WO1993018117A1

WO1993018117A1 - Emulsified fuels

Info

Publication number: WO1993018117A1
Application number: PCT/FR1993/000229
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jean Garnier; Carlos Miriel
Original assignee: Ecotec (Sarl)
Priority date: 1992-03-09
Filing date: 1993-03-09
Publication date: 1993-09-16
Also published as: EP0630398A1; EP0630398B1; DE69310901D1; DE69310901T2; ES2106363T3

Abstract

Process for preparing emulsified fuels with a high water content (5 to 35 % by weight) comprising various additives consisting of minor specific quantities of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene-glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate. The fuel used as ingredient is preferably diesel-oil, petrol, kerosene, fuel-oil or coal dust. The results of tests show that polluting gases can be greatly reduced during combustion of emulsified fuels. Emulsified fuels also reduce fuel combustion to a large extent.

Description

EMULSIONED FUELS

General information about the invention

1. Scope of the invention

The present invention relates generally to improved emulsified fuels and the corresponding methods for reducing the consumption of fuels and the emission of polluting gases resulting from their combustion, said fuels being mainly composed (more than 50% by weight). fuel, water and a set of additives. The invention relates more particularly to fuels as described above in which the set of additives, composed of minor amounts of sorbitan oleate, of polyalkylene glycol, and of alkylphenol ethoxylate, makes it possible to considerably reduce the emission of polluting gases such as carbon monoxide, further improving the combustion efficiency. 2. Description of the prior art

The problem of air pollution is a growing concern in practically all the nations of the world. Air pollution is not only a health hazard, it also causes acid rain and therefore pollution of lakes and rivers. One of the main sources of this pollution, and in particular of CO, N0 _χ and / or SO pollution, is that deriving from the combustion of fuels. Exhaust gases from diesel engines, for example, and combustion gases from diesel boilers, are a major source of air pollution, particularly in the more developed countries of the United States, Europe and Asia.

In the past, many attempts have been made to improve these pollution problems, the most notable being the use of catalytic converters and other devices on automobiles and buses. These techniques effectively lower the questionable level of pollutants, but are not a complete answer. In fact, the abundant research carried out has still not led to the development of fuels or engines producing minimal polluting emissions.

PCT publication WO 86/00333 describes the composition of fuels intended to improve the combustion efficiency and consequently to save combustible. The fuels described in this publication include fuel-water emulsions containing polyolefin additives. However, this publication, which is devoted to fuel economy, does not in any way address the issue of limiting pollution.

U.S. Patent No. 4,877,414 describes the composition of emulsified fuels using relatively large amounts of surfactants as well as alpha olefins and alkyl benzenes. The products prepared according to this patent are estimated to be very expensive, taking into account the levels of use of the additives designated as essential for achieving the desired goal. In addition, emulsions tend to decompose quickly, especially when subjected to low temperatures. Attempts have been made to emulsify gasoline using the most favorable formula in this patent, and it has been found that the emulsion will decompose within an hour. Similar attempts to emulsify diesel oil using this formula have resulted in an emulsion decomposing in one hour at low room temperature.

In addition, given the increasing use of oil reserves, it is advantageous to lower fuel consumption when possible. Specialists have made numerous attempts to develop fuel additives for this purpose, but have never really succeeded. Summary of the invention

The present invention solves the problems indicated above and makes it possible to obtain highly improved stable emulsified fuels which considerably reduce the polluting gases produced by combustion and which also make it possible to achieve significant savings in terms of real fuel consumption. In general, the fuels emulsified according to the present invention comprise specific quantities of fuel and water, as well as a set of additives in minor quantities. This set of additives comprises, and preferably essentially comprises, specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate. Fuels can be prepared quickly using simple in-line static mixers and add-on equipment, and remain stable at all normal ambient temperatures for at least about four months.

The optimum fuels that can be prepared using this invention consist of about 65 to 95%, by weight, of fuel (e.g. diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, coal dust), and about 5 to 35%, by weight, of water. The optimum set of additives represents 0.1 to 0.5%, by weight, of the final emulsified fuel. The optimum additive may also include a metal oxide such as magnesium oxide and a fuel mixing agent such as diesel oil # 2 to facilitate the premixing of the additive components. In other achievements of Invention, the additive package may include, in addition to the preferable components described above, toluene and alkyl benzene.

Tests performed with the fuel of the invention have demonstrated that significant reductions in polluting gas can be obtained, and a decrease ^• fuel consumption.

Brief description of the diagram

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the optimal device for composing the emulsified fuels according to the invention.

Description of the optimal realization

FIG. 1 represents the device 10 to be used preferably for the preparation of emulsified fuels according to the invention. The device 10 consists of a fuel tank 12 adapted so as to be able to contain a liquid fuel such as diesel oil. The reservoir 12 is connected by means of the conduit 14 to a first static mixer 16. A non-return valve 18 is installed in the conduit 14 upstream of the static mixer 16. In addition, a pipe 20 for supplying additives, equipped with a non-return valve 22, a pump 24 and an additive tank 26, communicates with the conduit 14 between the valve 18 and the mixer 16. The additive tank 26 comprises the set of additives desired. The outlet end of the mixer 16 is connected to the conduit 28, the opposite end of which is connected to a second static mixer 30. A non-return valve 32 is located in the conduit 28 as shown. A water inlet pipe 34 communicates with the pipe 28 between the valve 32 and the mixer 30. The pipe 34 comprises a non-return valve 36, a pump 38 and a water tank 40. The outlet of the mete * langeur 30 leads to a storage area (not shown) intended for the final emulsified product.

When preparing emulsified fuels according to the invention, it is preferable to thoroughly mix the additive assembly with the fuel before adding the water. If the order of these operations were reversed, the products obtained could be unstable. In addition, it was found that the static mixer must be constructed and used so that it produces internal pressures of at least 10 kg / cm ² . All ingredients except fuel are used at room temperature; thus, for example, the liquid fuel is generally at a temperature of about 18 to 20 ° C, although during processing the. product warms up at least slightly. It is also necessary to use bacteria-free water in order to improve the long-term storage stability of the final product. In particular, it is preferable to warm the fuel slightly before adding. The fuel should be heated to a temperature of about 30 to 60 ° C, preferably about 40 ° C. The average size of particles of the final emulsion should be 0.01 mm or less to get the best possible results.

The device represented in FIG. 1 is considered optimal from the point of view of production efficiency, but equivalent emulsified fuels can be produced by a system comprising a single mixer and suitable means for recycling the fuel / additive mixture to the using the mixer by adding water. This type of mixer assembly was used to prepare the test fuels described in this document, and the static mixer employed had a length of 250 mm and a nominal diameter of 25 mm, and contained a total of nine internal static elements.

As previously stated, a wide variety of fuels can be used to achieve this invention. Liquid hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel oil, kerosene and fuel oil of almost any specific composition or type can be used. In addition, coal dust can also be used as efficiently as fuel. When a set of additives consisting essentially of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate is used, the fuel share must represent approximately 65 to 95%, by weight, of the total emulsified fuel, preferably around 75 to 89%, and more preferably around 84%. When a set of additives used comprises, in addition to the components indicated above, toluene and alkyl benzene, the proportion of fuel must represent 65 to 95% by weight of the total emulsified fuel, preferably approximately 75 to 85%, and more preferably approximately 79%.

In all cases, the water must constitute approximately 5 to 35%, by weight, of the total emulsified fuel, preferably approximately 10 to 30%, and more preferably approximately 15%.

The set of additives of the invention must comprise at least minor specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate. In one of the forms of the invention, the set of additives also comprises a metal oxide and a minor quantity of fuel mixing agent. This complete set of additives must be present in the emulsified fuel at a level of approximately 0.1% minimum by weight, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% approximately. In the optimal fuel, the additive package accounts for about 0.1 to 0.5% by weight. In another embodiment, the additive package will include a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene; this set must represent approximately 0.077%, by weight, of the emulsified fuel, and preferably 0.077 to 1.5% approximately. The optimal fuel with this type of additive contains about 1%, by weight, of all additives.

The sorbitan oleate to be preferred is sorbitan sesquioleate, but other oleates can be used. The preferable polyalkylene glycol is polyethylene glycol (but glycols such as polypropylene and polybutylene can also be used ₎ , with a molecular weight of 300 to 500 approximately, preferably PEG 300. It is preferable to select an alkylphenol ethoxylate _from the group of alkylphenol ethoxylates comprising approximately 4 to 15 groups of ethylene oxides per molecule; the alkyl part should contain about 6 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 8 to 9. The only preferable ethoxylate is ethoxylate nonylphenol, which has about 9.5 ethylene oxide groups per molecule. It is preferable to choose magnesium oxide as the metal oxide, and diesel oil No. 2 as the mixing agent.

Ta _ble below shows the optimum components for o _b hold type emulsified fuel according to the invention, as well as the general proportions and optimum of these components.

Table 1

As regards the set of additives, it is preferable that each part of sorbitan oleate, of polyalkylene glycol and of alkylphenol ethoxylate represents approximately 0.1 to 0.5% by weight; when used, the fuel mixing agent may represent approximately 0.05 to 0.15%, by weight, and the metal oxide approximately 0.001 to 0.03%.

The following table shows, for another embodiment of the invention where the set of additives comprises a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene, the optimum components, as well as the general and optimal proportions of these components.

Table 2

The examples below describe the preferable emulsified fuels and the test results obtained with fuels prepared according to the invention. Example 1

During this test, an oil-fired boiler used to produce hot air for drying bricks was tested, with the aim of controlling its level of contamination, using fuels emulsified according to the invention, and in particular fuels formulated with a set of additives as described in Table 1. In normal service, the. boiler operated with two burners that regulate themselves automatically (with the possibility of manual adjustment) depending on the temperatures required. Normally, the boiler operated 24 hours a day, and consumed an average of about 52 kg / hour of fuel oil. A sampling point was located in the discharge pipe, which had a rectangular cross section and a diameter of 0.24 meters.

The tests were carried out for four consecutive days; the incidents which occurred during the taking of samples are described below, and the results are summarized in the attached table.

The additive used for these tests consisted of: sorbitan sesquioleate, 0.30%; polyethylene glycol, 0.3%; nonylphenol ethoxylate (9.5 moles), 0.30%; magnesium oxide, 0.01%; diesel oil No. 2, 0.09% - all these proportions given by weight. To obtain the additive, these materials were simply mixed. The complete fuels were produced according to the technique described above and by means of the device in FIG. Day 1

Three samples were analyzed while the boiler was operating with normal fuel oil (blank tests). During the first sampling, the boiler operated with two burners, while during the second and third sampling, only one burner was in service.

At 3:25 p.m. the boiler, which then operated with two burners, was supplied with emulsified fuel consisting (by weight) of 17% water, 0.3% additive and additional fuel oil. After a transition period, at 5:00 p.m., the combustion parameters were recorded; they are indicated in the attached table under "Sampling n ° 4 / Day 1".

Day 2

Two samples were taken during the use of fuel oil without additives (blank tests), with two burners in operation, after which, at 4:40 pm, an emulsified fuel identical to that used on the first day was introduced into the boiler. At 6.15 p.m., the combustion parameters were sampled, and the results observed are as indicated in the table under "Sampling n ° 3 / Day 2". Day 3

During this day, three samples were taken while a first emulsified fuel containing 15% water was used, then a second emulsified fuel containing 20% water, both comprising 0.3% of the above-mentioned additive. However, the results were not considered valid due to the shutdown of the boiler. At the end of the third day, four samples were taken: two when the boiler was operating with an emulsified fuel composed of 17% water, 0.3% additive and fuel oil, and two with an emulsified fuel with 10% water, 0.3% additive and extra fuel oil. During these tests, the boiler operated with two burners, but at 5:45 pm, the boiler was shut down and the injectors were replaced by clean injectors. At 7.15 p.m., the new injectors had to be cleaned. During cleaning, serine was found in the tank, on the oil filter, and throughout the injection circuit.

Day 4

During this day, an emulsified fuel containing 5% water, 0.3% additive and fuel oil was tested in the first two samplings. Then, the boiler was supplied with emulsified fuel comprising 20% water, 0.3% additive and additional fuel oil; this fuel was sampled twice. At 1 p.m., the boiler was stopped, the oil filter cleaned, and two new blank samples were taken.

The table on the next page summarizes this description.

Table 3

The preceding table confirms that the use of the additive improves the emission of particulate matter in the exhaust duct by reducing it by up to approximately 25%, in comparison with the results of the blank tests. However, it is impossible to confirm a clear decrease in opacity (Bacharach), which would be logical given the decrease in the emission of particulate matter and unburnt material. This is attributed to a higher humidity in the gases emitted during the use of fuels emulsified with additives according to the invention; the presence of water negatively affects the efficiency of the filter.

The presence of the additive of the invention also improves SO2 emissions, although to a variable degree due to the operating conditions of the boiler itself. For this reason, no conclusions have been drawn with regard to proportional reduction; reductions of 10 to 35% were however observed during the most favorable samplings.

During the first three days of testing, the effect of the additive on the NC> 2 émissions emissions was not significant, and varied according to the combustion conditions of the boiler. On the last day, a 40% reduction in NO2 was noted.

It has been observed that the temperature of the exhaust gases is occasionally higher when an additive is used, and a considerable reduction in carbon onoxide was also noted in some cases (40-45%). Again, the changing operating conditions of the boiler prevent any definitive conclusions from being drawn on the reduction of CO.

Example 2

During this test, the fuel consumption of the boiler described in Example 1 was tested. Throughout the test, the following parameters were kept at a constant level: temperature of the burners, high flame 138 ° C, low flame 139 ° C; pump pressure 24 kg; injector pressure 19 kg; fuel temperature 57 ° C.

In order to establish an appropriate comparison, the boiler was put into operation for 1 hour with normal fuel oil, without additives or water. Its fuel oil consumption was 71.3 kg. This quantity is used as a reference for all calculations and analyzes carried out on fuels emulsified with additives.

Three separate emulsified fuels containing respectively 5%, 10% and 15% of water, as well as the additive described in Example 1, were also tested; the emulsified fuels were prepared as described above and using the device of FIG. 1. The table below indicates the components of each emulsified fuel and shows the results of the consumption tests. In the table, "Initial quantity" indicates the quantity of fuel that was available, and "Quantity residue found in the fuel tank after one hour of testing (the test with fuel # 3 only lasted 52 minutes due to problems in the injection pump).

Table 4

In the case of fuel # 1, the amount of fuel saved was 71.3 - 64.125 = 7.175 kg, representing an actual fuel saving of 10.063%. Likewise in the case of fuel No. 2, the quantity saved was 11.0 kg, or 15.43%; and in the case of fuel No. 3, the saving was 15.498 kg, or 21.74%.

Example 3

Emulsified fuels according to the invention, and in particular those described in Table 2, have been tested in various vehicles in order to determine the levels of opacity of the combustion gases compared with those of a normal fuel. In a series of tests, a Citroën BX from 1991, a Seat Terra 1 from 1990, a Magirus truck and a D7 Caterpillar from 1989 were tested. The fuel used was diesel A for tests with normal fuel as for tests with emulsified fuel. The emulsified fuels contained the optimum ingredients shown in Table 2, and had been composed using the on-line static mixer technique described above.

Opacities were measured by means of a probe placed in the exhaust pipe of vehicles. In fact, the tests made it possible to measure the content of unburned hydrocarbons. The results of the tests are summarized below: Table 4

In another test, a 1990 Ford Scorpio vehicle was tested with pure octane 97 unleaded gasoline and with an emulsified fuel containing the optimum ingredients shown in Table 2, and with the same type of ingredient as "fuel" unleaded petrol. The level of carbon monoxide pollution decreased from 20 PPM with normal fuel to 0.3 PPM with emulsified fuel, which represents a reduction of 98.5%. In another test on another Ford automobile to compare regular unleaded gasoline and an emulsified fuel containing 20% water made from unleaded gasoline, the carbon monoxide level increased from 7.5 at 0.25 PPM. This is a reduction of 96.7%.

A 1991 Panda was also tested with normal octane 97 unleaded gasoline and a comparative fuel which was the optimum 20% water emulsion of the invention. The carbon monoxide level recorded during the test with normal petrol was 7.3 PPM; this value fell to 0.3 PPM with the emulsified fuel. The level of hydrocarbons with normal gasoline was 270 PPM, and with emulsified fuel 32 PPM. A diesel oil emulsion comprising 20% water and prepared according to the form of the invention described in Table 2 was also tested on a Ford diesel truck. For this test, a hose connected to the truck's exhaust was connected to the truck's air intake, and the engine therefore operated using its own exhaust gases. The engine was kept running for four days without interruption, emulsified fuel being added periodically. After this test, a very low level of carbon monoxide was observed in the exhaust, and it was assumed that air was trapped in the emulsion. A comparative test was carried out using normal diesel oil instead of the emulsion; in this case, the engine stopped after a short period. The emulsified fuel was used again, and the engine did not stop running.

For a boiler test, a Ferroli model 1256 industrial boiler was used and a comparison was made between normal No. 5 fuel oil and an emulsion of this fuel oil comprising 20% water as well as the additives in Table 2 indicated above. The Bacharach index (ASTM D 1500) of the evacuation went from 5.2 to 1.4. The level of oil released, which was 135 mg / m, decreased to a level so low that it was impossible to measure. The preheating temperature of the emulsified fuel was reduced by 26% while the flame temperature recorded with the emulsified fuel only decreased by 5 ° C. However, by opening the air inlet of the boiler, the temperature could be increased by 10 ° C. The levels of NO _x , N0 ₂ and carbon monoxide were also measured: the levels of N0 _X were reduced by a factor of 25% with the emulsified fuel compared to the normal fuel; CO levels have been reduced by a factor of 69%; and the level of N0 ₂ increased from 505 mg / m ³ to 176 mg / m ³ with the emulsified fuel. Steam production by the boiler increased on average by 15% with emulsified fuel compared to normal fuel. Finally, emulsified fuel made it possible to achieve significant savings in fuel consumption, the average saving being 28%.

Claims

claims

1. An emulsified fuel comprising specific amounts of fuel and water, and a set of additives in minor amounts, said set of additives consisting essentially of specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol, and d alkylphenol ethoxylate.

2. The fuel of claim 1, wherein said fuel is selected from the group of diesel oils, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil and coal dust.

3. The fuel of claim 1, said fuel being present in a proportion of approximately 65 to 95%, by weight.

4. The fuel of claim 1, said water being present in a proportion of approximately 5 to 35%, by weight.

5. The fuel of claim 1, said sorbitan oleate being sorbitan sesquioleate.

6. The fuel of claim 5, said sorbitan sesquioleate being present in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

7. The fuel of claim 1, said polyalkylene glycol being polyethylene glycol.

8. The fuel of claim 7, said polyethylene glycol being present in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

9. The fuel of claim 1, said alkylphenol ethoxylate being nonylphenol ethoxylate.

10. The fuel of claim 9, said nonylphenol ethoxylate being present in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

11. A method of reducing polluting gases resulting from the combustion of fuels and / or of reducing fuel consumption, said method consisting of the following steps:

. Mixing a certain amount of fuel with water and a set of additives, and preparing from the mixture obtained from an emulsified fuel.

. Said set of additives consisting essentially of specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate; and. Carrying out the combustion of said mixture.

12. The method of claim 11, said fuel being selected from the group consisting of diesel oils, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil and coal dust.

13. The method of claim 11, said fuel being present in a proportion of approximately 65 to 95%, by weight.

14. The method of claim 11, said water being present in a proportion of approximately 5 to 35%, by weight.

15. The method of claim 11, said sorbitan oleate being composed of sorbitan sesquioleate.

16. The method of claim 15, said sorbitan sesquioleate being present in a proportion of approximately 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

17. The method of claim 11, said polyalkylene glycol being polyethylene glycol.

18. The method of claim 17, said polyethylene glycol being present in a proportion of approximately 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

19. The method of claim 11, said alkylphenol ethoxylate being nonylphenol ethoxylate.

20. The method of claim 14, said nonylphenol ethoxylate being present in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.25%, by weight.

21. An emulsified fuel comprising specific amounts of fuel and water, and a set of additives in minor amounts, said set of additives consisting essentially of specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol, and alkylphenol ethoxylate.

22. The fuel of claim 21, wherein said fuel is selected from the group of diesel oils, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil and coal dust.

23. The fuel of claim 21, said fuel being present in an amount of about 65 to 95%, by weight.

24. The fuel of claim 21, said water being present in a proportion of approximately 5 to 35%, by weight.

25. The fuel of claim 21, said sorbitan oleate being sorbitan sesquioleate.

26. The fuel of claim 25, said sorbitan sesquioleate being present in an amount of from about 0.20 to 0.26%, by weight.

27. The fuel of claim 21, said polyalkylene glycol being polyethylene glycol.

28. The fuel of claim 27, said polyethylene glycol being present in an amount of about 0.20 to 0.25%, by weight.

29. The fuel of claim 21, said alkylphenol ethoxylate being nonylphenol ethoxylate.

30. The fuel of claim 29, said nonylphenol ethoxylate being present in an amount of about 0.20 to 0.27%, by weight.

31. The fuel of claim 21, said set of additives further comprising specific minor amounts of a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene.

32. The fuel of claim 31, said toluene aromatic product comprising toluene.

33. The fuel of claim 32, said toluene being present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 0.15%, by weight.

34. The fuel of claim 31, said alkyl benzene consisting of a mixture of dialkyl benzenes with a molecular weight of about 355 to 385.

35. The fuel of claim 34, said mixture being present in an amount of about 0.03 to 0.075%, by weight.

36. A method of reducing polluting gases resulting from the combustion of fuels, said method consisting of the following steps:

. Mixing a certain amount of fuel with water and a set of additives and preparing from the mixture obtained from an emulsified fuel. . Said set of additives consisting essentially of specific amounts of sorbitan oleate, polyalkylene glycol and alkylphenol ethoxylate; and

. Carrying out the combustion of said mixture so as to reduce the level of carbon monoxide gas pollution resulting from said combustion, compared with that which would result from the combustion of an equal amount of said fuel without said set of additives.

37. The method of claim 36, said fuel being selected from the group consisting of diesel oils, gasolines, kerosene, fuel oils and coal dust.

38. The method of claim 36, said fuel being present in a proportion of approximately 65 to 95%, by weight.

39. The method of claim 36, said water being present in a proportion of approximately 5 to 35% by weight.

40. The method of claim 36, said sorbitan oleate being composed of sorbitan sesquioleate.

41. The method of claim 40, said sorbitan sesquioleate being present in an amount of from about 0.20 to 0.26%, by weight.

42. The method of claim 36, said polyalkylene glycol being polyethylene glycol.

43. The method of claim 42, said polyethylene glycol being present in a proportion of about 0.20 to 0.25%, by weight.

44. The method of claim 36, said alkylphenol ethoxylate being nonylphenol ethoxylate.

45. The method of claim 44, said nonylphenol ethoxylate being present in an amount of from about 0.20 to 0.27%, by weight.

46. The method of claim 36, said set of additives further comprising specific minor amounts of a toluene aromatic product and an alkyl benzene.

47. The method of claim 46, said toluene aromatic product comprising toluene.

48. The method of claim 47, said toluene being present in an amount of about 0.05 to 0.15%, by weight.

49. The method of claim 46, said alkyl benzene consisting of a mixture of dialkyl benzenes with a molecular weight of about 355 to 385.

50. The method of claim 49, said mixture being present in a proportion of approximately 0.03 to 0.075%, by weight.

51. A method of manufacturing the fuel according to claims 1 to 5 ₀ , characterized in that all of the additives are mixed completely with the hydrocarbon heated to a temperature of 30 to 60 ° C, before the addition of water, the mixing operations being carried out in a static mixer under an internal pressure greater than or equal to 5.10 'ingredients, with the exception of the hydrocarbon, being used at room temperature.

52. Apparatus for manufacturing according to the reven¬ dication 51 of the emulsified fuel according to claims 1 to 50, characterized in that it comprises a reservoir (12) of liquid hydrocarbon supplying via a conduit (14) comprising an anti- return (18), a first static mixer (16), an additive line (20), equipped with a non-return valve (22) and a pump (24) and connected to the additive supply device (26), communicating with the conduit (14), the outlet of the mixer (16) being connected to the end of a connecting conduit (28) with non-return valve (32), the other end of which is connected to a second static mixer (30), a water supply pipe (34) communicating with said connecting conduit, the outlet of the second mixer (30) bringing the finished emulsified fuel to a storage area.