquid product display device. [Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention]
- the planar light-emitting device requires) light 2R (including a condensing means), (b) VS light separating means, and (c) polarization conversion means.
- the light guide according to the eighteenth aspect of the present invention includes the planar light source 1 (used in an apparatus, and (b) performs a polarization separation action.
- FIG. 1 (A) shows the basic planar light charging according to the present invention.
- Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram (Example 1) of Figure 1.
- the light source generally uses a fluorescent tube 5, and the fluorescent tube 5 is (b) a light guide that is a polarization separating means.
- the lamp reflector 6 is disposed on the opposite side of the light guide 4 across the fluorescent tube 5 and has a function of injecting light into the incident surface 4 b of the lamp 4.
- the lamp reflector 6 is the light from the fluorescent tube 5. This prevents light from escaping in the direction of ft with respect to the light guide 4.
- the light guide 4 functions as (b) flaw light separating means. Realized by using the principle of the star angle, where the pre-use angle is the difference between two media with different refractive indices When incident light having a certain angle is incident on the interface (hereinafter referred to as a soot-interface), the normal line of the medium interface and the light incident direction when the intensity reflectance of the P-wave becomes 0 become zero. The angle made. A brief mention as passing to derive Buryusu evening corner e B. When light is incident on such an interface, the reflections of the p-wave and s-wave are given by the following equations,
- R p and R s are the intensity reflectances of the P and S waves, respectively
- n Q and ⁇ ⁇ are the refractive indices on the incident side and the outgoing side, respectively
- 0 Q and are the incident angles and the exit angles, respectively.
- the angle of the medium interfaces set to 4 5 beta with respect to the incident direction ideally if brought close to the refractive index of the two media reflection IchiYu only the incident direction perpendicular to the direction of the S wave Then, the remaining S-wave and all ⁇ -waves pass through the interface of the medium.
- This principle will be described in detail below with reference to FIG. 20.
- the light emitted from the light source is naturally polarized light and has no specific polarization.
- Naturally damaged light enters the light guide substantially perpendicularly from the incident surface A medium having a refractive index n Q (hereinafter, referred to as soot A) and a medium having a refractive index (hereinafter, referred to as medium ⁇ ) are incident on an interface formed between the medium and the soot interface.
- soot A a medium having a refractive index
- medium ⁇ a medium having a refractive index
- the light reflected by the light is about several percent, if the angle at which the light enters the interface of the medium is the Prey-Star angle, the direction of incidence of the S-wave from the interface of the medium is determined by the above-mentioned Prey-Star law. Is reflected in the direction perpendicular to the light guide (upper surface of the light guide).
- light passing through the interface of the medium is naturally polarized light including both the remaining S and ⁇ waves after subtracting the amount of reflected light.
- This light passes through the next medium interface located in front of the traveling direction. Is number separated only S-wave again, is reflected in the light guide member top surface direction, and, further, progresses to the next soot electrolyte interface, thus, natural light incident from the incident surface
- the S-wave component is gradually reduced, and the light travels toward the surface opposite to the incident surface of the light guide. On the opposite surface, only the P-wave finally arrives .
- each convex portion on the concave and convex surface of the transparent resin sheet constituting the light guide has a triangular prism shape, or has a shape in which each apex of the triangular prism has a round shape.
- the cross-sectional shape on the surface side of the uneven surface is triangular wave-shaped or W-shaped as a whole, and in the latter case, it is approximately sine-carp.
- a triangular prism is used as the shape of each protrusion, its cross-section slope angle of the triangle is a 3 0 ⁇ ⁇ 6 0 ⁇ .
- the reason for this is that the light emitted from the light W has a certain degree of spread, so that the angle at which the pre-Wuster angle is reached is not fixed to one.
- the angle of incidence on the light body is the direction perpendicular to the incident surface (side end face on which the light W is arranged), and the light is emitted from the light guide. Since it is necessary to emit light toward the liquid display device provided on the surface side, the interface between the two types of media constituting the light guide, that is, the transparent resin sheet and the transparent resin laminated thereon It is desirable to set the stacking angle at about 45 ⁇ in the above.
- the difference between the refractive indices ( ⁇ ⁇ ) of the two types of media is 0, but in that case, the interface itself does not exist and the reflection itself does not occur.
- n 0.01 ⁇ n ⁇ 1.0, more preferably 0.001 ⁇ n ⁇ 0.2.
- a light guide 4 shown in FIG. 1 (B) embodies such a concept of the light guide (Example 1).
- Fig. 21 and Fig. 22 show the dependence of the variation of the incident angle and the variation of the exit angle.
- Fig. 21 and Fig. 22 show that the vertical axis is the exit surface ( »Emission intensity from the top surface of the light body), and the horizontal axis shows the emission angle.
- the variation of the incident angle of the incident light emitted from the light source is ⁇ 80. , ⁇ 20. The case, according to these figures, ⁇ 80
- the center of the exit angle is 0. It is not suitable as light because it is shifted to the minus side. The center of the exit angle is almost zero with a slight variation in the incident angle. It can be seen that it can be used as an ideal light source, and that the mixing of the P wave is acceptably small.
- the medium interface and the Brewster angle are 0 B The agreement between and does not have to be exact. For example, if we consider that an incident angle variation of ⁇ 20 ° is acceptable, the soot interface is 5 ⁇ soil 15. Degree, preferably about 0 n ⁇ 10 ⁇ is sufficient. With this level of accuracy, as shown in Fig.
- the proportion of the ⁇ wave mixed into the outgoing light is small, and the decrease in the light utilization efficiency is not significant, as shown in Fig. 1 ( ⁇ ) Does not show the light-collecting member.
- the light-collecting member should be arranged between the light 5 and the light guide 4. Is recommended.
- the light-collecting material is used to align the vector of this light in the same direction as possible because the fluorescent light is linear light and diffused light. If the directions of incidence on the light guide are not uniform, the angle between the two media will be precisely adjusted so that the angle from the direction perpendicular to the plane of incidence of the light guide passes through Brussels.
- the means is preferably one in which at least one transparent resin sheet having an uneven surface is disposed between a fluorescent lamp, which is typically light, and the polarization separating means.
- the light collecting means may be, for example, a prism array having a triangular irregularity with a vertex angle of 40 to 100 'on the surface opposite to the light curtain, a cylindrical lens having a convex shape, and the like. Specific examples will be disclosed in some embodiments described later. Referring to FIG. 1 (A), a quarter-wave plate is disposed adjacent to the light-entering surface 4b and the side surface 4c of the light guide opposite to the incident surface 4b.
- the reflection sheet 8a reflects the light that enters the light guide 4 from the fluorescent tube 5, removes the S wave, and leaves only the P component.
- C The 14-wavelength plate 7 functioning as a light conversion means is disposed between the light guide 4 and the reflection sheet 8a. The P-wave that has passed through the medium's interface has passed through the 14-wavelength plate 7, is reflected by the reflection means 8a, emerged from the side dovetail surface 4c, and passed through the 1-wavelength plate 7 again.
- the station undergoes phase conversion equivalent to passing through the 12-wavelength plate and the phase shifts by 90 ° .Thus, the P-wave emitted from the side surface 4c is converted into an S-wave by the quarter-wavelength plate 7, As shown in Fig. 23, the light re-entering the light guide 4 from the side surface 4 c of the light guide and entering the light guide 4 again from the side surface 4 c is pre-formed at the soot interface. According to Uster's law, a part of the S wave is reflected to the lower surface of the light guide, reflected by the reflection sheet 8b provided on the lower surface of the light guide, and emitted from the emission surface 4a. This is the basic principle of the light guide and the planar light source related to the facial light.
- the planar light source device according to the present invention is used for a liquid crystal display device, a larger transmittance can be realized with a small amount of power consumption.
- this light guide in order to use this light guide as a planar light emitting device for a liquid crystal display device, it is desirable that the intensity distribution of light emitted from the emission surface of the light guide is as uniform as possible within the plane. .
- the ordinate indicates the luminance due to the S-wave emitted from the upper surface of the light guide
- the abscissa indicates the distance from the surface on which the light is incident.
- the solid line shows the measurement without any means for making the luminance distribution uniform.
- the term “going light” refers to the brightness of the S-wave caused by the light incident on the entrance surface 4 b of the light guide 4 from the light source 5, and the term “going light” refers to the reflection sheet 8 a Out of the light reflected by the 1Z 4 wavelength ⁇ 7 and re-entered from the end face 4 c to the light guide 4, the light related to the S wave separated by the light guide 4 This is the luminance emitted to the upper surface.
- the “light emission characteristic” is a combination of these two lights, and a region with a slightly lower brightness is observed at the center of the light guide.
- a light guide is formed in the central region to increase the area of the medium interface. It is conceivable to increase the density of the triangular prism interface crawled on the surface of the sheet and reduce the thickness of the sheet. If the area of the medium interface is relatively increased at the center, the separated S wave The output light increases according to the area, and as a result, an outgoing light having a uniform in-plane distribution is obtained. According to another embodiment, the ⁇ point during this period leads to the refractive index difference ⁇ n between the two media.
- the sheet material 3 is formed of a transparent photocurable resin composition (refractive index n) comprising triaryl isocyanate and a thiol component.
- ⁇ 1.58
- the cross-sectional shape of the triangular prisms in the SE row is the same as in Example 1 except that the triangular prism has three sides of ⁇ 2 mm, ⁇ 2 mm, 2 mm, and an isosceles triangle.
- This is a planar light emitting device that uses the above as a light guide.
- Example 3 As shown in FIG. 3 (A), two light guides 4 in Example 1 were laminated in the thickness direction, and this laminated body was used as light guide 14. Then, the planar light transmission device 11 (see FIG. 3 (B)) was evaluated.
- the surface light beam of Example 3 shown in FIG. 3 (A) (the device 11 was the same as in Example 1). The parts are given the same numbering. The details of the other parts in FIG. 3 (B) are the same as those in FIG. 1 (A), so the description is omitted.
- the in-plane luminance distribution is No measures have been taken to achieve uniformity.
- the planar light device according to the present invention is not suitable for liquid crystal displays. In order to use it as a backlight for rays, it is necessary to make the in-plane luminance distribution uniform. The following three embodiments take this point into account.
- Example 4 is shown in FIG.
- the media A and B are alternately layered to create a medium interface at a constant angle.
- the thickness of the media 40 la and 401 b changes stepwise or rapidly. In other words, these thicknesses are the thickest at the end faces 4a and 4c and the thinnest at the center.
- the thickness of the medium is changed by increasing the density of the interface at the center at the center. By doing so, the in-plane distribution of the surface luminance is made uniform.
- a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) film is sandwiched between the spacers.
- the thickness of this PMMA film shall be approximately equal to the following equation by the casting method.
- d p dpjj M is the thickness of the PC board and the PMMA film, respectively, and n: (1 ⁇ n ⁇ 146) represents the n-th layer of the above-mentioned laminate.
- Reflection sheets were similarly placed on the back surface of the light guide plate and the other two end surfaces perpendicular to the light traveling direction.
- the quarter-wave plate used here was obtained by uniaxially stretching polycarbonate (retardation 26 6 ⁇ , thickness 65 ⁇ m).
- the light guide in this case is First, a V-groove mold, which has many triangular prisms arranged side by side, was filled with photocurable resin.
- a transparent substrate (polyethylene terephthalate) is laid thereon, and light is irradiated from above to form a sheet-like material for a light guide having a large number of triangular prisms juxtaposed on one side.
- the photocurable resin (n 1, 50) having a refractive index close to the refractive index of the triangular prism from the side close to one side of the sheet-like material (the side to be the incident surface in the light guide). ), And gradually increase the refractive index.
- Example 5 The planar light emitting device obtained as described above was referred to as Example 5.
- Example 6 instead of the light guide 4 in Example 1, a sheet light mane 21 having a light guide 24 as shown in FIG. 4A was produced.
- the feature of this is that the area of the slope of the triangular prism 22a is different from that of the light guide 24 at the central part.
- each triangular prism is determined so that the slope area of the triangular prism 2 2a changes in the ratio of 5: 3: 5, and the V shape of each triangular prism M Fill the grooves with a photocurable acrylic adhesive with a refractive index differing by only 0.04 from the acrylic spores composing the triangular prisms.
- the Rukoto, flat light emitting surface composed of triangular prism 2 2 a photocurable acrylic adhesive 23 on the surface side of the (upper surface in the drawing)
- a light guide 24 having a light guide 5, a lamp reflector 6, a 1/4 wavelength plate 7, and a reflection sheet 8 are applied to the light guide 24 in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- the planar light source device 21 thus obtained was used as Example 6.
- the surface area density of the medium is changed between the central portion and the central portion of the light guide 24 by changing the slope of the triangular prism.
- the one shown in FIG. 4 (B) can be considered.
- the thickness of the central portion of the light guide is gradually reduced along the height of the triangular prism.
- the slope area of the triangular prism 22a can be increased as described above.
- the reason for the change and the method of determining the change ratio are as follows.
- the height of the triangular prism 22a having a cross section of a right isosceles triangle, that is, the length in the direction orthogonal to the triangular cross section is determined by the light output.
- the short side of the incident surface side is about 16.5 cm.
- the height direction of the triangular cross section at the triangular prism 22a The rate of change, Ru determined by the calculation in the following manner.
- the reflectance R s of S wave when light is transmitted and reflected from the medium (photo-curable acryl type adhesive) 23 filled in the triangular prism 22 a M to the soot of the triangular prism 22 a is ,
- R w [(n-cos 1-n cos rj / l n .cos i + n cos r)]
- n 2 is the refractive index of each medium
- i is the angle of incidence
- the refractive index of each medium is 1.49 (acrylic resin) and 1.53 (photocurable acrylic adhesive), respectively. Is incident on the slope of the triangular prism 22a, and the angle of incidence is 45 ⁇ . Therefore, the following equation showing Snell's law of refraction is obtained.
- the brightness of the light reflected from these 1608 triangular prisms is as shown in the graph of Fig. 5, and this brightness is proportional to the reflectance. Therefore, the light emission characteristic in this case is shown by the solid line in Fig. 2. As shown, the central part of the light guide is fine. Therefore, the slope area of the triangular prism that reflects light is changed at a reciprocal ratio of the luminance so that the light emission characteristics become uniform in the plane.
- each triangular prism forming the light guide is gradually and progressively shifted in a ratio of 5: 3: 5 toward the incident surface side, the central portion, and the Yasushibe region in the anti-state. Change.
- the dashed line in Fig. 2 significant uniformity of the in-plane luminance distribution was realized.
- Example 7 as shown in FIG. 6, a large number of triangular prisms 32a each having a cross-sectional shape of a right-angled isosceles triangle having three sides of lmm, lmm, V "2 mm and an apex angle of 90.
- a single light guide 34 was fabricated by processing the slopes of both sides of the plate-like object into a vertical surface, and this light guide 34 was used as a light guide 5 in the same manner as in Example 1 to ffl.
- the lamp reflector 6, the 14 wave plate 7, and the reflection sheet 8 are arranged in a predetermined state, respectively.
- the planar light lake device 31 obtained in this manner is referred to as a seventh embodiment. Minutes are the examples
- the light guide of one unit has a two-layer structure as, for example, is sandwiched a layer of soot quality B consists of two medium A, form a medium interfaces This is the point that it has a three calendar structure. (Example 8)
- Example 8 was a planar light source device 31 obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that each was a right isosceles triangle of ⁇ 2 mm, 7 "2 mm, 2 mm.
- a planar light emitting device was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 7, except that two light guides 34 in Example 7 were stacked in the thickness direction, and this was used as the light guide in this example.
- the fabricated planar light emitting device thus obtained was designated as Example 9.
- the two-dimensional light guide 34 of the eighth embodiment is laminated in the thickness direction and used as a »light body in the present embodiment, except that the light guide 34 is the same as that of the ninth embodiment.
- the planar light-emitting device thus obtained was used as Example 10.
- the transmission rate of the transparent acryl resin forming the triangular prism forming the light guide is determined by the incident surface of the light guide (fluorescent tube). From the side surface on the side) to the side surface on the opposite side (side end surface on the 1Z4 wavelength plate side), the steps are 1.50 (side part) ⁇ 1.53 (center) ⁇ 1.50 (side part).
- the method was the same as that of Example 9 except that the refractive index was changed likewise.
- the method of changing the refractive index stepwise like Rf is the same as that of Example 5.
- the planar light emitting device thus obtained was designated as Example 11.
- Example 7 Using the light guide obtained in Example 5, as shown in FIG. 7, a polycarbonate in which triangular irregularities having a vertex angle of 90 degrees was formed in M between the light guide 5 and the light guide 4 was used.
- the light source device was Example 12. This sheet-like material 9 has a function as a condensing member, and acts to concentrate the angle of light from the light pig to the incident surface in the vertical direction.
- Example 13 A planar light emitting device obtained in the same manner as in Example 12 except that the light guide obtained in Example 11 was used was referred to as Example 13.
- Example 14 is shown in FIG.
- Prism sheet 83a (vertical angle 90; pitch 500 um, sheet thickness 55 Oum) mainly composed of UV-curable resin with a refractive index of 1.53 is glass having the same uneven surface as the sheet.
- a second W-shaped second breath layer 83a having a refractive index of 1.49 is formed on the prism sheet 82a of the second prism layer.
- a third prism layer 82b having a refractive index of 1.53 is formed.
- a fourth prismatic calendar 83 b with a refractive index of 1.49 is formed on top of it, and then the uneven surface on the top is filled with a resin layer 82 c with a refractive index of 1.53 to smooth it to form a light emitting surface Then, the Yasushibe is cut off so as to become a rectangular parallelepiped (100 x 150 x about lnm), and the Yasushi surface is polished so as to be an optical boundary.
- a fluorescent tube 5 (tube diameter 2.6 mm) is placed outside the side wall and covered with a lamp reflector 16 (silver sheet).
- FIG. 8B shows a modification of the embodiment.
- the second prism layer 83a and the second prism layer 83a The prism layer of 4 and the triangular prism of 8 3 b are in contact with each other. Even in this arrangement of 88, an effective medium interface is formed as in the case shown in FIG. 8 (A), so that the operation effect does not change.
- Example 15 is shown in FIG. Light guide to be created with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m and a thickness of prism prisms 92 a and 92 b with a refractive index of 1.53 and a thickness of 500 UB, respectively.
- An approximately W-shaped prism layer is alternately laminated seven times with a layer 93 with a refractive index of 1.49 and a layer 92 with a refractive index of 1.53 so that the body thickness is about 1.
- the uneven surface is buried with a resin layer 9 2 c with a refractive index of 1.53 and smoothed to form a light-emitting surface, making the whole 9-stage stacked body.
- the bottom prism sheet has a refractive index of 1.53 and a vertex angle of 9 0 °, pitch 20 Ounu sea
- the surface light device produced in the same manner as in Example 11 except that a thickness of 12 Oum was used is referred to as Example 15 of the present invention.
- Example 16 is shown in FIG. 10.
- the pitch of the prism is 20 Oun, and the thickness of the alternately layered refractive index 1.49 layer 1.52 and refractive index 1.53 layer 103 is 1 Oum.
- the entire light guide is made up of 10 layers so that the thickness of the light guide is about 1. Onm. Ft
- the uneven surface on the top is smoothed by filling it with a resin with a refractive index of 1.49 to form a light-emitting surface.
- the bottom prism sheet has a refractive index of 1.53 and a vertex angle of 90.
- a pitch of 20 Oun and a sheet thickness of 12 Oum were used.
- the planar light lake device created in the same manner as in Example 14 above is referred to as Example 16 of the present invention.
- Example 17 is shown in FIG. 11 .
- the prism pitch is 20 Oum
- the refractive index of the 1.49 layer and the refractive index of 1.53 layer are alternately stacked.
- refractive index 1.53 layer 112 is 100 um, alternately stacked 17 times so that the thickness of the light guide to be created is about 1.OOmn
- the top and bottom uneven surface A light emitting surface is formed by filling the resin with a 1.53 arrival rate resin and smoothing to form a light-emitting surface.
- the whole is a laminated body 114 with nineteen steps.
- the lowermost prism sheet has a refractive index of 1.53, a vertex angle of 90 °, and a pitch of A surface light source device prepared in the same manner as in Example 11 above except that the thickness of 200 um and the sheet thickness of 120 un was used is referred to as Example 14 of the present invention.
- Example 19 is shown in Fig. 12.
- irregularities having a triangular cross section with an apex angle of 90 degrees were formed on ⁇ of the light source and the light guide plate.
- the two sheet-shaped materials 201 and 202 each composed mainly of polycarbonate, were formed so that the uneven surface faces the light guide plate side, and the ffi-mane was arranged so that the ridges were perpendicular to each other.
- 0 1 and 202 function as a light collecting member by being combined in this way.
- the planar light-emitting devices obtained in the same manner as in Example 18 are used in Examples of the present invention, respectively. 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d, and
- Example 20 is shown in FIG. 13.
- the planar light device obtained in Example 19 the ⁇ i wavefront of the second VIS light transmitted through the light guide plate is rotated and again.
- irregularities with a triangular cross section with an apex angle of 90 ⁇ were formed.
- 0 3 was oriented in the direction of light ⁇ , and the slanted line was arranged so as to be inclined by 45 ⁇ with respect to the second-polarized light wave that passed through the light guide plate.
- the planar light-emitting devices obtained in the same manner as in Example 19 are referred to as Examples 20a, 20b, 20c, and 20d of the product of the present invention, respectively. (Example 21)
- Example 14 is shown in FIG.
- the apex angle was approximately 90 °.
- the irregularities having a triangular cross section were formed in the same manner as in Example 19, except that the sheet-like material 204 mainly composed of polycarbonate was arranged so that its apexes face the light guide plate.
- the planar light emitting devices are assumed to be examples 21a, 21b and 21c and 21d of the product of the present invention. In addition to the examples 1 to 21 described above, various examples of the present invention can be considered. Such examples are shown in FIGS. 15 to 18.
- FIG. 15 parts having the same or substantially the same configuration as those in the first embodiment, that is, the fluorescent tube 5, the lamp reflectors 6, 1 and 2 are shown.
- the same reference numerals as in FIG. 1 are assigned to the four-wavelength plate 7 and the reflection sheet 8, and the description thereof is omitted.
- the planar light emitting device 41 shown in FIG. 15 forms the tops of the upwardly projecting triangular prisms 42 a in the light guide 44 in a round shape, not a square shape, and generates V-wave portions of those ⁇ .
- Embedded in a photocurable resin 43 (Example 22),
- the planar light emitting device 51 shown in FIG. 16 includes a sheet having a certain thickness on the base side (the side located on the back side of the light guide) of each triangular prism 52 a in the light guide 54. (Example 23) In this case, since the prism sheet can be used, there is an advantage that it can be easily manufactured.
- the function of the light guide 54 shown in the figure is Same as in Example 1, but sheet Since the portion 52b does not have a polarization separation function, it is a loss in that sense.
- the planar light source device 61 shown in FIG. 17 uses a Fresnel lens as a constituent material of the light guide 64, and a triangular prism 6 2 projecting upward in the light guide 64.
- Example 24 the same effect as in Example 1 can be obtained (Example 24).
- the cross-sectional shape of each of the irregularities 73 a and 72 a in the sheet-like material constituting the light guide 74 is not a triangle but a trapezoid.
- the slope portion (interface) of the shape has the same function as the triangle slope portion, the same effect as that of the first embodiment can be obtained (Example 25).
- Numeral 04 denotes a long block 302 having a quadrangular cross section made of the medium A and bonded with an adhesive 303 made of a resin made of the medium RB. Also in this embodiment, the thickness of the layer having a refractive index of 1.49 relating to the medium K A and the layer having a refractive index of 1.53 relating to the medium B were 5 un and l O O unu, respectively.
- the following method can be considered as one of the production methods of the one shown in Example 26, that is, a large number of square pillars of the medium are prepared, and this is immersed in a monomer solution of the medium A. Then, a structure as shown in FIG. 19 is formed. After that, this is taken out and the medium A is photo-cured to maintain its shape. This is cut out into a desired plate shape to form a light guide.
- the monomer of the medium KA for example, an acrylic resin is used.
- the following comparative examples are used for reference. (Comparative Example 1)
- An acryl resin light guide (100 ⁇ 150 ⁇ 1 ⁇ ) with a dot printing pattern on the surface (the surface opposite to the light exit surface) is used, and a fluorescent tube is placed on one side of the entrance surface. Then, cover the back with a lamp reflector and put a diffuse reflection sheet on the back side of the light guide, and throw a light diffusion sheet (beads coating type) on the light exit side of the light guide.
- two prism sheets each formed by forming a large number of prisms having an apex angle of approximately 90 ° are arranged in a state where the ridge lines of the prisms are orthogonal to each other.
- the planar light-emitting device thus obtained was designated as Comparative Example 1.
- a planar light source device (planar light lake device described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-64085) obtained as follows was used as Comparative Example 2.
- a transparent acryl resin light guide plate (refractive index ⁇ -1.49) with a size of 128mnX225nnX2.8 is used, and a 2W-fr negative discharge tube is adhered to one end of this light guide, and behind it.
- With a lamp cover apply white ink as a light diffusing material on the back surface of the light guide, and crotch the aluminum reflective surface. Then, emboss the light guide on the light exit surface side and the front surface.
- a light-distributing light is applied to the processed diffuser plate (Vertical light means) and a prism array made of polycarbonate.
- the prism array of this embankment is an isosceles triangle with a convex cross section (vertex angle).
- a large number of columnar prisms (90 °) are formed, and a rust insulator interference antinode (a single layer of ⁇ 0 ⁇ ) having a predetermined thickness serving as a polarization splitting surface is formed on the surface of the prisms.
- the planar light-emitting device according to Examples 1 to 21 e and Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3! ? The results are shown in Table 1.
- the comparison items are as follows.
- Luminance measurement ⁇ Measure the luminance of light passing through the polarizer at the center of the plane.
- In-plane uniformity Within the light emitting surface of the planar light source device.15 Take five measurement points, measure the front luminance at each point, and compare the maximum luminance with the minimum luminance. The ratio, that is, (maximum luminance / minimum luminance) ⁇ 100 (%) was determined, and those having an obtained ratio within 10% were regarded as good, and those exceeding 10% were regarded as poor.
- Evaluation method (1) (2) (3) (4) Luminance (cd / m2) Evaluation Transmitted light amount () S wave ratio (S) In-plane uniformity
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 although the light was bright before transmitting through the polarizing plate, more than half of the light was absorbed because the directions of the flaw light were not aligned, and as a result, the luminance after passing through the light guide plate was reduced.
- Comparative Example 3 since the angle of the light impinging on the polarization splitting surface was random, many losses were caused by light that did not match the Preyster angle. It is considered that In addition, since the light emitted from the light 3 ⁇ 4S is basically scattered light, the front has the highest intensity, but has various angle components.
- the apex angle If two sheets of 90-degree triangular shaped irregularities are formed so that the irregularities face the light guide side, and the school lines are orthogonal, the component facing the front is 1 Loss of ⁇ 3%, but light of various angular components directed to other than the front can be directed to the front, so that the total amount of light directed to the front by 10-20% can be increased.
- the amount of light that strikes the slope formed by the two resins having different refractive indices at an angle close to the Brewster angle in the light guide increases, and as a result, the planar light source device becomes The amount of light will also increase.
- the planar light 21 device 1 is, for example, a light guide 4 disclosed in the first embodiment, , A reflector 6, a quarter-wave plate 7, and a reflection sheet 8. These details are as described above.
- the liquid II cell 400 is placed on the exit surface side of the planar light emitting device 1.
- the liquid crystal cell 400 has a planar light. ⁇ The light (arrow) emitted from the device 1 is polarized. It passes through the plate 402 a and the glass substrate 403 on which the TFT 405 and the wiring layer 404 are formed, and enters the liquid product layer 410 in which the liquid crystal 409 is sealed. .
- the orientation of the liquid crystal layer is controlled for each surface element by a TFT 405 and a wiring layer 404 formed on a glass substrate 403, and the liquid crystal layer is subjected to transformation.
- the changed light passes through the upper glass substrate 406, and is blocked / transmitted by the polarizing plate 402b. Therefore, the transmittance is determined for each plane, and a figure, a text, and the like can be displayed on the plane in a meaningful pattern.
- a black matrix layer and a color filter layer are formed on the upper glass substrate 406 as necessary (not shown). According to the light guide and the planar light 21 device of the present invention, almost 100% of the light emitted from the light source can be used. Therefore, a bright surface image can be obtained with low power consumption.
- planar light-as-dressing method using the light guide according to the present invention required light can be directly emitted from the light guide.
- the proportion of light absorbed by the light-emitting plate on the light incident side of the device can be reduced. This makes it possible to realize a planar light device with excellent light use efficiency without using expensive optical components such as a beam splitter and a condenser lens.
- the light guide of the present invention R and the planar light guide B device using the same, it is possible to provide a light guide with high light utilization efficiency.
- the planar light guide of the present invention and the planar light emitting device using the same, the planar light having less variation in the in-plane intensity distribution depending on the distance from the light and having more uniform emission intensity. as equipment can be provided,
- a liquid crystal display device having high luminance and excellent surface texture can be provided. Since this liquid a display device has excellent light use efficiency, it has low power consumption and is most suitable for portable personal computers.
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP09514902A JP3129444B2 (ja) | 1995-10-12 | 1996-09-27 | 導光体、面状光源装置及び液晶表示装置 |
US09/051,504 US6239851B1 (en) | 1995-10-12 | 1996-09-27 | Planar light source device having polarization separator formed of two sheets with mating triangular prisms and different indices of refraction |
EP96932032A EP0872758A4 (en) | 1995-10-12 | 1996-09-27 | TRANSPARENT MATERIAL, PLANAR LIGHT SOURCE AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY DEVICE |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP7/263945 | 1995-10-12 | ||
JP26394595 | 1995-10-12 | ||
JP7/318922 | 1995-12-07 | ||
JP31892295 | 1995-12-07 | ||
JP13699796 | 1996-05-30 | ||
JP8/136997 | 1996-05-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997014075A1 true WO1997014075A1 (fr) | 1997-04-17 |
Family
ID=27317381
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1996/002822 WO1997014075A1 (fr) | 1995-10-12 | 1996-09-27 | Materiau photoemetteur, dispositif a source lumineuse plan et dispostif d'affichage a cristaux liquides |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6239851B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0872758A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3129444B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100407101B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2234447A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1997014075A1 (ja) |
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JPH1064319A (ja) * | 1996-07-16 | 1998-03-06 | Thomson Csf | 照明装置および透過性スクリーンの照明への適用 |
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JPH11231137A (ja) * | 1998-02-09 | 1999-08-27 | Nitto Denko Corp | 異種ポリマー配列板及びその製造方法 |
JP2000002808A (ja) * | 1998-06-12 | 2000-01-07 | Toppan Printing Co Ltd | 偏光ビームスプリッタ |
JP2000075138A (ja) * | 1998-06-15 | 2000-03-14 | Asahi Optical Co Ltd | 偏光変換素子及びlcdパネル用照明装置 |
KR100315031B1 (ko) * | 1998-12-29 | 2002-02-28 | 주식회사 현대 디스플레이 테크놀로지 | 백라이트유니트의편광변환광학시스템 |
US6545827B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2003-04-08 | Keiwa, Inc. | Optical sheet |
US6796669B2 (en) | 2001-04-24 | 2004-09-28 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Illuminating device, display device having the same, and light guide plate |
JP2003131228A (ja) * | 2001-10-26 | 2003-05-08 | Fujitsu Kasei Kk | 液晶照明装置 |
US7330315B2 (en) | 2003-05-02 | 2008-02-12 | Reflexite Corporation | Light-redirecting optical structures |
US7907128B2 (en) | 2004-04-29 | 2011-03-15 | Microsoft Corporation | Interaction between objects and a virtual environment display |
JP2006276813A (ja) * | 2005-03-30 | 2006-10-12 | Shinji Hisamitsu | 照明装置 |
US8060840B2 (en) | 2005-12-29 | 2011-11-15 | Microsoft Corporation | Orientation free user interface |
WO2007094304A1 (ja) * | 2006-02-16 | 2007-08-23 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | 光源装置、及びその光源装置を用いた液晶ディスプレイ装置 |
JP4875054B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-16 | 2012-02-15 | パナソニック株式会社 | 光源装置、及びその光源装置を用いた液晶ディスプレイ装置 |
US8451398B2 (en) | 2006-02-16 | 2013-05-28 | Panasonic Corporation | Light source device and liquid crystal display device using such light source device |
JP2009528570A (ja) * | 2006-02-28 | 2009-08-06 | マイクロソフト コーポレーション | 対話型ディスプレイ・パネルの均一照明 |
JP2010506205A (ja) * | 2007-06-19 | 2010-02-25 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | 偏光板及びこれを含む偏光照射装置 |
WO2019159538A1 (ja) * | 2018-02-16 | 2019-08-22 | 株式会社デンソー | 虚像表示装置、照明用光学素子、照明用バックライト及び表示器 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100407101B1 (ko) | 2004-02-18 |
CA2234447A1 (en) | 1997-04-17 |
JP3129444B2 (ja) | 2001-01-29 |
EP0872758A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
US6239851B1 (en) | 2001-05-29 |
EP0872758A4 (en) | 1999-08-04 |
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