WO1997011354A1 - Fluorometer - Google Patents
Fluorometer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997011354A1 WO1997011354A1 PCT/FI1996/000498 FI9600498W WO9711354A1 WO 1997011354 A1 WO1997011354 A1 WO 1997011354A1 FI 9600498 W FI9600498 W FI 9600498W WO 9711354 A1 WO9711354 A1 WO 9711354A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- light
- fluorometer
- directing
- emitted light
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N21/6452—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N2021/6463—Optics
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
- G01N2021/6463—Optics
- G01N2021/6471—Special filters, filter wheel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2201/00—Features of devices classified in G01N21/00
- G01N2201/02—Mechanical
- G01N2201/022—Casings
- G01N2201/0224—Pivoting casing
Definitions
- the invention relates to instrument technology and concerns fluorometers used in laboratories, which fluorometers can be used, for example, in assays of clinical chemistry and food technology.
- the invention is particularly suited for use in fluorometers having simultaneously a plurality of samples.
- a fluorometric assay there is directed to the sample a short-wave excitation light, which makes the substance being assayed to emit longer-wave light. The quantity of the emitted light is measured, and thereby the quantity of the substance being assayed is detected.
- a fluorometer has one measuring channel and the assays are performed on plates having multiple wells. In this case the plate is moved relative to the measuring channel in such a way that each well in turn arrives at the measuring position.
- the background fluorescence caused by excitation light incident outside the sample being assayed constitutes one problem with fluorometers. This can be reduced by using non-transparent shields. In practice, however, it is difficult to obtain suffi ⁇ cient light-tightness in this manner.
- Fluorometric measuring through a vessel is not especially re- commendable, since in such a case there passes through the vessel also a large amount of excitation light, which compli ⁇ cates the measuring of emitted light. Background fluorescence possibly caused by the material of the vessel constitutes a further problem.
- excitation light is directed to the vessel from above, and also emitted light is collected from above.
- cer- tain assays it is, nevertheless, best to carry out the measur ⁇ ing through the bottom of the sample-holding vessel.
- the fluorometer has a partly transparent mirror.
- the axis of the excitation channel and the axis of the emission channel coincide between the mirror and the sample, and the solid angle of the entire aperture of the sample-holding vessel can be exploited.
- the measuring can be carried out from either above or below. No particularly large lenses or filters are required for imple ⁇ menting the system according to the invention.
- the partly reflective mirror may have a dichroic dielectric film.
- dichroic dielectric film Such films, however, in general perform only within a very narrow wavelength range (e.g. 400...600 nm) , which is not sufficient in nearly all fluorometric assays.
- the mirror should perform within a range of, for example, 260...800 nm.
- a wide ⁇ band dichroic mirror can be made by vaporizing onto a glass surface a thin film partly transparent to light. However, such a film causes a great deal of losses.
- a mirror is used which is made up of completely reflective and completely transparent areas. Such a mirror is easy to manufacture by vaporizing, for example, aluminum onto the surface of suitable glass.
- a very wide wavelength range can be achieved by using such a mirror, and the reflection capacity or transparency is not significantly dependent on the wavelength. Also, polariza ⁇ tion does not occur in this mirror in the manner occurring in dichroic films. Furthermore, the shape of the reflective areas can be exploited in the optics, for example, to eliminate the effect of reflection or refraction.
- Excitation light which has been reflected from the mirror or which has passed through it can be used as a reference light to eliminate errors due to variations in the source of light.
- a possible excitation light filter is in this case preferably positioned at a point before the mirror.
- the fluorometer has in the excitation channel a lens arrange ⁇ ment by means of which a unidirectional beam of excitation rays is formed.
- the apparatus preferably also has a converging lens arrangement by means of which, from the unidirectional light beam, a delimited spot of excitation light is formed on the object being assayed. Thus fluorescence occurring outside the desired measuring region is decreased.
- the fluorometer has in the emission channel a lens arrangement by means of which a unidirectional beam of light is formed from the emitted light.
- the apparatus preferably also has means for directing emitted light into the emission channel only from a delimited region.
- the apparatus has both emission delimiting means and excita ⁇ tion delimiting means.
- emission delimiting means there may be closest to the object being assayed a lens system which functions as a part common to both.
- the wavelength of the unidirectional beam of light can be delimited effectively to the desired wavelength range by means of filters. This concerns in particular inference filters.
- the fluorome ⁇ ter has an excitation light delimiting arrangement which com ⁇ prises an excitation light delimiter and means for forming an image of the light source on the delimiter.
- a veil caused by reflective and refrac ⁇ tive surfaces of the source of light can be eliminated, and thus excitation light can be directed as precisely as possible only to the desired region.
- Lens or mirror optics can be used in the arrangement.
- From the delimiter the light can be direct ⁇ ed further in a controlled manner to the sample.
- From the aper ⁇ ture of the delimiter there is preferably formed an image in the desired measuring region, and thus fluorescence occurring outside the desired region is eliminated.
- the delim ⁇ iter is replaceable, in which case an excitation region of the desired shape and size is obtained in the sample at each given time.
- the fluorometer has an emitted light delimiter, an arrangement for forming in the aperture an image of the delim ⁇ ited region of the sample, and a filter at a point after the aperture.
- the delimiter is preferably replaceable, in which case the size or shape of the delimiting aperture can be varied, and thus measuring light can be col ⁇ lected from a region of the desired type at each given time.
- the image-forming means comprise a lens system for converging the light emitted from the sample, a mirror to which the converged beam of light is directed, and another converging lens for forming in the delimiter aperture an image of the light reflected from the mirror.
- the fluorometer has an arrangement for eliminating errors caused by variations in the distance to the object being as ⁇ sayed.
- the arrangement comprises a lens system for collimating the emitted light and a delimiter by means of which scattered rays are delimited out from the beam of light.
- the apparatus has, capable of being positioned either above or below the apparatus, an optics module having both a source of light and a detector.
- the apparatus can be used for performing the measuring from either above or below, ac ⁇ cording to need.
- fiber optics is not required in the apparatus for directing light to the detector, since the re ⁇ quired optical means are part of the movable module and can thus be mounted fixedly relative to the detector.
- the avoidance of fiber optics is a particular advantage, since fiber optics usable within the UV range is especially expensive. Fiber op ⁇ tics also causes background fluorence, which can thus according to the invention be avoided.
- the source of light is replaceable in such a way that the source of light may be a light bulb or a fiber bundle head by means of which excitation light is introduced to the excitation optics from the exterior.
- the light source used is preferably an incandescent bulb, pro ⁇ vided that sufficiently short-wave radiation suitable for the purpose is obtained by means of it.
- An incandescent bulb does not require special arrangements and, furthermore, a delimited image thereof is easy to form by using the luminosity of the entire bulb.
- the apparatus is preferably such that samples held in different vessels can be assayed therein.
- Sample vessels usually form an entity of a plurality of vessels, for example a microtiter plate.
- the apparatus has a movable measuring carrier for the samples, by means of which carrier each sample in turn is taken to the measuring position. By suitable movement of the carrier the samples may, when so desired, also be agitated. So-called scanning measuring can also be carried out by moving the samples.
- Figure 1 depicts a side elevation of one fluorometer ac ⁇ cording to the invention
- Figure 2a depicts the optics arrangement of the fluorome ⁇ ter of Figure 1
- Figure 2b depicts an alternative optics arrangement
- Figure 3 depicts one mirror usable in the optics arrangement
- Figure 4 depicts another mirror usable in the optics arrangement
- Figure 5 depicts a plan view of the sample plate trans- fer arrangement of the fluorometer of Figure 1
- Figure 6 depicts a detail of the fluorometer of the fig ⁇ ure, with a plate in the dispensing and measur ⁇ ing position.
- the fluorometer of Figure 1 has a lower housing 1, which houses, among other things, a control unit 2 and connections to the power source and to functions external to the apparatus.
- a control unit 2 On top of the lower housing there is a light-tight measuring unit 3. Its back edge is hinged 4 to the back edge of the lower housing so that the measuring unit can be pivoted upwards, whereupon there will be easy access to the parts below it.
- the pivoted measuring unit is held in the upper position (shown by dotted lines in Figure 1) by a pneumatic spring 5.
- an aperture 7 equipped with a light- tight hatch, through which aperture the samples are transferred into the measuring unit and out of it.
- the measuring unit 3 has a lower deck 8 and an upper deck 9. In the space between these a measuring carrier 10 is moved by transfer means 11. The plate 12 with the samples to be assayed is placed in the measuring carrier. The measuring carrier can be moved out through the aperture 7.
- the measuring unit has an optics module 15, which may be placed either above or below the measuring unit.
- the upper deck additionally has a liquid dispensing unit 16 and a dispensing aperture 17, through which liquids can be dispensed into the wells of the plate 12.
- the principal parts of the optics module 15 are a light source unit 18, a mirror unit 19, and a detector unit 20.
- the optics module is used for directing both excitation light to the sample and emitted light from the sample, from either above or below.
- the light source unit 18 has an incandescent bulb 21; an image of the filament of the bulb is condensed by means of a lens system 22 to the aperture 24 of an excitation delimiter 23 in the mirror unit 19. It is preferable to keep the bulb switched on only during measuring, in order to increase its useful life.
- the excitation light coming from the aperture 24 is collimated using a lens system 25, and the collimated light is directed through a filter 26 to a partly transparent mirror 27.
- the filter By means of the filter the wavelength of the excitation light is delim ⁇ ited to the desired range.
- the light which has passed through the mirror 27 is converged via a focussing lens system 28 to the sample.
- a spot of light 29 is obtained in a delimited spatial region of the sample.
- That portion of the excitation light which is reflected from the mirror 27 is directed to a reference detector 30. By means of it any errors caused in the measurement results by variation in the intensity of the excitation light are compensated for.
- a representative sample of the excitation light is obtained from the mirror. When one-half of the light is used for excitation, the other half can be exploited for defining the excitation amplitude.
- a unidirectional beam of light may be directed to a detector having a large surface area or, by means of a converg ⁇ ing lens, to a smaller detector.
- the light emitted from the spot 29 in the sample travels via the focussing lens system 28 to the lower surface of the mirror 27. From the portion reflected from the mirror, an image of the spot is formed, in the aperture 33 of the emission delimiter 32, by means of a converging lens system 31. From the aperture the emitted light is collimated by means of a lens system 34 to a filter 35, from which it is directed via a condenser lens system 36 to a detector 37. By means of the filter, the desired wavelength range is delimited from the emitted light.
- the fil ⁇ ter here is an interference filter.
- the detector is a photo ⁇ multiplier tube.
- the mirror 27 When the mirror 27 is positioned close to the imaging lens system 28 common to the excitation channel and the emission channel, the image in the mirror is formed at a point far from the object being assayed. When the mirror is at a distance less than the focal distance, no image at all is formed.
- the apparatus has a plurality of different excitation filters 26 and emission filters 35.
- the filters are mounted in a disc, and the desired filter is installed by rotating the disc.
- the filter discs are also replaceable.
- the excitation delimiter 23 is replaceable, and thus an optimal excitation aperture 24 of the desired size and shape can always be placed in the module.
- the excitation light can thus be focussed, with a good efficiency ratio, precisely on the sample assayed at a given time, or on a preferred or sufficient region thereof.
- the shape of the delimiting aperture 24 may also vary according to the embodiment. For example, in certain embodiments the fluorescence of an electrophoretically formed line of the sample is to be measured. In such a case, a suitable linear aperture is used. The user may also, when necessary, visually check the size and shape of the spot of light formed.
- the emission delimiter 32 is also replaceable, and thus the light arriving at the detector can be delimited by means of an aperture 33.
- the light can always be measured from a precisely defined region. This can be used for minimizing background radiation arriving at the detector; such radiation may come in particular from the adjacent wells.
- the shape of the aperture can also be varied according to the samples to be assayed or their partial regions.
- an excitation delimit ⁇ ing aperture 24 and an emission delimiting aperture 33 for defining the size and the shape of the measurement region.
- the replacement of only one of the delimiters will suf ⁇ fice, since the disturbing adjacent sample is in any case lo ⁇ cated outside the area of the wider delimiting aperture.
- the excitation light region is made smaller than the emission measurement region.
- the emitted light treatment optics described can also be used for eliminating errors caused by variations in the distance to the object being assayed. Such errors may be caused, for ex ⁇ ample, by curvature of the plate, inclination of the path, and variations in the volume of the samples. Emission sensitivity can be made constant by making the solid angle of the measure ⁇ ment constant. This is achieved by means of an aperture delim ⁇ iting parallel rays of light, positioned at a point after the mirror 27. In the embodiment of the figure, the retainer of the lens 31 serves as the delimiter. By suitable dimensioning, the depth effect can be almost entirely eliminated.
- the light source unit 18 is also replaceable. In its place there can be installed against the delimiting aperture 24 the end of an optical fiber bundle by means of which excitation light is directed from an external source of light. In this case the image is formed of the end of the fiber bundle.
- This arrangement is used, for example, when a Xe bulb is needed, which requires special safety devices.
- the specific fluores ⁇ cence of the fiber used for directing light does not cause problems here, since after the fiber the light passes through an excitation filter 26.
- Figure 2b shows such an optics module 15', which has a separate light source unit 18', from which light is directed from bulb 21' by means of a lens 22' and a fiber bundle 23' .
- a usable partly transparent mirror 27 can be manufactured by forming reflective spots (diameter, for example, approx. 1 mm) on a glass sheet, these spots covering one-half of the optical ⁇ ly transparent surface.
- the reflective material is preferably aluminum, which has a very wide reflection wavelength range (approx. 200...1500 nm) .
- the glass sheet is preferably as thin as possible, which minimizes the amount of scattered light due to internal reflections in the glass.
- the reflective areas of the partly transparent mirror 27.1 in Figure 3 are made up of a round center
- the mirror 27.1 or 27.2 is an oval the 45° projection of which is a circle.
- the carrier 10 is mounted so as to slide along longitudinal slide bars 41, which in turn are mounted slidably on transverse slide bars 42.
- the slide bars can be moved by using motors and belts 43 and 44, and thus the carrier can be brought into the desired posi ⁇ tion within the measuring unit or out of the aperture in the front wall.
- the carrier 10 is rectangular, and it has a back wall 45 and side walls 46. In the lower part of the side walls there are supports 47 so that an open space is left in the center. At the ends of the supports there are inward projections. At the front edge the projections have detachable vertical pins 48.
- the carrier 10 is dimensioned so that the plate for assaying can be placed to bear on the supports 47 so that the bottoms of the wells are left in the area of the opening. If the plate used is smaller than the opening, a suitable adapter tray is first placed to bear on the supports.
- a plate retainer 49 is a lever having the basic shape of an obtuse V and being pivoted by its apex to a vertical pin 50 in the carrier.
- a spring 51 one end of which is against the frame of the carrier and the other end against the retainer so that it tends to turn the outer branch of the retainer towards the center of the carrier (in Figure 5 clockwise).
- a projection 52 At the end of the outer branch of the retainer there is a projection 52 to ⁇ wards the carrier.
- the back edge of the carrier 10 has four different fluorescent reference surfaces 54, by means of which the sensitivity of the detector can be checked when so desired.
- Figure 6 depicts the dispensing of liquid into a plate 12 in the carrier 10. From the dispensing aperture 17 there enter at an inward slant two dispensing heads 56 and 57. The first can be used for dispensing a liquid into a well in the measuring position and the second for dispensing a liquid into a well ad ⁇ jacent to the measuring position, in particular the one which will arrive next at the measuring position.
- the apparatus preferably has a third dispensing head, which can be used for dispensing a liquid into a well transversely adjacent to the measuring position (in Figure 6 behind the well being measured) .
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP96931083A EP0871863B1 (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1996-09-20 | Fluorometer |
DE69622588T DE69622588T2 (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1996-09-20 | fluorometer |
JP9512418A JPH11511561A (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1996-09-20 | Fluorometer |
US09/043,596 US6144455A (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1996-09-20 | Fluorometer |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FI954511 | 1995-09-22 | ||
FI954511A FI954511A0 (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1995-09-22 | fluorometer |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997011354A1 true WO1997011354A1 (en) | 1997-03-27 |
Family
ID=8544079
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FI1996/000498 WO1997011354A1 (en) | 1995-09-22 | 1996-09-20 | Fluorometer |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6144455A (en) |
EP (2) | EP1215481B1 (en) |
JP (2) | JPH11511561A (en) |
DE (2) | DE69622588T2 (en) |
FI (1) | FI954511A0 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997011354A1 (en) |
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DE19919092A1 (en) * | 1999-04-27 | 2000-11-02 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Arrangement for the optical evaluation of an array of objects |
EP1163497A1 (en) * | 1999-02-26 | 2001-12-19 | Packard Instrument Company, Inc. | Producing and measuring light and determining the amounts of analytes in microplate wells |
WO2003016979A1 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | Thermo Electron Oy | Conduction and correction of a light beam |
EP1291644A1 (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-12 | Wallac Oy | Accurate instrumentation for optical measurement of samples |
US6538735B1 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2003-03-25 | Packard Instrument Company | Method and apparatus for producing and measuring light and for determining the amounts of analytes in microplate wells |
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- 1995-09-22 FI FI954511A patent/FI954511A0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1996
- 1996-09-20 JP JP9512418A patent/JPH11511561A/en active Pending
- 1996-09-20 WO PCT/FI1996/000498 patent/WO1997011354A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-09-20 DE DE69622588T patent/DE69622588T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-20 DE DE69634963T patent/DE69634963T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-20 US US09/043,596 patent/US6144455A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-20 EP EP02000213A patent/EP1215481B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-09-20 EP EP96931083A patent/EP0871863B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2004
- 2004-09-16 JP JP2004269396A patent/JP4097085B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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EP0106662A2 (en) * | 1982-10-12 | 1984-04-25 | Dynatech Laboratories, Incorporated | Non-fluorescent vessels for holding test samples in fluorescent assays |
EP0411557A2 (en) * | 1989-08-03 | 1991-02-06 | Marcella Bardelli | Photometric method and device for the analysis of samples treated with fluorescent reagents |
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EP0521636A1 (en) * | 1991-06-18 | 1993-01-07 | Tosoh Corporation | Method of assay of enzymatic activity and apparatus therefor |
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Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1163497A1 (en) * | 1999-02-26 | 2001-12-19 | Packard Instrument Company, Inc. | Producing and measuring light and determining the amounts of analytes in microplate wells |
EP1163497A4 (en) * | 1999-02-26 | 2002-04-24 | Packard Instrument Co Inc | Producing and measuring light and determining the amounts of analytes in microplate wells |
DE19916748A1 (en) * | 1999-04-14 | 2000-10-19 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Fluorescence reaction analysis unit, comprises a transparent container with an adjustable cover that has at least one opening. |
DE19919092A1 (en) * | 1999-04-27 | 2000-11-02 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Arrangement for the optical evaluation of an array of objects |
US7812944B1 (en) | 1999-04-27 | 2010-10-12 | Carl Zeiss Jena Gmbh | Array for optical evaluation of an object array |
US6538735B1 (en) | 2000-02-25 | 2003-03-25 | Packard Instrument Company | Method and apparatus for producing and measuring light and for determining the amounts of analytes in microplate wells |
WO2003016979A1 (en) | 2001-08-20 | 2003-02-27 | Thermo Electron Oy | Conduction and correction of a light beam |
EP1291644A1 (en) * | 2001-09-07 | 2003-03-12 | Wallac Oy | Accurate instrumentation for optical measurement of samples |
WO2005024402A1 (en) * | 2003-09-10 | 2005-03-17 | Thermo Electron Oy | Polarisation fluorometer |
US7504641B2 (en) | 2003-09-10 | 2009-03-17 | Thermo Electron | Polarisation fluorometer |
US7688439B2 (en) | 2006-07-28 | 2010-03-30 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | Optical measuring system |
US10753926B2 (en) | 2015-04-30 | 2020-08-25 | bioMérieux | Machine and method for automated in vitro analyte detection by means of chromatic spectral decomposition of an optical response |
WO2018033600A1 (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-02-22 | Tecan Trading Ag | Measuring device with injector and spray protection |
CH712847A1 (en) * | 2016-08-19 | 2018-02-28 | Tecan Trading Ag | Measuring device with injector and splash guard. |
US11131632B2 (en) | 2016-08-19 | 2021-09-28 | Tecan Trading Ag | Measuring device with injector and spray deflector |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH11511561A (en) | 1999-10-05 |
DE69622588D1 (en) | 2002-08-29 |
US6144455A (en) | 2000-11-07 |
FI954511A0 (en) | 1995-09-22 |
EP0871863A1 (en) | 1998-10-21 |
DE69634963D1 (en) | 2005-08-25 |
JP4097085B2 (en) | 2008-06-04 |
EP0871863B1 (en) | 2002-07-24 |
EP1215481A1 (en) | 2002-06-19 |
EP1215481B1 (en) | 2005-07-20 |
DE69634963T2 (en) | 2006-06-01 |
JP2004354397A (en) | 2004-12-16 |
DE69622588T2 (en) | 2003-04-03 |
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