WO1997004788A2

WO1997004788A2 - Use of calendula glycosides for the treatment of psoriasis

Info

Publication number: WO1997004788A2
Application number: PCT/GB1996/001792
Authority: WO
Inventors: Solomon Habtemarium; William Howard Stimson; Alexander Irvine Gray; Chaman Lal Anand; Peter George Waterman
Original assignee: University Of Strathclyde
Priority date: 1995-07-25
Filing date: 1996-07-24
Publication date: 1997-02-13
Also published as: JP4384261B2; CN1191488A; IS4651A; EP0848612A2; HUP9802861A2; ES2197242T3; NO980317L; WO1997004788A3; CA2227751A1; EP0848612B1; DE69627354T2; EE9800032A; ZA966298B; HUP9802861A3; ATE236643T1; NO980317D0; MX9800697A; SK9498A3; JPH11510153A; CZ19498A3

Abstract

Use of glycosidic compounds as pharmaceutical agents against psoriasis, compounds therefor and pharmaceutical formulations thereof.

Description

USE OF CALENDULA GLYCOSIDES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PSORIASIS

Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to compounds, and plant extracts containing compounds which are indicated as having an inhibiting effect on cell proliferation. More specifically, the invention relates to glycosidic compounds derivable from Calendula species, the plant glycosides having a cytostatic effect on cells, and their use as cytostatic agents, in particular in the treatment of psoriasis.

Background of the Invention

Crude Calendula plant extracts have been used in medicinal folklore for the treatment of several ailments for centuries. Such extracts have, for example, been used as or in anti-inflammatory medicaments and the like.

International Patent application WO 91/15218 teaches a therapeutic composition against psoriasis comprising as active ingredient a solvent extract of at least six different herbs. This application teaches that marigold decoctions can be used against gastric and intestinal ulcers externally as well as for packing slowly healing wounds and ulcers. Nowhere is it stated that marigold extract is in fact used by itself as the active component in a therapeutical composition against psoriasis. Pizza C, and de Tommasi N., Phytochemistry, Vol. 27, number 7, pp 2205-2208 (1988) teaches the isolation and structure of a sesquiterpene glycoside from Calendula Arvensis. It is stated that Calendula Arvensis L. (Compositae) is a herbaceous plant used in Italian folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic remedy. There is no suggestion that the sesquiterpene glycosides obtained had cytostatic activity or could be used in the treatment of psoriasis.

Mascolo N. et al., Phytotherapy Research, Vol. 1, pp 28-31 (1987) teaches that marigold extract is known for anti-inflammatory activity. There is no mention of marigold extract being used as an anti-psoriatic agent.

Gracza L. Planta Medica 53, page 227 (1987) discloses various oxygen containing terpene derivatives from Calendula Officinalis. The uses of these are indicated for leukorrhoea and trichomonacide activity. There is no mention of using the terpene derivatives as anti-psoriatic agents.

Fazakas B. and Racz, G. Farmacia Vol. XIII, number 2, page 91 (1965) also teaches that extracts from the flowers of Calendula Officinalis are employed in traditional herbal medicine for leukorrhoea (excessive fluor albus) and showed a good trichomonacide activity.

Gracza L. and Szasz K. Acta Pharm. Hung. 38, pp 118-125 (1968) reports on a chemical analysis of the petals of marigold (Calendula Officinalis) with the aim of separating and identifying the solution or solutions which are responsible for the trichomonacide effect reported by Fazakas and Racz (supra). The most active liquid compounds isolated were described as terpenic alcohols and terpenic lactons according to spectroscopic data.

Jakupovic et al. Planta Medica 54 (3) pp 254-256 (1988) teaches the extraction and isolation of five sesquiterpene glycosides from Calendula persica. There is no mention of potential or actual uses for the extracted and isolated molecules.

Ahmed A Ahmed et al., Journal of Natural Products Vol. 56, number 10, pp 1821-1824 (1993) relates to extraction products from Calendula arvensis. The products are described as four new sesquiterpene glycosides and three known ones. There is no reference to possible uses therefor.

EP 364442 B1 describes a therapeutic composition against psoriasis comprising an oil extract of at least three herbs selected from a range of herbs which range may include Calendula. However, it is stated that separate extractions of herbs did not provide a curative effect against psoriasis when used singly. Furthermore, it is stated that decoctions of Calendula per se are used for inter alia gastric and intestinal ulcer treatment. Calendula decoctions are not described as being beneficial for the treatment of skin diseases involving abnormal rates of proliferation of skin cells (e.g. hyperproliferation), in diseases such as psoriasis. DE 3836519 C2 alleges that a pharmaceutical preparation containing freshly cut composite inflorescences of Calendula officinalis with milking grease as a salve base is useful in treating psoriasis. However, the composition is described as being able to give rise to allergy which can lead to discontinuation of treatment, and there is no indication of, or the identification of, the active component of the composition. There is no indication of cytostatic activity and furthermore it is not apparent which component or mixture of components in the alleged pharmaceutical preparation based on Calendula officinalis is/are the active component(s). In addition, there does not appear to be any actual evidence which demonstrates that the composition was employed in the treatment of psoriasis.

There exists a need for the development of new cytostatic drugs which are effective in combatting the onset, maintenance and/or development of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells, in particular for psoriasis treatment.

Summary of Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide use of active compounds or purified plant extracts comprising at least one active compound in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells, in particular in the treatment of psoriasis. A second object of the invention is to provide isolated and/or purified active compounds of Calendula for use in the treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells, in particular in the treatment of psoriasis.

A third object of the invention is to provide isolated compounds for use in the treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells, in particular in the treatment of psoriasis.

These and other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description and examples.

Detailed Description of the Invention

According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided use of a compound of general Formula (I):

wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH,

and related esters thereto; R3 is selected from OH ,

and related esters thereto;

R⁴ is selected from C₆-C₁₂ saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic ring systems optionally substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, H, OH, =CH₂ or C₁-C₄ alkyl carboxyloxy or R⁴ represents a C₁-C₆ straight-or branched-chain alkalene group substituted with such a ring system;

R⁵ is selected from -CH₃, -CHO, -COOH and -CH₂OH and related esters and ethers derived therefrom;

R⁶ is selected from -OH,

in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells.

For the purposes of the present invention "related esters and ethers" refers to all defined esters of R groups mentioned herein and in general to saturated or unsaturated straight- or branched chain C₁-C₂₀ carboxy alkyl esterifying acids. Suitable examples include esterifying acids comprising methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, and all isomers of pentanyl, pentenyl, hexanyl and hexenyl alkyl groups. Also included within the term "related esters" are aromatic acids such as benzoic acid and cinnamic acid. C₁-C₂₀ alkyl ethers comprising straight- or branched-chain alkyl groups as defined for "related esters" above are also encompassed herein.

In a preferment there is provided use of a compound of general Formula (I) wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, -OH

R³ is selected from -OH ,

R⁴ is selected from the group

R⁵ is selected from the group CH₃ , -CHO , -COOH and -CH₂OH ; and

R⁶ is selected from OH ,

In a further preferment there is provided use of a compound extractable from Calendula species of general Formula (I) wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H and OH (βOH or αOH);

R³ is selected from OH,

R⁴ is selected from

R⁵ is CH₃ ; and

R⁶ is selected from OH ,

Most preferably, there is provided use of a compound of Formula (I) extractable from a Calendula species wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H and OH (βOH or αOH); R³ is selected from OH and (E)-3-methylpent-2-enoate i.e. ;

R⁴ is selected from ;

R⁵ is CH₃ ; and

R⁶ is OH .

The skilled addressee will also appreciate that groups R¹, R², R⁶ and R³ may be located in either the axial or equatorial position.

Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that physiologically functional isomers of Formula (I) both those found in Calendula) species and synthetically derived isomers therefrom including conformational and constitutional isomers as well as D and L forms of Formula (I) are encompassed by the present invention. Examples of conformational isomers of the invention are encompassed in Formulae (1a) and (1b) as follows:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ are as defined for Formula (1). Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that other constitutional isomeric variants relating to "chair" (Formula (la)) and "boat" shapes (Formula (lb)) possessing physiological functionality are permissible within the ambit of the invention. Compounds of Formula (I) can be isolated from Calendula species using conventional organic solvent extraction technology. Generally, compounds of Formula (I) can be extracted from any plant tissue such as leaves, stems, flower parts, roots, shoots and the like.

In a further embodiment of the invention novel compounds of the invention are provided according to general Formula (I) as presented above wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from -OH, H,

R³ is selected from ( E) -3 -methylpent-2 -enoate , and

R⁴ is selected from C₆-C₁₂ saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic ring systems optionally substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, H, -OH, =CH₂ or

C₁-C₄ alkyl carboxyloxy;

R⁵ is selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, -CHO, -COOH and

-CH₂OH;

R⁶ is selected from

physiologically functional isomers thereof.

In a preferment there is provided novel compounds according to Formula (I) wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from -OH, H

R³ is selected from (E) -3 -methylpent-2 -enoate and

R⁴ is selected from

R⁵ is selected from -CH₃, -CHO, -CH₂OH and -COOH;

R⁶ is selected from

and physiologically functional isomers thereof. In a further preferment there is provided compounds of Formula (I) wherein

R and R² are independently selected from H and -OH; R³ is (E)-3-methylpent-2-enoate;

R⁴ is selected from

R⁵ is CH₃; and

R⁶ is OH;

and physiologically functional isomers thereof.

The skilled addressee will also appreciate that groups R¹, R², R⁶ and R³ can be located in either the axial or equitorial position.

"Physiologically functional isomers" for the purposes of the present invention means those isomers which are capable of substantially slowing down or stopping hyperproliferation of dermis cells. Thus, such isomers should be indicated as having a substantially cytostatic effect on dermis cells and as such are indicated as being useful in the treatment of skin diseases such as psoriasis.

Examples of novel compounds according to the invention include: (i) (rel)-1aα, 4aξ, 7aβ, 7bα-Decahydro-1, 1, 4ξ, 7α-tetramethyl-1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4ξ-O-(2-E-{3-methylpent-2-enoyl}-β-quinovopyranoside (Van-10-3).

(ii) (rel)-5ξ, 7ξ, 14ξ-eudesm-4(15)-en-11-O-(2-E-{3-methyl}pent-2-enoyl)-β-fucopyranoside (Van-10-2).

(iii) (rel)-1aα, 4aξ, 7aβ, 7bα-Decahydro-1,1,4ξ,7α-tetramethy1-1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4ξ-O-(2-E-{3-methyl}pent-2-enoyl)-β-fucopyranoside (Van-10-4).

Preferred novel compounds of the invention on the basis of their biological activity are (ii) and (iii) above, and physiologically functional derivatives and analogues thereof. The most preferred compound on the basis of its biological activity is compound (iii) above.

Included as an embodiment of the invention is use of compounds of Formula (I) in a composition for the treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells, in particular for the treatment of psoriasis. Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that such a use can include the use of known compounds isolated from Calendula species such as,

(iv) (rel)-1aα, 4aξ, 7aβ, 7bα-Decahydro-1,1,4ξ, 7α- tetramethyl-1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-4ξ-O-β-fucopyranoside (Van 15A).

A preferred compound used in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a skin disorder such as psoriasis, is compound (iii) above.

The skilled addressee will appreciate that analogues of compounds (i) to (iv) above may be synthesised therefrom in situ. For example where groups R¹ and R⁶ are both OH, or R² and R⁶ are both -OH, they may be esterified to the angelate, tiglate or other ester by reaction of the appropriate acid chloride or acid anhydride with appropriate start compound, for example compound (iii), in the presence of a suitable base such as pyridine. Both alcohol functions will be esterified by this technique. Derivatives with different ester groups on R¹ and R⁶ e.g. tiglate and angelate may also be prepared by reacting suitable compounds such as compound (iii) with a mixture of two acid chlorides or two anhydrides. This will produce all four possible isomers which can then be separated using standard techniques such as chromatography on silica gel and the like.

The ethyl crotonate arm (R³) on compounds (i) to (iii) can be replaced by other carboxylic acid esters using the following general procedure. The R¹ and R⁶ hydroxyl functions can be protected by the formation of the acetonide by reaction of the compound with acetone in the presence of toluene sulphonic acid or by similar techniques known in the art such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, T W Greene, PGM Wuts (ISBN 0 471 62301 6) (e.g. Chapter 2 pp 123-127) herein incorporated by reference, producing for example, a compound such as compound A below or similar compounds.

The ethyl crotonate arm can be removed by acid or base hydrolysis of for example, compound (iii), to yield product with R³ = OH. The resulting compound can then be reacted with an appropriate acid chloride or acid anhydride in the presence of a base such as pyridine to yield an ester such as tiglate or angelate on R³. Alternatively such an ester may be formed by transesterification of compound A (above) with an excess organic acid such as tiglic or angelic acids in the presence of a suitable acid or basic catalyst. Finally, the protective acetonide group, can be cleaved by suitable cleaving reagents such as iodine in methanol such as described in Greene T.W. (supra).

As a preferred embodiment of the invention there is provided the use of at least one compound isolated from a Calendula species, such as Calendula officinalis, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of psoriasis. Typically, the compound is a plant glycoside, such as a sesquiterpene glycoside. Also encompassed within the ambit of the invention is a therapeutic composition against psoriasis characterised in that it contains at least one plant glycoside isolated from a Calendula species, such as Calendula officinalis. Generally, the therapeutic composition contains at least one purified plant glycoside, such as a sesquiterpene glycoside of Formula (I). Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that such compositions may comprise two or more plant glycosides in any concentration which is capable of giving rise to a therapeutic cytostatic effect. Thus, therapeutic compositions can comprise plant extracts of Calendula substantially devoid of undesirable contaminating compounds. The plant extracts may have, for example, undergone a number of solvent extraction steps substantially to separate out undesirable components from desirable components such as those encompassed by Formula (I). Naturally, plant extracts which have undergone such solvent extraction steps can contain more than one plant glycoside and may contain several plant glycosides. Such plant extracts may then be subjected to further solvent extraction procedures to isolate individual active plant glycoside compounds of Formula (I).

There now follows a description of a general method of obtaining purified extracts of Calendula species containing active components capable of producing a cytostatic effect on dermis cells, the refinement of such extracts, and the isolation of active components from extracts and/or subsequent purification thereof.

Flowers of a Calendula species are pulverised in a grinder and the resulting powder soxhlet-extracted with petroleum ether until exhaustion. The extract can then be concentrated, for example, under reduced pressure using an evaporator, such as a rotary evaporator to provide an extract residue, the crude extract. The crude extract can then be fractionated via, for example, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using suitable solvents and solvent systems of increasing polarity. Suitable solvents include solvents such as polar and non-polar organic solvents and mixtures thereof. Examples of solvents which may be used in an extraction method suitable for the purposes of the present invention include the following (volume ratios):

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 0-10%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 12-18%)

Petrol EtOAc

(EtOAc 20-24%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 24-30%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 35-40%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 45%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 50-55%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 60%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 65-75%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 80-85%) Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 90-95%)

Petrol-EtOAc

(EtOAc 95%)

EtOAc-MeOH

(MeOH 0-5%)

EtOAc-MeOH

(MeOH 10-100%) hexane, hexane: chloroform mixtures in volume ratios such as:

chloroform, and chloroform: methanol mixtures (e.g. 5:1; 1:1) and the like. Thus, the crude extract can undergo fractionation several times using different mixtures of organic solvents in pre-selected ratios of, for example, increasing polarity.

Under VLC, silica gel (Merck 7749) is typically packed into a receptacle, for example a sintered funnel under applied vacuum, to give a column. The crude extract can be readied for introduction to the VLC column by for example, adsorption on silica (for example, 1:1 weight/weight) and placed on top of the column as described above, and eluted at least once with a solvent or a solvent system of increasing polarity, such as those mentioned herein in pre-specified ratios. Eluants from the VLC column are collected and can be subjected to further fractionation steps via columm chromatography or other suitable chromatographical means. After fractionation of the crude extract, collected eluants can be subjected to preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) for analysis of active constituents contained therein. For example, in one method an eluent fraction designated Van-5-10, obtained from column chromatography utilising a chloroform: methanol mix ratio of 95:5 is subjected to TLC analysis using an initial solvent system of hexane: chloroform: ethyl acetate in a volume ratio of 3:6:6, giving five fractions, designated Van-9-1, Van-9-2, Van-9-3, Van-9-4 and Van-9-5. Such fractions can be regarded as comprising purified mixtures of distinct glycosidic molecules encompassed by Formula (I) and are therefore able to be viewed as mixtures substantially free of contaminating components such as plant proteins, plant hormones and the like. Such eluent fractions possessing cytostatic activity form an embodiment of the present invention.

In a further step, fractions Van-9-1 to Van-9-5 as mentioned hereinabove can be subjected to further preparative thin layer chromatography (prep. TLC) silica gel analyses using further organic solvent preparations. For example, eluent fraction Van-9-2 can be subjected to prep. TLC utilising as a solvent preparation hexane: chloroform: ethyl acetate at a ratio of 3:6:4, giving subfractions of Van-9-2, designated Van-9-2B and Van-9-2C. Sub-fractions resulting from the prep. TLC step can be subjected to further chromatographical steps such as nigh pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). For example, TLC isolated fractions of Van-9-2-B and Van-9-2-C are subjected to HPLC using an octadecyl-silanol (ODS) (analytical) column with a solvent of 75% acetonitrile in water containing 0.1% Trifluoro acetic acid (TFA). Individual fractions obtained by HPLC techniques may then be assessed for the active component both by using NMR techniques and by analysing such fractions for cytostatic activity in vitro.

For larger batches of raw material, such as dried petals of Calendula Officinalis, the following general method of extraction can be used.

Dried plant material, for example, petals of Calendula Officinalis can be milled to a coarse powder and extracted in a suitable organic solvent. Generally, the extraction method may be any suitable extraction method known in the art, such as soxhlet extraction, batch extraction, and continuous extraction. Thus, as a further aspect of the invention there is provided anti-psoriatic compounds of Formula (I) obtainable from a Calendula species particularly by way of a soxhlet, batch or continuous extraction process. Such extraction processes are known in the art. Preferably the Calendula species is Calendula officinalis and the preferred extraction method is a continuous extraction method. Suitable organic solvents for use in a continuous extraction method include polar and non-polar organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, toluene, hexane, ethyl acetate, isopropyl like. Preferably, the solvent is a non-polar organic solvent such as heptane. The resulting extract is concentrated under vacuum until an appropriate weight of extract/total volume of solution percentage ratio (% w/v) is obtained. A suitable % w/v solution ratio lies in the range of from 10% w/v to 60% w/v, more preferably between 15 w/v and 30% w/v and most preferably around 20% w/v. The resulting concentrate is further extracted in a polar solvent/water solution at a suitable parts by weight: parts by weight ratio such as 10:0 to 7:3. Preferably the ratio is from 10:0 to 8:2. More preferably the ratio is 9:1. A suitable polar organic solvent may be selected from acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and the like. A preferred polar organic solvent is acetonitrile. The heptane fraction is discarded and the VAN- containing polar organic solvent fractions (such as acetonitrile fractions) can then be combined and the polar organic solvent removed under vacuum. The resulting solid can then be redissolved in a suitable polar or non-polar organic solvent such as ethyl acetate, methanol, acetonitrile, diethyl ether, dichloromethane, toluene and the like, and then washed successively with a base such as sodium bicarbonate in a 10: 30% w/v ratio, water, dilute, inorganic acid such as hydrochloric acid at a concentration of from 0.05 to 0.1 M or dilute organic acid such as citric acid at a concentration of from 0.2 M to 1.0 M, and finally water. The organic solvent solution is then evaporated off under vacuum.

The resulting crude preparation may be further purified to an appropriate VAN-10 compound, such as VAN-10- 4. The crude preparation may be re-dissolved in a suitable volume of organic solvent such as a polar organic solvent or a suitable volume of a mixture of at least one polar organic solvent: at least one non-polar organic solvent. Preferably, the organic solvent consists of one polar organic solvent in ad-mixture with one non-polar organic solvent. Where a suitable mixture of organic solvents is employed, they should be miscible within one another. The % ratio (v/v) of polar organic solvent: non-polar organic solvent can lie between 80: 20 and 20: 80% (v/v) preferably 30: 70 and 70: 30 % (v/v). For example, an amount of the crude extract can be re-dissolved in a suitable volume of polar organic solvent: non-polar organic solvent at a percentage ratio of 50% polar organic solvent: 50% non-polar organic solvent ratio. A preferred solvent mixture is 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane. Further suitable solvent may be selected from polar and non-polar organic solvents as described above. The dissolved material may be loaded onto a flash chromatography system, such as a flash 75 column and eluted at a suitable flow rate using a suitable solvent mixture as the mobile phase e.g. 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane. A suitable flow rate from a flash chromatography column can be from 50-500 mls/min depending on the size of column used, preferably from 100-250 mls/min, more preferably about 250 mls/min using, for example, a 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane mixture as the mobile phase. The ratio of polar solvent: non-polar solvent for the mobile phase can lie within the ranges used to re-dissolve the crude extract as outlined above. The actual ratio will depend on the solvent mixes employed. Using the flash system described the VAN mixture may be isolated into a number of fractions. These fractions may then be combined and evaporated to dryness. After evaporation the combined fractions (i.e. semi crude material) can be re-dissolved in a suitable polar organic solvent, such as those polar solvents mentioned above and samples of the dissolved fractions purified, for example, by HPLC using a reverse-phase column such as a Spherisorb column or the like. A stock solution of the resulting combined (semi-crude) material obtained after flash chromatography but before HPLC can be re-dissolved in a solvent similar to that used as the mobile phase and divided up into aliquots. The aliquots may be then be processed by standard HPLC techniques known in the art, such as by isocratic separation or by gradient elution. Naturally, the man skilled in the art will appreciate that the maximum concentration of semi-crude re-dissolved in the mobile phase may be dependent on the solvent employed. For example, up to 25 mg/ml of combined (semi-crude) extract can be re-dissolved in acetonitrile which may then be divided into suitable volumes for running on an HPLC column. Each sample is run for a period of time depending on the mobile phase employed and VAN-10 compounds can be eluted at appropriate time intervals. Suitable time intervals may be worked out by making preliminary HPLC runs on an analytical column using different solvent systems as the mobile phase and selecting a solvent system which results in an optimum speed of elution and good resolution of the sample. In the mobile phase the % polar organic solvent: % non-organic polar solvent may lie in the range 90: 10 to 10:90, preferably from 70-80: 30:20, most preferably from 75-80: 25-20. Thus, for HPLC purification, a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: water can be 75% acetonitrile: 25% water and the flow rate can be set according to the size of column used, such as 5 ml/per min. Suitable polar organic solvents include those mentioned above. Preferred organic solvents are acetonitrile or methanol.

It will be apparent to the skilled addressee that the selection of solvent, or mixtures of solvents for each step in the isolation of active principles can be guided by results of bioassay analysis of separate fractions, and ultimately, the identification of active components found in the separate fractions, at different steps of the extraction procedure.

Compounds of the present invention have been found to possess cytostatic activity in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in vitro. Thus, cytostatic activity of compounds of general Formula (I) has been demonstrated in a number of tests for cytostasis in vitro. Furthermore, cytostatic activity of compounds of general Formula (I) has been demonstrated in vivo.

The compounds of the present invention are indicated as being useful for the treatment of skin diseases wherein abnormally high cell proliferation is observed in the disease process. They may be employed in treating skin disease disorders, such as psoriasis, wherein abnormally high cell proliferation is a recognised symptom of said skin disorders.

The invention thus further provides a method for the treatment of skin disorders such as psoriasis in mammals, including humans, which comprises the use of a clinically useful amount of compound of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivative in a pharmaceutically useful form, once or several times a day or in any other appropriate schedule for example, orally, or applied topically.

In addition, there is provided as a further, or alternative, aspect of the invention, a compound of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivative thereof for use in therapy, for example psoriasis and the like.

The amount of compound of Formula (I) required to be effective as a cytostatic agent will, of course, vary and is ultimately at the discretion of the medical or veterinary practitioner. The factors to be considered include the condition being treated, the route of administration, and nature of the formulation, the mammal's body weight, surface area, age and general condition and the particular compound to be administered. A suitable effective dose of cytostatic compounds of the invention generally lies in the range of about 0.01 to about 120mg/kg bodyweight, e.g. 0.1 to about 120mg/kg body weight, preferably in the range of about 0.1 to 50mg/kg, for example 0.5 to 50mg/kg. The total daily dose may be given as a single dose, multiple doses, e.g. two to six times applications per day. For example, for a 75kg mammal (e.g. a human) the dose range would be about 8 to 9000 mg per day, and a typical dose could be about 50mg per day. If discrete multiple doses are indicated treatment might typically be I5mg of a compound of Formula (I) given up to 4 times per day.

Whilst it is possible for the active compound to be administered alone, it is preferable to present the active compound in a pharmaceutical formulation. Formulations of the present invention, for medical use, comprise a compound of Formula (I) together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The carrier(s) should be pharmaceutically acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and substantially non-deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The present invention, therefore, further provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising a compound of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivative thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

Naturally, the skilled addressee will appreciate that any pharmaceutical formulation comprising an active compound of Formula (I) can include at least one active compound isolated and/or purified from an extract derived from a Calendula species. Preferably, the Calendula species is selected from at least one of Calendula officinalis, Calendula arvensis, and Calendula persica. Most preferably the active compound isolated from a Calendula species is isolated and/or purified from Calendula officinalis. Thus a pharmaceutical formularion may contain an active component isolated and/or purified from two or more Calendula species, which active component can be made up of two or more active compounds encompassed by Formula (I) above.

In a further embodiment, a pharmaceutical formulation may comprise a mixture of at least one active compound isolated and/or purified from an extract derived from Calendula officinalis, and at least one active compound isolated and/or purified from Calendula arvensis or Calendula persica of Formula (I).

There is a also provided a method for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation comprising bringing into association a compound of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

Formulations according to the present invention include those suitable for oral or topical administration. Preferred formulations are those suitable for topical administration, such as to the skin. For infections of external tissues, e.g. skin, the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient in an amount of, for example, 0.075 to 20% w/w, preferably 0.2 to 15% w/w and most preferably 0.5 to 10% w/w. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredients may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base. If desired, the aqueous phase of the cream may include, for example, at least 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e. an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glyercol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof. The topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active ingredient through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulphoxide and related analogues.

The oily phase of the emulsions of this invention may be constituted from known ingredients in a known manner. While the phase may comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), it desirably comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil. Preferably, a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabilizer. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat. Together, the emulsifier(s) with or without stabilizer(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax, and the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.

Emulgents and emulsion stabilizers suitable for use in the formulation of the present invention include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glycerol mono-stearate and sodium lauryl sulphate.

The choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations is very low. Thus the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers. Straight or branched chain, mono-or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required. Alternatively, high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.

The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the active compound(s) into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the active compound(s) into association with a liquid carrier or a finely divided solid carrier or both and then, if necessary, shaping the product into desired formulations.

Formulations of the present invention suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets, tablets, lozenges, comprising the active ingredient in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouth-washes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquid carrier. Each formulation generally contains a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; or a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid such as a syrup, an elixir, an emulsion or draught and the like.

A tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, (e.g. povidone, gelatin, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (e.g. sodium starch glycollate, cross-linked povidone, cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile.

A syrup may be made by adding the active compound to a concentrated, aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to which may also be added any necessary ingredients. Such accessory ingredient(s) may include flavourings, an agent to retard crystallization of the sugar or an agent to increase the solubility of any other ingredients, such as a polyhydric alcohol for example glycerol or sorbitol.

In addition to the aforementioned ingredients, the formulations of this invention may further include one or more accessory ingredient(s) selected from diluents, buffers, flavouring agents, binders, surface active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including antioxidants) and the like.

Ina further aspect the present invention provides the use of a compound of Formula (I) or physiologically functional derivative thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of psoriasis.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing extraction steps for isolating cytostatic compounds from flowers of Calendula officinalis:

Figure 2: Results of treating patients suffering from psoriasis with extract of Calendula officinalis.

The invention will now be illustrated by the following non-limiting Examples.

Example l: Isolation of Extract Van-6-1

Reference is made to Figure 1.

Extraction and Fractionation of the Plant Material:

400g of powdered plant material was soxhlet-extracted with petroleum ether (60-80°) until exhaustion. The extract was then concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to give 49g of extract residue. The plant material was further extracted with chloroform under similar conditions as described above to give a further extract. These crude extracts were then fractionated using vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Silica gel (Merk 7749) was packed into a sintered funnel under applied vacuum to give a column of about 10cm in diameter and 5cm in height. The extract (20g at a time) absorbed in silica (1:1,w/w) was then placed on top of the column and eluted with solvents of increasing polarity; i.e. hexane, hexane containing increasing concentrations of chloroform, chloroform and chloroform containing increasing amounts of methanol. VLC eluants were collected and fractions analysed by TLC for their constituents. Based on the TLC analysis, VLC eluants were pooled giving thirteen fractions (Table 1). These were tested for their cell growth inhibitory activity, following the 3T3 bioassay procedure (example 5).

An eluent, designated Van-2-36 (extracted using a 1:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol) was found to be most active.

Eluent Van-2-36 was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel with hexane: chloroform and chloroform:methanol mixtures of increasing polarity. The fractions eluted with 10-60% chloroform (in hexane) gave Van-5-4 while those fractions eluted with 5% methanol (in chloroform (in hexane) gave Van-5-4 while those fractions eluted with 5% methanol (in chloroform) gave Van-5-9. Both of these fractions appeared to be mixtures of fatty acids (from GC and NMR spectra) and showed no cell growth inhibition. Van-5-10 was located in a 5% methanol eluate while Van -5- 11, Van-5-12 and Van-5-15 were fractions obtained from the 10% methanol eluates.

Further attempt to purify Van-5-12 was made using prep. TLC (silica gel, solvent-chloroform:methanol; 95.5). This gave Van-6-1 which was found to be very active using the cell growth bio assay (example 5).

Example 2: Isolation of Van-9-2

The procedure of example 1 (above) was followed up to and including the VLC and TLC analysis. Van-5-10 was subjected to preparative TLC (silica gel; solvent; hexane; chloroform; ethyl acetate, 3:6:6) to give five fractions, Van-9-1 to Van-9-5, of which Van-9-2 was found to be biologically active using the 3T3 cell bioassay (example 5).

Example 3: Isolation of Van-10-2. Van-10-3 and Van-10-4

The protocols of examples 1 and 2 above were followed to reach Van-9-2.

Van-9-02 was separated into Van-9-2B and Van-9-2C by preparative TLC (solvent: hexane: chloroform: ethyl acetate, 3:6:4).

Van-9-2B and Van-9-2C were separated by HPLC on an ODS analytical column using 75% acetonitrile in water (plus 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid). This gave four fractions, Van-10-1, Van-10-2, Van-10-3, and Van-10-4. NMR data for Van-10-2, Van-10-3 and Van-10-4 is provided hereinbelow.

It is believed that the stereochemistry of Van compounds at the aromadendranol moiety is the following structure:

However, the skilled addressee would also appreciate that further stereoisomeric variants of the aromadendranol moiety having the following structures are also encompassed by the present invention:

¹H-NMR chemical shift data (pyridine-D₅) for Van-10-2

¹H and ¹³C-NMR chemical shift data (pvridine-D₅) for Van- 10-3

¹H and ¹³C-NMR chemical shift data (pyridine-D₅) for Van- 10-4 Example 4: Isolation of van-15A

Reference is made to Figure 1.

The protocols of examples 1 and 2 were followed to get to

Van-6-1.

Van-6-1 was fractionated by column chromatography (Sephadex LH20: solvent:chloroform:methanol, 1:1) into two fractions: Van-15-1 (heavier fraction containing fatty acids) and Van-15-2 (lighter fraction containing terpenes).

Van-15-2, was subjected to preparative TLC (silica gel; solvent: chloroforh:methanol 95:5) to give Van-15A and a minor component Van-15B. NMR data for the active component, Van-15A is provided hereinbelow.

Example 5: Reversible Inhibition of Proliferation of Fibroblast-Cell line 3T3.

Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (3T3-available from Flow) were plated out on a 96-well tissue culture plate. Cells were suspended in Medium (Dulbeco's Modification of Eagles Medium (DMEM), Gibco) containing 10% Foetal Calf Serum (Gibco); 1% Glutamine (Gibco); 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin (Gibco); 1% non-essential Amino acids (Gibco), at a concentration of 50,000 cells per ml. 100μl of the cell suspension was pipetted into each well to give a concentration of 5000 cells per well. The cells were incubated for 24hrs. at 37°C in 5% CO, atmosphere. The medium was removed from the plate and varying dilutions of compounds (0, 30, 45 , 60, 100 μg/ml), internally designated, Van-10-4, Van-10-2, Van-10-3 and Van-15A were prepared by dissolving the compounds in 100% DMSO (Sigma). This was then diluted with DMEM to give a DMSO concentration of 0.5%. The compounds were then diluted to the indicated concentrations (above) with DMEM containing 0.5% DMSO (Sigma) and added to the plate (100μl/well). Each dilution was done in triplicate; the control was DMEM containing 0.5% DMSO. 50μl of DMEM containing 0.5μCi ³H-thymidine was added to each well. Next, 50μl DMEM containing 40% foetal calf serum (Gibco); 4% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco); 4% glutamine (Gibco); 4% non-essential amino acids (Gibco) was added to each well. The plates were incubated for 24hrs at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. The medium including compounds under test was then removed and the plates washed twice (2x) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.3). 100μl of 5% trypsin (Gibco) in Versene, (an EDTA chelating agent available from Gibco) was added to each well. The plate was further incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C in a 5% C0₂ atmosphere, then the cells were harvested from the well using a semi-automatic cell harvester (Skatron). Harvested cells were placed in a scintillation vial containing 4ml of Optiphase "safe" (LKB) and radio activity was counted using a liquid scintillation counter (LKB WALLAC 1217 Rack beta). Results are shown in Table 2.

Example 6: Extraction and Fractionation of van-10-4 from Calendula Plant Powder

Description

a) Soxhlet

500g of powder was extracted using either pet ether (60-80) or chloroform. The extraction period was usually around 5 days regardless of solvent used. The volume of solvent was around 3 litres and the crude yield was ~ 60g (pet ether) or ~ 80g (chloroform). The crude was combined with an equal amount of silica and left to dry to a powder form over another 5 day period. The total powder obtained for each batch was therefore ~ 120g (pet ether) or 160g (chloroform). b) VLC

30g of the crude/silica powder was layered on top of a silica (60Hgel) VLC column approximately 5cm deep × 10cm wide. This was covered with a layer of fine sand and fractionated using the following solvent system.

5 × 200ml 50% chloroform: pet ether (60-80)

5 × 200ml 70% chloroform: pet ether

5 × 200ml 100% chloroform

5 × 200ml 10% methanol: chloroform

This last step yields the fractions containing Van-10-4. TLC has confirmed that all of the Van-10-4 has been removed from the VLC column at this stage.

The relevant fractions were rotary evaporated to dryness. Weight of sample obtained is about 2-3gms. c) Sephadex

The inclusion of the Sephadex column at this stage has allowed a much more rapid method of purifying the VLC sample. The sample was redissolved in chloroform and loaded onto the column. The column used was 20cms high × 2cms wide and contained I3gm Sephadex (lipophilic LH-20- 100) . The sample was eluted using 10% pet ether: chloroform using a flow rate of 2-3ml/min and samples were collected at lmin intervals. The presence of Van-10-4 was confirmed by TLC and the relevant fractions bulked and rotary evaparated. Weight of sample obtained is around 500mgs. d) Silica

A small silica column was used. A 50ml burette was filled with 20g silica prepared as a slurry in pet ether (60-80). The sample was redissolved in chloroform and loaded onto the column. The column was 40cm high × 10cm wide. The sample was eluted using the following solvent system:

10ml volumes used: flow rate 1ml/min: fractions collected at lmin intervals.

Pet ether (60-80)

10% chloroform: ether

20% chloroform: ether

40% chloroform: ether

50% chloroform: ether (sample starts separating)

60% chloroform: ether

70% chloroform: ether

80% chloroform: ether 90% chloroform: ether

100% chloroform

10% ethyl acetate: chloroform

20% ethyl acetate: chloroform

30% ethyl acetate: chloroform

40% ethyl acetate: chloroform (sample eluting)

50% ethyl acetate: chloroform

50% ethyl acetate: chloroform continued until all

Van-10-4 eluted from the column. This was confirmed by TLC.

This method yields samples containing Van-10-4 + various impurities (semi-purified samples).

Example 7: Treatment of Psoriasis with Extract of Calendula officinalis

Materials

1. Extraction of plant material. The preparation consisted of a chloroform spirit (5% v/v Chloroform in absolute Ethanol) extract of the plant material in the ratio 20g dried plant material extracted with 100ml of solvent.

2. Preparation of cream. The extract prepared as above was evaporated to dryness and weighed. The weight of 'dry' extract was mixed with sufficient Aqueous Cream B.P. to make 100g of cream which has a yellow/orange colour.

3. Preparation of the Placebo Cream. The placebo cream was prepared by adding sufficient quantity of betacarotene to Aqueous cream B.P. to yield a product of approximately the same colour as that containing the natural drug.

An extract of plant material obtained from Calendula officinalis (SSSB) has been found to be clinically useful in treating cases of psoriasis.

Following an extended period of empirical observations on patients a double blind clinical trial was performed on a group of seven patients with psoriasis. The patients (4 male, 3 female) were aged from 53 to 63, except one who was 26. They had had the disease from 8.5 to 25 years. Treatment was monitored by a series of pre-and post-trial photographs and by using a "psoriasis symptom score" before and after treatment. The treatment was applied twice daily as a cream for four weeks, and there were three treatments: SSSB, Betnovate, and placebo.

The results of the trial are shown in Figure 2. The average pretreatment score was 11.1, and this was reduced to 3.5 after SSSB treatment, while it was 5.5 and 7.4 after Betnovate and placebo, respectively.

Example 8: Isolation and Purification of VAN-10-4

15 to 30g of soxhlet extracted crude as performed in example 6 was redissolved in 15 mis of 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane. This material was loaded onto a Flash 75 column (Biotage Limited) and eluted at a flow rate of 150-200 ml/min using 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane as the mobile phase. Time to elution of the VAN compounds from the Flash column was estimated by TLC. A diluted solution of the crude mixture (re-dissolved in ethyl acetate) was spotted onto a TLC plate (silica gel 60). The Van compound mixture was visualised using a standard vannilin: cone, sulphuric acid developer (1 gram vannilin: 100 mis cone, sulphuric acid) and the Rf value calculated. The TLC mobile phase was adjusted by manipulating the ratio of polar: non-polar solvent until the Rf value was around 3.0. The equivalent column volume is worked out from the Rf Value according to manufacturers instructions (Biotage Limited). The column volume for the Flash 75 system is around 1 litre and the mobile phase giving suitable Rf values was 50% ethyl acetate: 50% hexane.

When this method was tested using the Flash 75 column, VAN compounds eluted in fractions 15-19 (equivalent to 4-5 column volumes). Each fraction collected was 250 mis. In a repeat run, under similar conditions, VAN compounds eluted in fractions 14-18. These fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness giving an approximate yield of 200-400 mgs of semi-crude material. This semi-crude material was purified by HPLC using a reverse-phase Spherisorb column. A stock solution of the semi-crude material was prepared as 25 mg/ml in acetonitrile and 200 μl aliquots were processed isocratically. The mobile phase used was 75% acetonitrile: 25% water and the flow rate was 5 ml/min. Each sample run was 17 minutes and VAN-10-4 eluted at approximately 14 minutes. NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the eluate was VAN-10-4.

Example 9: Extraction of Calendula officinalis - 1 Kg Scale

Dried petals of Calendula Officinalis (1Kg) were milled to a coarse powder and extracted continuously with heptane (1-4 litres) i.e. the heptane was continuously distilled from the extract and percolated through the petal mass. The extract was concentrated under vacuum to a volume of 500 ml. The resulting concentrate was extracted three times with 500 ml acetonitrile/water solution, 9:1 (v/v). The VAN containing acetonitrile fractions were combined and the acetonitrile removed by vacuum distillation. The resulting orange gum was redissolved in

500 ml ethyl acetate and washed successively with 500 ml (0.1 M) saturated sodium bicarbonate, 500 ml water, 500 ml (0.1M) Hydrochloric Acid and finally 500 ml water. The ethyl acetate solution was then distilled under vacuum to give 10 g of an orange oil.

Claims

Claims 1. Use of a compound of Formula ( I )

wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, OH,

and related esters thereto;

R3 is selected from OH,

and related esters thereto;

R⁴ is selected from C₆-C₁₂ saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic ring systems optionally substituted by C₁-C₆ alkyl, H, OH, =CH₂ or C₁-C₄ alkyl carboxyloxy or R⁴ represents a C₁ - C₆ straight- or branched-chain alkalene group

substituted with such a ring system;

R⁶ is selected from -OH,

in the preparation of a medicament for the

treatment of disease involving hyperproliferation of dermis cells.

2. Use according to claim 1 of a compound of Formula (I) wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H, -OH

3. Use according to claim 1 or claim 2 of a

compound of Formula (I) wherein R³ is selected from -OH,

4. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 3 of a compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁴ is selected from the group

5. Use according to any or one of claims 1 to 4 to a compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁵ is selected from the group CH₃, -CHO, -COOH and -CH₂OH.

6. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 5 of a compound of Formula (I) wherein R⁶ is selected from OH,

7. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 6 of a compound of Formula (I) wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H and OH (βOH or αOH);

R³ is selected from OH,

R⁴ is selected from

R³ is CH₃ ; and

R⁶ is selected from OH ,

8. Use according to claim 7 of a compound of Formula I

wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H and OH (βOH or αOH);

R³ is selected from OH and (E)-3-methylpent-2-enoate (i.e.

R⁴ is selected from

αnd

R is CH₃; and

R⁶ is OH.

9. Use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 of a compound of Formula (I) in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of psoriasis.

10. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

11. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

12. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

13. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

14. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

15. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

16. Use according to claim 9 of compound:

17. A compound of Formula (I)

wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from -OH, H, ;

R³ is selected from (E)-3-methylpent-2-enoate, and ;

R⁴ is selected from C₆-C₁₂ saturated or unsaturated monocyclic or polycyclic aliphatic ring systems optionally substituted by C₁-C₄ alkyl, H, -OH, =CH_: or C₁-C₄ alkyl carboxyloxy or R⁴ represents a C₁-C₆ straight-or branched-chain alkalene group substituted with such a ring system;

R⁵ is selected from C₁-C₄ alkyl, -CHO, -COOH and - CH₂OH;

R⁶ is selected from

; and

physiologically functional isomers thereof.

18. A compound of Formula (I) according to claim 17 wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from -OH, H

19. A compound of Formula (I) according to claim

17 or claim 19 wherein R³ is selected from (E)- 3-methylpent-2-enoate and

20. A compound of Formula (I) according to any one of claims 17 to 19 wherein R⁴ is selected from

21. A compound of Formula (I) according to any one of claims 17 to 19 wherein R⁵ is selected from -CH₃, -CHO, -CH₂OH and -COOH;

22. A compound of Formula (I) according to any one of claims 17 to 19 wherein R⁶ is selected from

23. Physiologically functional isomers of a

compound of Formula (I) according to claim 17.

24. A compound of Formula (I) according to any one of claims 17 to 23 wherein

R¹ and R² are independently selected from H and -OH; R³ is (E)-3-methylpent-2-enoate;

R⁴ is selected from

and

R⁵ is CH₃; and

R⁶ is OH;

and physiologically functional isomers thereof.

25. A compound according to any of claims 17 to 24 which is:

26. A compound according to any of claims 17 to 25 which is:

27. A compound according to any of claims 17 to 24 which is:

28. A compound according to any of claims 17 to 23 which is:

29, A compound according to any of claims 17 to 23

which is:

30, Use of a compound isolated from a Calendula species according to any one of claims 17 to 29 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of psoriasis.

31. Use according to claim 30 wherein the compound is isolated from Calendula officinalis, Calendula arvensis and/or Calendula persica.

32. Use according to claims 30 or claims 31 wherein the compound is isolated from Calendula officinalis.

33. A pharmaceutical formulation for the treatment of psoriasis comprising at least one compound

according to Formula (I) in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

34. A formulation according to claim 33 wherein the at least one compound according to Formula (I) is isolated and/or purified from an extract derived from at least one Calendula species.

35. A formulation according to claim 33 or claim 34

wherein at least one compound is isolated and/or purified from an extract derived from at least one of Calendula arvensis. Calendula persica and

Calendula officinalis.

36. A formulation according to any one of claims 33 to 35 wherein the at least one compound is isolated and/or purified from an extract of Calendula officinalis.

37. A formulation according to any of claims 33 to 3-6 wherein the at least one compound according to Formula (I) is:

38. A formulation according to any of claims 33 to 37 wherein the at least one compound according Formula (I) is:

39. A formulation according to claim 38 wherein the at least one compound is:

40. A formulation according to claim 39 wherein the at least one compound is:

41. A method of treating a skin disease involving

hyperproliferatation of dermis cells in a mammal which comprises administering to the mammal an effective, non-toxic amount of a compound of

Formula (I) according to claim 17.

42. A method according to claim 41 wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound according to claim 25.

43. A method according to claim 41 or claim 42 wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound according to claim 26.

44. A method according to any of claims 41 to 43 wherein the compound is selected from

45. A method according to any of claims 41 to 44 wherein the skin disease is psoriasis.

46. Use of the compound:

in the treatment of psoriasis,

47. Use of a compound according to claim 46 which is:

in the treatment of psoriasis.

48. Use of the compound:

in the treatment of psoriasis

49. Use of the compound:

in the treatment of psoriasis,

50. Use of a compound according to claim 49 which is:

in the treatment of psoriasis.