WO1994012882A1 - Ligand assay using interference modulation - Google Patents
Ligand assay using interference modulation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994012882A1 WO1994012882A1 PCT/US1992/010072 US9210072W WO9412882A1 WO 1994012882 A1 WO1994012882 A1 WO 1994012882A1 US 9210072 W US9210072 W US 9210072W WO 9412882 A1 WO9412882 A1 WO 9412882A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- assay
- ligand
- light
- slits
- change
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/47—Scattering, i.e. diffuse reflection
- G01N21/4788—Diffraction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/585—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with a particulate label, e.g. coloured latex
Definitions
- analyte One broad approach used to detect the presence of a particular compound, referred to as the analyte, is the immunoassay, in which detection of a given compound, referred to as the analyte.
- molecular species referred to generally as the ligand
- a second molecular species often called the antiligand, or the receptor, which specifically binds to the first compound of interest.
- the presence of the ligand of interest is detected by measuring, or inferring, either directly or indirectly, the extent of binding of ligand to
- the ligand may be either monoepitopic or poly epitopic and is generally defined to be any organic molecule for which there exists another
- the antiligand is usually an antibody, which either exists naturally or can be prepared
- the ligand and antiligand together form a homologous pair.
- antigen and antibody which represent typical examples, are used interchangeably with the terms ligand and antiligand, respectively, but such usage does not signify any loss of generality.
- the antibody would be the ligand and the antigen the antiligand, if the presence of the antibody is to be detected.
- reagents usually that signal is provided for by a label which is conjugated to either the ligand or the antiligand, depending on the mode of operation of the immunoassay. Any label which provides a stable, conveniently detectable signal is an acceptable
- immunoassays fall into two general categories - heterogeneous and homogeneous.
- the purpose of the label is simply to establish the location of the molecule to which it conjugates - i.e. to establish whether the labeled molecule is free in solution or is part of a bound complex.
- Heterogeneous assays generally function by explicitly separating bound antigen-antibody
- a method which is frequently employed consists of attaching one of the members of the
- a wash step (composed of any suitable inert material such as plastic, paper, glass, metal, polymer gel, etc.), allowing for separation of free antigen and/or antibody in the surrounding solution by a wash step.
- suspendable particles typically 0.05 to 20 microns to provide the solid surface onto which either antigen or antibody is immobilized. Separation is effected by centrifugation of the solution of sample, reagents and suspendable beads at an appropriate speed, resulting in selective sedimentation of the support particles together with the bound complexes.
- the signal obtained from the labeled ligand or antiligand is modified, or modulated, in some systematic, recognizable way when ligand-antiligand binding occurs. Consequently, separation of the labeled bound complexes from the free labeled molecules is no longer required.
- the analyte assumed to be antigen, is allowed to compete with a known
- the concentration of labeled antigen (provided in reagent form in the assay kit) for binding to a limited number of antibody molecules which are attached to a solid matrix. Following an appropriate incubation period, the reacting solution is washed away, ideally leaving just labeled antigen-antibody complexes attached to the binding surface, thereby permitting the signal from the labels to be quantitated.
- the analyte again assumed to be antigen, reacts with an excess of surface-immobilized antibody molecules.
- the analyte in yet another approach, called the indirect mode, is allowed to bind to surface-immobilized antigen which is in excess. The binding surface is then washed and allowed to react with label-conjugated antibody. After a suitable incubation period the surface is washed again, removing free labeled antibody and permitting measurement of the signal due to bound labeled antibody. The resulting signal strength varies inversely with the concentration of the starting
- labeled antibody since labeled antibody can bind only to those immobilized antigen molecules which have not already complexed to the analyte.
- RIA radioimmunoassay
- Fluorescence provides a potentially attractive alternative to radioactivity as a suitable label for immunoassays.
- fluorescein usually in the form of fluorescein isothiocyanate, or "FITC”
- FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fluorescent molecules have the property that they absorb light over a certain range of wavelengths and (after a delay ranging form 10- 9 to 10- 4 seconds) emit light over a range of longer wavelengths. Hence, through the use of a suitable light source, detector and optics, including excitation and emission filters, the fluorescence intensity originating from labeled molecules can be determined.
- EIA enzyme immunoassays
- a sandwich-type reaction in which the ligand of interest, assumed here to be antigen, binds to surface-immobilized specific antibody and then to an enzyme-antibody conjugate.
- any remaining free enzyme conjugate is eliminated by a wash or centrifugation step.
- a suitable substrate for the enzyme is then brought into contact with the surface containing the bound complexes.
- the enzyme-substrate pair is chosen to provide a reaction product which yields a readily detectable signal, such as a color change or a
- the signal is collected and measured by a detection apparatus which monitors the phenomenon as it occurs within the sample's molecular population.
- the measurement is a function of the intensity or degree of change occurring within the sample.
- isotropic signals even the anisotropic methods such as fluorescence polarization, produce signals which are fundamentally measured as intensities.
- optical detection techniques which may comprise a new and fourth class of optical methods based on spatial patterns produced by the interaction of radiation with the ligand or anti- ligand.
- this class of optical detection techniques the optical signal is collected outside of the sample, as a pattern or an intensity measured at more than one geometrically defined spatial position.
- the following descriptions are representative of this new class of optical detection methods.
- a source of optical radiation is directed to the pattern at a particular incidence angle to produce an optical interference pattern in
- An optical detector is located relative to the pattern and aligned with the Bragg scattering angle to detect the strong scattering intensity and produce a signal representative of the binding reaction.
- EPO 0276968 published 3 August 1988 describes a "biograting" based assay in which a biological diffraction grating consisting of lines of active binding reagent is formed on a silicon substrate surface. After contacting the assay surface with the sample and separating the sample from the assay, the surface is illuminated and the binding of analyte to surface in a uniform manner generates a diffraction pattern. An optical detector, or array of detectors, positioned at predetermined angles is used to measure the diffracted light.
- PCT Application No. PCT/GB85/00427 describes the use of fluorescently tagged molecules binding to a substrate pattern so that the fluorescence emission is organized into a narrow cone of angles instead of being uniform in all directions.
- the detected signal is produced by light interacting with analytes that have been entrapped on a surface in a geometric manner, and the detectable signal is characterized by both
- the invention comprises a method of modulating an interference pattern created by interference between two or more light beams by reacting a ligand with an antiligand in an assay to cause a change in the optical characteristics of the assay.
- This change in optical characteristics is used to disturb the interference pattern by placing the reacted assay in the path of one or more of the light beams creating the interference pattern.
- the resultant change in the interference pattern is dependent on the concentration of the ligand and can be used to detect the presence of the ligand and its concentration in the assay.
- an interference pattern is formed by projecting light through a mask having at least two narrow parallel slits, having a width which can be very small but remains larger than the
- the light is thereby diffracted into two or more light beams which interfere and form an interference pattern, which may, for example, be visualized by projection on a screen.
- One or more of the slits may then be blocked to product a different interference pattern.
- An assay surface with a ligand which when reacted with an anti-ligand reduces the transparency of the assay surface is then placed on or over a slit or slits, causing the
- interference pattern to change to a pattern which is intermediate between the standard pattern formed by the uncovered multi-slit and the standard pattern formed when the slit or slits relevant to the assay surface are completely obscured.
- interference pattern compared to the standard is measured and related to the concentration of the assay ligand.
- a source of monochromatic light such as a laser, is used to project light through multi-slit openings formed on a foil mask.
- An assay slide is mounted adjacent to the foil to obstruct one or more slits.
- a lens may be used to magnify the interference pattern so that is can be projected onto a screen and photographed.
- the resultant photographs are then analyzed by a densitometer to determine the intensity of the light at certain points on the pattern before and after the slit is covered, thereby to determine the presence of he ligand and its concentration in the assay.
- the intensity of the pattern can be analyzed in real time using an array of pixels formed by photodetectors to form electrical signals
- Fig. 1 is a diagram of light interference produced by a two-slit mask to illustrate the theory behind the invention.
- Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating in curve (a) the diffraction pattern when only one slit (S 1 ) is open and in curve (b) the interference pattern when both slits (S 1 & S 2 ) are open.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 4 is a flow chart of the important steps in forming a colloidal gold-labeled antibody (Au-antibody) sandwich assay for use in the apparatus of the
- Fig. 5 is a plot of the intensity of two adjacent maxima of double-slit interference pattern showing the change caused by varying the transmission through one slit.
- Fig. 6 are plots of intensity I versus
- Fig. 7(a) is a plot of the visibility V 2 of the fringe pattern as a function of the percent of
- Fig. 7(b) is a plot of the -log V 2 x 1,000 versus ⁇ % I 2 .
- Fig. 8 is a plot of the change in I max and I min as a function of change in transmission I 2 through slit S 2 .
- Fig. 9a-9d is a schematic flow diagram of an alternate embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 10 is a schematic of yet another alternate embodiment.
- Fig. 11 is a schematic of an alternate embodiment in which the double-slit pattern is produced by a virtual slit S 2 and an actual slit S 1 and a mirror M.
- Fig. 12 is a schematic of a Fresnel's mirror embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 13 is a schematic of a bi-prism embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 14 is a schematic of a Billet's split lens embodiment of the invention.
- Fig. 15 is a schematic of a flow cell embodiment.
- Fig. 16 is a schematic of an alternate flow cell embodiment.
- Fig. 19 is a plot of the intensity of the
- Fig. 20(a)-20(b) is an alternate embodiment of a two or more slit embodiment in which the assay
- substrate is formed with slits.
- Fig. 21(a) is an alternate embodiment in which the slit opening is replaced by a square opening.
- Fig. 21(b) is an alternate embodiment of Fig.
- Figs. 21(c) and (d) illustrate formation of an assay on a diagonal half of a square slit to form a triangular based diffraction pattern.
- FIG. 1 A diagram of the optical configuration used by Young is shown in Figure 1.
- a light source (S) is incident on two narrow, parallel slits (S 1 and S 2 ).
- Each slit has a width (D) which can be very small but remain larger than the wavelength of light.
- the slits are separated by a distance (a), which exceeds D.
- the light passing through the slits is diffracted and emerges as two wavefronts with identical wavelength and phase.
- the two wavefronts interfere and produce a visible interference pattern on the screen 20.
- the pattern consists of a series of bright and dark parallel bands which are typically referred to as fringes.
- the assay of the invention is based on a
- any method of reducing the transparency of a slit can be related to a loss of fringe pattern.
- One way to convert this process to an assay is to provide a chemistry which produces a localized coverage over one slit which is opaque enough to reduce the transmission of light through the slit.
- the reduction of light through the slit decreases the intensity of light available for interference with light emanating from the other slit, and thus decreases the formation of the resulting fringe pattern.
- the surface coverage due to the assay is equated with a predictable change of fringe pattern.
- the chemistry for producing loss of transmission through a slit can involve the temporary or permanent localization on the surface of the slit of any optically dense molecule or material which will cause a scattering or absorbance of the incident radiation from a source. Any physical phenomena that can alter or attenuate radiation transmission can affect the
- the physical phenomena may comprise a change in reflectance, absorbance, phase, refraction, or polarization of light impinging on an assay.
- Items capable of behaving thusly include colloidal gold- labeled molecules, colorimetric labels and pigments, bacteria, polymeric particles, cells, Langmuir-Blodgett films, as well as other polymeric films.
- An absorbance-modulated interference system may also be used to detect multiple analytes in a sample with a variable, incoherent source, such as a Xenon arc lamp and a scanning monochromater.
- a scanning spectrophotometer measures an absorbance spectrum as a function of the frequency of the incident radiation it may also be possible to measure the interference patterns produced by the transmissions at different frequencies. In this way, one could analyze a sample containing a variety of molecules with non-overlapping absorbance spectra; at a radiation wavelength
- FIG. 3 the apparatus for a first embodiment of the invention will be described in connection therewith.
- a light source 10 is disposed on a track (not shown) of an optical bench adjacent and in line with a foil mask 24 which is also mounted on the track.
- Mask 24 is formed with at least two narrow vertical slits S 1 and S 2 .
- An assay is formed on assay slide 14 which is positioned on mask 24 so as to cover slit S 1 .
- filter 12 is disposed on the track between source 10 and mask 24. If source 10 is a laser emitting highly intense monochromatic light, filter 12 may be a neutral density filter used to adjust the intensity of the light. If source 10 is a broad band moderately intense light source, filter 12 may be used to filter all but the desired wavelength for projection on the mask 24.
- a second lens may be disposed on the side of the mask nearest the source to increase the distribution of the pattern at the origin O.
- Camera 18 is used to photographically record the image of the pattern. This image may then be processed by converting the fringe patterns to intensity graphs using a densitometer and analyzing the intensity graphs produced with and without the slit covered by the assay to determine the concentration of the ligand in the assay.
- the double-slit mask component 24 is a critical item in this process and must be of high quality.
- the mask is cut out of foil by a laser process.
- Three different sizes have been experimented with as shown in Table 2 below. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the dimensions indicated have been arbitrarily selected from a continuum of suitable values, and are exemplary rather than limiting on the invention.
- Foil ⁇ 2 produces the most intense and distinct fringe patterns in the current format.
- the fringe separation (Y) for this foil when placed at X distance from a screen are determined from Eq. 1 and are listed in Table 3 below.
- the foil mask is secured on a magnetic mount (not shown) which is then placed on a magnetic strip
- the assay requires positioning of the assay slide over one slit.and this must be done so that the slide edge remains between two slits and does not cause any diffraction of the light beam transmitting through the uncovered slit.
- FIGs. 4a-g A flow chart of a first embodiment of the assay chemistry of the invention followed by the optical test is summarized in Figs. 4a-g.
- the ligand is rabbit IgG which is incubated with a coverslip 14 (Fig. 4a) coated with anti-rabbit IgG, followed by incubation with a colloidal gold-labeled anti-ligand, such as, goat anti-rabbit IgG 40 (Fig. 4b).
- a silver enhancement step wherein the gold colloid nucleates precipitation of silver from a solution 42 as it comes into contact with the labeled antibody in the assay (Fig. 4c)
- the coverslip exhibits a deposition of darkly stained antibody-antigen complex. Insertion of this treated assay coverslip over one slit S 2 of a double-slit configuration produces loss of transparency through slit S 2 (Fig. 4d) resulting in loss of
- the objective of the immobilization chemistry is covalent attachment of the anti-ligand, in this case a protein, which will selectively bind the target ligand or analyte.
- APTES aminoethylpropyltriethoxysilane
- a 2% solution (v/v) of APTES was prepared by mixing 200 ul of APTES in 9.8 ml toluene (dried over molecular sieves). The coverslips were soaked for 2 h, and rinsed in dry toluene, (see
- Carbodiimide Kit for Carboxylated Microparticles (Polysciences, Inc., #19539).
- Carboxylated coverslips were soaked in carbonate buffer (Bottle #1) for 5 min, and then in phosphate buffer (Bottle #2) for 5 min.
- a 0.6 ml phosphate buffer was placed in test tubes with prepared coverslips.
- a 2% solution of carbodiimide solution was prepared by mixing 75.0 mg EDC with 3.75 ml phosphate buffer. 0.6 ml EDC solution was added, dropwise, to each of the test tubes containing the
- a 0.05 mg/ml solution of anti-rabbit IgG was prepared by adding 73 ul of anti- rabbit IgG (4.1 mg/ml; commercially available from Sigma) to 6 ml borate buffer, which was then aliquotted into 6 test tubes.
- the coverslips were immersed, the test tubes were sealed and rocked gently overnight. The coverslips were removed and the supernatant was retained for absorbance measurements.
- the coverslips were then added to test tubes containing 1 ml 0.1 M ethanolamine (Bottle #5) and gently mixed for 30 min.
- the coverslips were then transferred to 1 ml of BSA solution (Bottle #6) and gently mixed for 30 min.
- the coverslips were then rinsed in PBS and stored in storage buffer (Bottle #7) or PBS, 4 - 6 degrees.
- the protein used as the anti-ligand can also be immobilized to a transparent plastic substrate that has been coated with a polymer containing residual
- rabbit IgG was incubated with the anti-rabbit IgG coverslips, rinsed with PBS, and then treated with gold-labeled anti-rabbit IgG, and the silver enhancement step.
- coverslips were rinsed with PBS two times.
- a coverslip was positioned in the outer groove of a disposable cuvette and 20-40 ul of colloidal gold(30nm)-labeled Goat anti- rabbit IgG (AuroProbe EM GAR G30, Amersham) was pipetted onto the surface and left for 60 min.
- the coverslip was then placed inside the same cuvette and rinsed thoroughly three times with PBS followed by three rinses with H 2 O.
- a silver enhancement step follows which produces a more dramatic decrease in the transparency of the reacted assay.
- the gold nucleates
- Enhancement Kit (RPN.491, Amersham). A solution was prepared by combining equal number of drops from solutions A and B. The enhancement solution was pipetted into cuvettes containing individual gold- labeled antibody treated coverslips and reacted for 6- 18 min. at room temperature. The coverslips were then rinsed with distilled H 2 O. The reaction can be
- V 1 The equation for describing a quality termed the visibility (V 1 ) of the fringe pattern can be calculated by the relative intensities (I 1 and I 2 ) of the source light transmitted through the two identical slits (S 1 and S 2 ), as shown in Figure 1 and can be calculated thusly:
- I 1 and I 2 are the intensities at point P from the radiation passing through the slits 1 and 2 when viewed independent of each other, and
- 1 is a coherency limit for a laser source.
- the visibility (V 2 ) can also be calculated by the intensity of the fringes:
- I max and I min are the intensities corresponding to a maximum and an adjacent minimum in the fringe system.
- I max and I min are functions of the light intensities transmitted through the slits S 1 and S 2 :
- Table 4 contains values for a model system where the intensity (I 1 and I 2 ) through each slit are assigned a value of 10.
- the intensity is identical through each slit the upper value of 1.0 exists for V 2 ; as the intensity, I 2 , is decreased the V 2 decreases towards 0.0.
- V 2 1.0
- the fringe pattern has the maximum amplitude of I max and a complete loss of amplitude at I min .
- V 2 moves towards 0.0 the fringe pattern collapses to the diffraction envelope.
- FIG. 5 A graph of two adjacent fringes is shown in Figure 5.
- the line labeled A describes the intensities of I max and I min formed by two equal, unobstructed slits.
- the lines B through F show the change in amplitudes as the intensity through one slit is decreased. At the I max for line F the intensity amplitude is almost 10, which is the intensity of light passing through the
- the existing formulas which govern absorbance spectroscopy can be linked with the formulas used for evaluating
- the I 2 transmission intensity can be viewed as a ratio of the intensity of unabsorbed radiation to the intensity of incident radiation, I x /I o :
- I max I 1 + I 2 + Eq. (10)
- I max I 0 + 10 -abc ++ ( 13 )
- the ⁇ I max function would provide greater spectrophotometric sensitivity.
- the V 2 (Eq. 3) is plotted in Figure 7(a) as a function of the percent of transmission (I 2 %) through the second slit (S 2 ) (Table 4). At 100% transmission, equal intensities pass through two identical slits and the fringe pattern has the most defined fringes, where I max is at its highest value and I min is zero. At 0% complete loss of the fringe pattern occurs and only the diffraction envelope remains. On the graph shown in Figure 7 (a) one can arbitrarily assign 40 units on the visibility scale. In the assay, the change in
- the dynamic range is therefore:
- a loss of transmission in I 2 from 50% to 0% produces a visibility change from 0.94 to 0.0, or 37.5 units of signal, and an increase of dynamic range to 0.75.
- the change in fringe visibility is not the only useful function for calculating a dynamic response.
- the change in I max and I min as a function of ⁇ I 2 % is shown in Figure 8. Where there is no loss of transmission the I max is at its highest amplitude, 40.0, and the I min is at its lowest amplitude, 0.0. With complete loss of transmission both values approach identical values of 10.0, which is the intensity through one open slit. If the I 2 % changes form 100 to 50% the dynamic range in terms of I max is 0.22;
- 0.1 is the limiting dynamic range for a linear loss of transmission measurement and this is considerably less than the dynamic range produced by a transduction mechanism based on a changing amplitude of an interference fringe, as described in the preceding analyses of the graphs in Figures 7 and 8.
- the slit format in principle, is more sensitive than straight optical density. This enhanced sensitivity can be appreciated by comparing the
- Resolution is conventionally taken as the inverse of the dynamic range. For a dynamic range of 0.10, as calculated for the linear loss of transmission, the resolution, or number that can be measured with certainty, would be 10.00. For a dynamic range of 0.22, as calculated for the change in I max from 100 to 50% loss of transmission, the resolution would be 4.54, meaning that the
- a dynamic range of 0.75 has a resolution of 1.33, providing even more accuracy.
- the sensitivity of this assay is defined by the number of target molecules required to obstruct the transmission through S 2 to produce a measurable change in the fringe pattern. Several factors will contribute to the ultimate sensitivity:
- a sensitivity of 6 x 10 5 molecules may be calculated as follows:
- the detection method of the invention possesses a number of substantial advantages.
- the signal output is in the form of both an amplitude parameter and a pattern formation which offers greater information content for data analysis over a system based only on intensity measurement.
- the signal in the form of the entire interference pattern, may be stored in computer memory and compared with a computer standard so that a microscopic alteration to the assay standard pattern, detectable only through computerized treatment, could deliver an extraordinarly sensitive diagnostic.
- Another advantage of the transduction method of the invention is that the amplitude component in the form of I max has been increased fourfold over a direct measurement of intensity, due to the contribution of the two individual wavefronts as well as the
- the dipstick would require
- the slit number and shape may be varied.
- the present preferred embodiment is a double-slit formed of two identical, parallel slits, but predictable interference phenomena can be produced by other numbers of identical slits. With more than two slits it would be possible to assign individual assays to a different slit or test assays in each slit would be for multiple analytes with a single procedure.
- the assay occurring on the glass coverslip 50 could also serve to produce two slits S 1 and S 2 from a single slit S 0 as shown in Fig. 9a-9d.
- the anti-ligand S 2 is immobilized on an edge of the coverslip (Fig. 9(b)).
- the assay would darken the edge of the coverslip.
- Fig. 9(c) which would then be positioned over the single slit S 0 Fig. 9(a) as shown in Fig. 9(d) forming two slits S 1 and s 2 .
- the assay chemistry could be centralized on a glass slit 90 so that gold-labeled antibody assay forms a double slit 92 as shown in Fig. 10.
- light rays from a single slit S pass to the screen 80 via two paths, one of which is direct, A-A, and the other of which is an indirect path, B-B, created by reflection from a mirror M placed in the center line C/L so as to produce a reflection which would appear to emanate from a slit S 2 located equidistant from center line C/L.
- the source is therefore viewed by two paths, one direct and one reflected at a glancing angle in a mirror.
- reflection reverses the phase 180°, but otherwise the analysis and the fringes are the same.
- the area of reflection on the mirror would be the location of the assay chemistry, which would cause appearance or loss of reflection.
- a Fresnel's mirror can be used as in Fig. 12 to produce two virtual slits which are formed with a point source S projected on two plane mirrors, M 1 and M 2 , mutually inclined at a small angle.
- S 1 and S 2 act as coherent sources.
- the prisms thus form two virtual slit images, S 1 and S 2 .
- a so-called Billet's split lens arrangement formed by two convex lens can form two images, both of which are real as shown in Fig. 14.
- interference fringes are formed in the region defined by the diverging cones from the sources S 1 and S 2 .
- Assays could be developed which altered the optical arrangement, thus altering fringe patterns.
- application to the Lloyd's mirror (Fig. 11) or Fresnel's mirror (Fig. 12) configurations would require location of the assay chemistry in the region of reflection on the mirror, which produces the virtual slit. If the assay chemistry resulted in a loss of reflectivity of the mirror's surface the intensity of reflected light would decrease and the interference pattern would be modulated.
- Application to the Fresnel bi-prism (Fig. 13) or Billet's split lens (Fig. 14) would require location of the assay chemistry on one of the prisms or lenses so that the post-assay intensity of diffracted radiation would no longer equal the intensity diffracted by the other optical unit in the pair.
- reactions could be monitored by use of a transport flow-cell microcell 94 which would build up an interfering absorbance on screen 96.
- B is a reference cuvette
- A is an assay cuvette, and they are divided by the cuvette
- FIG. 16 Another configuration would have slits S 1 and S 2 incorporated into a transport flow cell 86 as in Fig. 16.
- the cell 86 is disposed opposite a Source 85.
- Antiligand would be immobilized on S 1 and buildup of ligand on its surface would alter the fringe pattern as seen by the detector 87.
- the dynamic range of the detection system may be enhanced not only by increasing the number of slits, but by increasing the number of slits covered by the assay.
- Table 6 shows how the intensity of the principle maxima increases as a function of N 2 times the intensity I o of one slit.
- the assay substrate 60 could also contain the slits S 1 and S n (Fig. 20(a)) with the anti-ligand 62 immobilized to one of the slits (i.e. S 1 ).
- the assay reaction causes slit S 1 to become less transparent (Fig. 20b).
- the optical radiation is passed through identical slit material, preserving the symmetrical phases of the two wavefronts. Also, any nonspecific binding of protein from the sample would occur equally in the regions of S 1 and S 2 , again preserving the symmetry of I 1 and I 2 since both
- Fig. 21(a) and 21(b) illustrates alternate embodiments in which the mask or assay slit 70/70' is square shaped (Fig. 21a) or triangular (Fig. 21(b)) in shape. A single square slit will produce an
- a single triangular shaped slit 70' produces the pattern 72' of Fig. 21(b).
- the square slit 70 becomes a triangular slit Fig. 21(d), and a triangular based diffraction pattern 72' occurs Fig. 21(b).
- a detector (not shown) monitors the appearance of the new diffraction pattern 72' to determine the presence and concentration of the ligand.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/706,772 US5196350A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
DE69228325T DE69228325T2 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | LIGAND TEST USING INTERFERENCE MODULATION |
JP6513070A JPH08503552A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
PCT/US1992/010072 WO1994012882A1 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
EP92925374A EP0670043B1 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
AU31453/93A AU670252B2 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/706,772 US5196350A (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1991-05-29 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
PCT/US1992/010072 WO1994012882A1 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1994012882A1 true WO1994012882A1 (en) | 1994-06-09 |
Family
ID=26785190
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1992/010072 WO1994012882A1 (en) | 1991-05-29 | 1992-11-24 | Ligand assay using interference modulation |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5196350A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0670043B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69228325T2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994012882A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (102)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB2273772A (en) * | 1992-12-16 | 1994-06-29 | Granta Lab Ltd | Detection of macromolecules utilising light diffraction |
US5413939A (en) * | 1993-06-29 | 1995-05-09 | First Medical, Inc. | Solid-phase binding assay system for interferometrically measuring analytes bound to an active receptor |
US5715327A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1998-02-03 | Neopath, Inc. | Method and apparatus for detection of unsuitable conditions for automated cytology scoring |
US5638459A (en) * | 1994-09-20 | 1997-06-10 | Neopath, Inc. | Method and apparatus for detecting a microscope slide coverslip |
US5679579A (en) * | 1996-01-29 | 1997-10-21 | First Medical, Inc. | Immunofluorescence measurement of analytes bound to a substrate and apparatus therefor |
US6582921B2 (en) * | 1996-07-29 | 2003-06-24 | Nanosphere, Inc. | Nanoparticles having oligonucleotides attached thereto and uses thereof |
US5922550A (en) * | 1996-12-18 | 1999-07-13 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Biosensing devices which produce diffraction images |
US5958704A (en) | 1997-03-12 | 1999-09-28 | Ddx, Inc. | Sensing system for specific substance and molecule detection |
US6060256A (en) * | 1997-12-16 | 2000-05-09 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Optical diffraction biosensor |
US6221579B1 (en) | 1998-12-11 | 2001-04-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Patterned binding of functionalized microspheres for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
US6579673B2 (en) | 1998-12-17 | 2003-06-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Patterned deposition of antibody binding protein for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
US20030096321A1 (en) * | 1999-05-19 | 2003-05-22 | Jose Remacle | Method for the identification and/or the quantification of a target compound obtained from a biological sample upon chips |
US7167615B1 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2007-01-23 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Resonant waveguide-grating filters and sensors and methods for making and using same |
US6399295B1 (en) | 1999-12-17 | 2002-06-04 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Use of wicking agent to eliminate wash steps for optical diffraction-based biosensors |
EP1266207B1 (en) * | 2000-03-22 | 2010-10-27 | Axela Inc. | Method and apparatus for multiple-analyte assay |
US7314749B2 (en) * | 2001-09-13 | 2008-01-01 | Axela Biosensors Inc. | Method and apparatus for assay based on light diffraction |
US7098041B2 (en) * | 2001-12-11 | 2006-08-29 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Methods to view and analyze the results from diffraction-based diagnostics |
US7102752B2 (en) * | 2001-12-11 | 2006-09-05 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Systems to view and analyze the results from diffraction-based diagnostics |
US7244393B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2007-07-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diagnostic device and system |
US7384598B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2008-06-10 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diagnostic device |
US20030119203A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-06-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Lateral flow assay devices and methods for conducting assays |
US8367013B2 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2013-02-05 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Reading device, method, and system for conducting lateral flow assays |
US7771922B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2010-08-10 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Biomolecule diagnostic device |
US7118855B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2006-10-10 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diffraction-based diagnostic devices |
US7485453B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2009-02-03 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diffraction-based diagnostic devices |
US7214530B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2007-05-08 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Biomolecule diagnostic devices and method for producing biomolecule diagnostic devices |
US7223534B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2007-05-29 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diffraction-based diagnostic devices |
US7223368B2 (en) * | 2002-05-03 | 2007-05-29 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diffraction-based diagnostic devices |
US7091049B2 (en) * | 2002-06-26 | 2006-08-15 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Enhanced diffraction-based biosensor devices |
US7441703B2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2008-10-28 | Illumina, Inc. | Optical reader for diffraction grating-based encoded optical identification elements |
US7619819B2 (en) | 2002-08-20 | 2009-11-17 | Illumina, Inc. | Method and apparatus for drug product tracking using encoded optical identification elements |
US7164533B2 (en) * | 2003-01-22 | 2007-01-16 | Cyvera Corporation | Hybrid random bead/chip based microarray |
EP2261868A2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2010-12-15 | Cyvera Corporation | Diffraction grating-based optical identification element and its applications |
US7872804B2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2011-01-18 | Illumina, Inc. | Encoded particle having a grating with variations in the refractive index |
US7901630B2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2011-03-08 | Illumina, Inc. | Diffraction grating-based encoded microparticle assay stick |
US7923260B2 (en) | 2002-08-20 | 2011-04-12 | Illumina, Inc. | Method of reading encoded particles |
US20050227252A1 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2005-10-13 | Moon John A | Diffraction grating-based encoded articles for multiplexed experiments |
EP1535241A1 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2005-06-01 | Cyvera Corporation | Diffraction grating-based optical identification element |
US7508608B2 (en) * | 2004-11-17 | 2009-03-24 | Illumina, Inc. | Lithographically fabricated holographic optical identification element |
US7900836B2 (en) * | 2002-08-20 | 2011-03-08 | Illumina, Inc. | Optical reader system for substrates having an optically readable code |
US7432105B2 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2008-10-07 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Self-calibration system for a magnetic binding assay |
US7314763B2 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2008-01-01 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Fluidics-based assay devices |
US7285424B2 (en) * | 2002-08-27 | 2007-10-23 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Membrane-based assay devices |
AU2003274979A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-04-30 | Cyvera Corporation | Chemical synthesis using diffraction grating-based encoded optical elements |
US20100255603A9 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2010-10-07 | Putnam Martin A | Method and apparatus for aligning microbeads in order to interrogate the same |
WO2004025563A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-03-25 | Cyvera Corporation | Diffraction grating-based encoded micro-particles for multiplexed experiments |
AU2003278827A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-04-30 | Cyvera Corp. | Method and apparatus for labelling using diffraction grating-based encoded optical identification elements |
WO2004025560A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-03-25 | Cyvera Corporation | Assay stick comprising coded microbeads |
US7092160B2 (en) | 2002-09-12 | 2006-08-15 | Illumina, Inc. | Method of manufacturing of diffraction grating-based optical identification element |
AU2003267192A1 (en) * | 2002-09-12 | 2004-04-30 | Cyvera Corporation | Method and apparatus for aligning elongated microbeads in order to interrogate the same |
US7169550B2 (en) * | 2002-09-26 | 2007-01-30 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Diffraction-based diagnostic devices |
US7781172B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2010-08-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for extending the dynamic detection range of assay devices |
US20040106190A1 (en) * | 2002-12-03 | 2004-06-03 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Flow-through assay devices |
US20040121334A1 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2004-06-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Self-calibrated flow-through assay devices |
US7247500B2 (en) * | 2002-12-19 | 2007-07-24 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Reduction of the hook effect in membrane-based assay devices |
US7445938B2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2008-11-04 | General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Inc. | System and method for detecting presence of analytes using gratings |
US7027163B2 (en) * | 2003-01-24 | 2006-04-11 | General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Inc. | Grating sensor |
US20040197819A1 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2004-10-07 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Assay devices that utilize hollow particles |
US7851209B2 (en) * | 2003-04-03 | 2010-12-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Reduction of the hook effect in assay devices |
US20060057729A1 (en) * | 2003-09-12 | 2006-03-16 | Illumina, Inc. | Diffraction grating-based encoded element having a substance disposed thereon |
US7713748B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2010-05-11 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method of reducing the sensitivity of assay devices |
US7943395B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2011-05-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Extension of the dynamic detection range of assay devices |
US20050112703A1 (en) | 2003-11-21 | 2005-05-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Membrane-based lateral flow assay devices that utilize phosphorescent detection |
US20050136550A1 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2005-06-23 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Flow control of electrochemical-based assay devices |
US7943089B2 (en) * | 2003-12-19 | 2011-05-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Laminated assay devices |
US7433123B2 (en) * | 2004-02-19 | 2008-10-07 | Illumina, Inc. | Optical identification element having non-waveguide photosensitive substrate with diffraction grating therein |
US20060019265A1 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2006-01-26 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Transmission-based luminescent detection systems |
US7796266B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2010-09-14 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Optical detection system using electromagnetic radiation to detect presence or quantity of analyte |
US20050244953A1 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2005-11-03 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Techniques for controlling the optical properties of assay devices |
US7815854B2 (en) * | 2004-04-30 | 2010-10-19 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Electroluminescent illumination source for optical detection systems |
US7521226B2 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2009-04-21 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | One-step enzymatic and amine detection technique |
US20060106117A1 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2006-05-18 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Compound and method for prevention and/or treatment of vaginal infections |
US7619008B2 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2009-11-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Xylitol for treatment of vaginal infections |
US20060217446A1 (en) * | 2005-03-28 | 2006-09-28 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for preventing and/or treating trichomonas vaginitis |
AU2005307746B2 (en) * | 2004-11-16 | 2011-05-12 | Illumina, Inc. | And methods and apparatus for reading coded microbeads |
WO2006055735A2 (en) | 2004-11-16 | 2006-05-26 | Illumina, Inc | Scanner having spatial light modulator |
US7604173B2 (en) * | 2004-11-16 | 2009-10-20 | Illumina, Inc. | Holographically encoded elements for microarray and other tagging labeling applications, and method and apparatus for making and reading the same |
US20070121113A1 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2007-05-31 | Cohen David S | Transmission-based optical detection systems |
KR100793962B1 (en) * | 2005-01-03 | 2008-01-16 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Bio molecular detector and method of using the same |
US20060217443A1 (en) * | 2005-03-28 | 2006-09-28 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for preventing and/or treating vaginal and vulval infections |
US20060223765A1 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2006-10-05 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Method for inhibiting and/or treating vaginal infection |
US7786176B2 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2010-08-31 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Vaginal treatment composition containing xylitol |
US7623624B2 (en) * | 2005-11-22 | 2009-11-24 | Illumina, Inc. | Method and apparatus for labeling using optical identification elements characterized by X-ray diffraction |
JP4724558B2 (en) * | 2005-12-27 | 2011-07-13 | キヤノン株式会社 | Measuring method and apparatus, exposure apparatus |
JP2007180152A (en) * | 2005-12-27 | 2007-07-12 | Canon Inc | Measuring method and apparatus, exposure apparatus, and method of manufacturing device |
US7830575B2 (en) * | 2006-04-10 | 2010-11-09 | Illumina, Inc. | Optical scanner with improved scan time |
US7768654B2 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2010-08-03 | California Institute Of Technology | On-chip phase microscope/beam profiler based on differential interference contrast and/or surface plasmon assisted interference |
US8189204B2 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2012-05-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Surface wave enabled darkfield aperture |
US8822894B2 (en) | 2011-01-07 | 2014-09-02 | California Institute Of Technology | Light-field pixel for detecting a wavefront based on a first intensity normalized by a second intensity |
US9041938B2 (en) | 2006-05-02 | 2015-05-26 | California Institute Of Technology | Surface wave assisted structures and systems |
JP2008192855A (en) * | 2007-02-05 | 2008-08-21 | Canon Inc | Instrumentation device, exposure equipment and manufacturing method of device |
US20090225319A1 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-10 | California Institute Of Technology | Methods of using optofluidic microscope devices |
WO2009111573A2 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-09-11 | California Institute Of Technology | Optofluidic microscope device with photosensor array |
US8325349B2 (en) * | 2008-03-04 | 2012-12-04 | California Institute Of Technology | Focal plane adjustment by back propagation in optofluidic microscope devices |
US8039776B2 (en) * | 2008-05-05 | 2011-10-18 | California Institute Of Technology | Quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy and photography based on wavefront sensors |
CN102292662A (en) * | 2009-01-21 | 2011-12-21 | 加州理工学院 | Quantitative differential interference contrast (DIC) devices for computed depth sectioning |
US20100197508A1 (en) * | 2009-02-03 | 2010-08-05 | The Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, United States of America | Integrated Universal Chemical Detector with Selective Diffraction Array |
US8416400B2 (en) * | 2009-06-03 | 2013-04-09 | California Institute Of Technology | Wavefront imaging sensor |
WO2011119678A2 (en) | 2010-03-23 | 2011-09-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Super resolution optofluidic microscopes for 2d and 3d imaging |
US8536545B2 (en) | 2010-09-09 | 2013-09-17 | California Institute Of Technology | Delayed emission detection devices and methods |
US10830778B2 (en) * | 2018-05-24 | 2020-11-10 | C Technologies, Inc. | Slope spectroscopy standards |
TWI773553B (en) * | 2021-10-02 | 2022-08-01 | 國立虎尾科技大學 | High-precision and portable instrument for billet half lens |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4487839A (en) * | 1983-01-05 | 1984-12-11 | Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. | Immunoassay methods employing patterns for the detection of soluble and cell surface antigens |
US4621063A (en) * | 1982-10-12 | 1986-11-04 | The Center For Immunological Studies | Methods for the detection and quantitation of immunological substances |
US4647544A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1987-03-03 | Nicoli David F | Immunoassay using optical interference detection |
US4889427A (en) * | 1987-04-10 | 1989-12-26 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepastnatuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method and apparatus for detecting low concentrations of (bio) chemical components present in a test medium using surface plasmon resonance |
WO1991013353A1 (en) * | 1990-02-22 | 1991-09-05 | The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning (Mcgill University) | A solid-phase interferometric immunoassay system |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL7807532A (en) * | 1978-07-13 | 1980-01-15 | Akzo Nv | METAL IMMUNO TEST. |
US4421860A (en) * | 1980-10-07 | 1983-12-20 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay involving autocorrelation processing of optically sensed signals |
US4407964A (en) * | 1980-10-07 | 1983-10-04 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay involving sensing radiation for forward and back directions |
DE3135196A1 (en) * | 1981-09-05 | 1983-03-17 | Merck Patent Gmbh, 6100 Darmstadt | METHOD, MEANS AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS |
US4537861A (en) * | 1983-02-03 | 1985-08-27 | Elings Virgil B | Apparatus and method for homogeneous immunoassay |
JPS61202128A (en) * | 1985-03-06 | 1986-09-06 | Hitachi Ltd | Semiconductor laser heterodyne interferometer |
US4876208A (en) * | 1987-01-30 | 1989-10-24 | Yellowstone Diagnostics Corporation | Diffraction immunoassay apparatus and method |
-
1991
- 1991-05-29 US US07/706,772 patent/US5196350A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1992
- 1992-11-24 WO PCT/US1992/010072 patent/WO1994012882A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1992-11-24 DE DE69228325T patent/DE69228325T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-11-24 EP EP92925374A patent/EP0670043B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4621063A (en) * | 1982-10-12 | 1986-11-04 | The Center For Immunological Studies | Methods for the detection and quantitation of immunological substances |
US4487839A (en) * | 1983-01-05 | 1984-12-11 | Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. | Immunoassay methods employing patterns for the detection of soluble and cell surface antigens |
US4647544A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1987-03-03 | Nicoli David F | Immunoassay using optical interference detection |
US4889427A (en) * | 1987-04-10 | 1989-12-26 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepastnatuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Method and apparatus for detecting low concentrations of (bio) chemical components present in a test medium using surface plasmon resonance |
WO1991013353A1 (en) * | 1990-02-22 | 1991-09-05 | The Royal Institution For The Advancement Of Learning (Mcgill University) | A solid-phase interferometric immunoassay system |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
Proceedings of Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, Vol. 1368, issued 1990, BIOARSKI et al., "Integrated Optic Device for Biochemical Sensing", pages 264-272. * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69228325T2 (en) | 1999-06-02 |
EP0670043B1 (en) | 1999-01-27 |
EP0670043A1 (en) | 1995-09-06 |
DE69228325D1 (en) | 1999-03-11 |
EP0670043A4 (en) | 1996-10-09 |
US5196350A (en) | 1993-03-23 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
EP0670043B1 (en) | Ligand assay using interference modulation | |
US4647544A (en) | Immunoassay using optical interference detection | |
USRE33581E (en) | Immunoassay using optical interference detection | |
US7663092B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for phase contrast quadrature interferometric detection of an immunoassay | |
KR100988142B1 (en) | Methods to view and analyze the results from diffraction-based diagnostics | |
US5132097A (en) | Apparatus for analysis of specific binding complexes | |
US7102752B2 (en) | Systems to view and analyze the results from diffraction-based diagnostics | |
JPS5855758A (en) | Method, means and device for measuring biological component | |
US6413786B1 (en) | Binding assays using optical resonance of colloidal particles | |
JP2007538256A (en) | Imaging method and apparatus | |
JPS62503053A (en) | Optical sensor that selectively detects substances and detects changes in refractive index within the substance being measured | |
JPH04233465A (en) | Scattered-light detecting immunoassay | |
JPH01502930A (en) | Improved analytical techniques and equipment | |
US4988630A (en) | Multiple beam laser instrument for measuring agglutination reactions | |
RU2181487C2 (en) | Process of optical detection of attachment of real component to sensor material based on biological, chemical or physical coupling and device for its implementation ( variants ) | |
AU670252B2 (en) | Ligand assay using interference modulation | |
JP2007292598A (en) | Target substance detecting element, and substrate for manufacturing therefor, target substance detecting method and device using same | |
AU770669B2 (en) | Binding assays using optical resonance of colloidal particles | |
CA2149784A1 (en) | Ligand assay using interference modulation | |
JP2008529013A (en) | Method and apparatus for quadrature phase difference interference detection of an immunoassay |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT AU BB BG BR CA CH CS DE DK ES FI GB HU JP KP KR LK LU MG MN MW NL NO PL RO RU SD SE |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN ML MR SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1992925374 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2149784 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1992925374 Country of ref document: EP |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
WWG | Wipo information: grant in national office |
Ref document number: 1992925374 Country of ref document: EP |