WO1993014122A1

WO1993014122A1 - A human kunitz-type protease inhibitor variant

Info

Publication number: WO1993014122A1
Application number: PCT/DK1993/000005
Authority: WO
Inventors: Fanny Norris; Kjeld Norris; Søren Erik BJØRN; Lars Christian Petersen; Ole Hvilsted Olsen
Original assignee: Novo Nordisk A/S
Priority date: 1992-01-07
Filing date: 1993-01-07
Publication date: 1993-07-22
Also published as: CZ164494A3; JPH07504891A; NO942549D0; HU9401990D0; EP0621872A1; ZA9396B; IL104324A0; NZ246570A; CA2127246A1; AU3346093A; RU94036773A; FI943234A; AU675926B2; FI943234A0; HUT70293A; NO942549L

Abstract

A variant of human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the variant comprising the following amino acid sequence X1 Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp X?2 Gly X3 Cys X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9¿ Phe Phe Phe Asn Ile Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe X10 Tyr Gly Gly Cys X?11 X12 X13¿ Gln Asn Arg Phe X14 Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys X15 X16 Met Cys Thr Arg X17 (SEQ ID No. 1), wherein X1 represents H or 1-7 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, X2-X16 each independently represents a naturally occurring amino acid residue, and X17 represents OH or 1-5 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, with the proviso that at least one of the amino acid residues X1-X17 is different from the corresponding amino acid residue of the native sequence.

Description

A HUMAN KUNITZ-TYPE PROTEASE INHIBITOR VARIANT

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to a variant of a human Kunitz- type protease inhibitor domain, DNA encoding the variant, a method of producing the variant and a pharmaceutical composition containing the variant.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils or PMNs) and mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes) play an important part in tissue injury, infection, acute and chronic inflammation and wound healing. The cells migrate from the blood to the site of inflammation and, following appropriate stimulation, they release oxidant compounds (O₂●, O₂-, H₂O₂ and HOCl) as well as granules containing a variety of proteolytic enzymes. The secretory granules contain, i.a., alkaline phosphatase, metalloproteinases such as gelatinase and collagenase and serine proteases such as neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3. Latent metalloproteinases are released together with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP). The activation mechanism has not been fully elucidated, but it is likely that oxidation of thiol groups and/or proteolysis play a part in the process. Also, free metalloproteinase activity is dependent on inactivation of TIMP.

In the azurophil granules of the leukocytes, the serine proteases neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase-3 are packed as active enzymes complexed with glucosaminoglycans. These complexes are inactive but dissociate on secretion to release the active enzymes. To neutralise the protease activity, large amounts of the inhibitors α₁-proteinase inhibitor (α₁-PI) and α₁-chymotrypsin inhibitor (α₁-Chl) are found in plasma. However, the PMNs are able to inactivate the inhibitors locally. Thus, α₁-PI which is the most important inhibitor of neutrophil elastase is sensitive to oxidation at the reactive centre (Met- 358) by oxygen metabolites produced by triggered PMNs. This reduces the affinity of α₁-PI for neutrophil elastase by approximately 2000 times.

After local neutralisation of α₁-PI, the elastase is able to degrade a number of inhibitors of other proteolytic enzymes. Elastase cleaves α₁-ChI and thereby promotes cathepsin G activity. It also cleaves TIMP, resulting in tissue degradation by metalloproteinases. Furthermore, elastase cleaves antithrombin III and heparin cofactor II, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) which probably promotes clot formation. On the other hand, the ability of neutrophil elastase to degrade coagulation factors is assumed to have the opposite effect so that the total effect of elastase is unclear. The effect of neutrophil elastase on fibrinolysis is less ambiguous. Fibrinolytic activity increases when the elastase cleaves the plasminogen activator inhibitor and the α₂ plasmin inhibitor. Besides, both of these inhibitors are oxidated and inactivated by O₂ metabolites. PMNs contain large quantities of serine proteases, and about 200 mg of each of the leukocyte proteases are released daily to deal with invasive agents in the body. Acute inflammation leads to a many-fold increase in the amount of enzyme released. Under normal conditions, proteolysis is kept at an acceptably low level by large amounts of the inhibitors α₁-PI, α₁-ChI and α₂ macroglobulin. There is some indication, however, that a number of chronic diseases is caused by pathological proteolysis due to overstimulation of the PMNs, for instance caused by autoimmune response, chronic infection, tobacco smoke or other irritants, etc.

Aprotinin (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor) is known to inhibit various serine proteases, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, plasmin and kallikrein, and is used therapeutically in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, various states of shock syndrome, hyperfibrinolytic haemorrhage and myocardial infarction (cf., for instance, J.E. Trapnell et al, Brit. J. Surg. 61, 1974, p. 177; J. McMichan et al., Circulatory shock 9, 1982, p. 107; L.M. Auer et al., Acta Neurochir. 49, 1979, p. 207; G. Sher, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 129, 1977, p. 164; and B. Schneider, Artzneim. -Forsch. 26, 1976, p. 1606). Administration of aprotinin in high doses significantly reduces blood loss in connection with cardiac surgery, including cardiopulmonary bypass operations (cf., for instance, B.P. Bidstrup et al., J. Thorac. Cardioyasc. Surg. 97, 1989, pp. 364- 372; W. van Oeveren et al., Ann. Thorac. Surg. 44, 1987, pp. 640-645). It has previously been demonstrated (cf. H.R. Wenzel and H. Tschesche, Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. 20, 1981, p. 295) that certain aprotinin analogues, e.g. aprotinin(1-58, Vall5) exhibits a relatively high selectivity for granulocyte elastase and an inhibitory effect on collagenase, aprotinin (1-58, Ala15) has a weak effect on elastase, while aprotinin (3-58, Arg15, Ala17, Ser42) exhibits an excellent plasma kallikrein inhibitory effect (cf. WO 89/10374).

However, when administered in vivo, aprotinin has been found to have a nephrotoxic effect in rats, rabbits and dogs after repeated injections of relatively high doses of aprotinin

(Bayer, Trasylol, Inhibitor of proteinase; E. Glaser et al. in

"Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Innere Medizin,

78. Kongress", Bergmann, Mϋnchen, 1972, pp. 1612-1614). The nephrotoxicity (i.a. appearing in the form of lesions) observed for aprotinin might be ascribed to the accumulation of aprotinin in the proximal tubulus cells of the kidneys as a result of the high positive net charge of aprotinin which causes it to be bound to the negatively charged surfaces of the tubuli.. This nephrotoxicity makes aprotinin less suitable for clinical purposes, in particular those requiring administration of large doses of the inhibitor (such as cardiopulmonary bypass operations). Besides, aprotinin is a bovine protein which may therefore contain one or more epitopes which may give rise to an undesirable immune response on administration of aprotinin to humans.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to identify human protease inhibitors of the same type as aprotinin (i.e. Kunitz-type inhibitors) with a similar inhibitor profile or modified to exhibit a desired inhibitor profile.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a variant of human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the variant comprising the following amino acid sequence

X¹ Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp X² Gly X³ Cys X⁴ X⁵ X⁶ X⁷ X⁸ X⁹ Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe X¹⁰ Tyr Gly Gly Cys

X¹¹ X¹² X¹³ Gln Asn Arg Phe X¹⁴ Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys X¹⁵ X¹⁶ Met Cys Thr Arg X¹⁷ (SEQ ID No. 1) wherein X¹ represents H or 1-7 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, X²-X¹⁶ each independently represents a naturally occurring amino acid residue except Cys, and X¹⁷ represents OH or 1-5 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, with the proviso that at least one of the amino acid residues X¹-X¹⁷ is different from the corresponding amino acid residue of the native sequence. In the present context, the term "naturally occurring amino acid residue" is intended to indicate any one of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids, i.e. Ala, Val, Leu, lle Pro, Phe, Trp, Met, Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg and His.

TFPI, also known as extrinsic pathway inhibitor (EPI) or lipoprotein associated coagulation inhibitor (LACI), has been isolated by Broze et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 1987, pp. 1886-1890 and EP 300 988) and the gene coding for the protein has been cloned, cf. EP 318 451. Analysis of the secondary structure of the protein has shown that the protein has three Kunitz-type inhibitor domains, from amino acid 22 to amino acid 79 (I), from amino acid 93 to amino acid 150 (II) and from amino acid 185 to amino acid 242 (III). Kunitz-type domain I of TFPI has been shown to bind TF/FVIIa, while Kunitz-type domain II has been shown to bind to FXa (Girard et al., Nature 338, 1989, pp. 518-520).

By substituting one or more amino acids in one or more of the positions indicated above, it may be possible to change the inhibitor profile of TFPI Kunitz-type domain I so that it preferentially inhibits neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G and/or proteinase-3. Furthermore, it may be possible to construct variants which specifically inhibit enzymes involved in coagulation or fibrinolysis (e.g. plasmin or plasma kallikrein) or the complement cascade.

One advantage of TFPI Kunitz-type domain I is that it has a negative net charge as opposed to aprotinin which, as indicated above, has a strongly positive net charge. It is therefore possible to construct variants of the invention with a lower positive net charge than aprotinin, thereby reducing the risk of kidney damage on administration of large doses of the variants. Another advantage is that, contrary to aprotinin, it is a human protein (fragment) so that undesired immunological reactions on administration to humans are significantly reduced.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

Examples of preferred variants of Kunitz-type domain I of TFPI are variants wherein X¹ is Ser-Phe or Met-His-Ser-Phe; or wherein X² is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Ala, Arg, Thr, Asp, Pro, Glu, Lys, Gln, Ser, lle and Val, in particular wherein X² is Thr or Asp; or wherein X³ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Pro, Thr, Leu, Arg, Val and lle, in particular wherein X³ is Pro or lle; or wherein X⁴ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Lys, Arg, Val, Thr, lle, Leu, Phe, Gly, Ser, Met, Trp, Tyr, Gln, Asn and Ala, in particular wherein X⁴ is Lys, Val, Leu, lle, Thr, Met, Gln or Arg; or wherein X⁵ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Ala, Gly, Thr, Arg, Phe, Gln and Asp, in particular wherein X⁵ is Ala, Thr, Asp or Gly; or wherein X⁶ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Arg, Ala, Lys, Leu, Gly, His, Ser, Asp, Gln, Glu, Val, Thr, Tyr, Phe, Asn, lle and Met, in particular wherein X⁶ is Arg, Phe, Ala, lle, Leu or Tyr; or wherein X⁷ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of lle, Met, Gln, Glu, Thr, Leu, Val and Phe, in particular wherein X⁷ is lle; or wherein X⁸ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of lle, Thr, Leu, Asn, Lys, Ser, Gln, Glu, Arg, Pro and Phe, in particular wherein X⁸ is lle or Lys; or wherein X⁹ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Arg, Ser, Ala, Gln, Lys and Leu, in particular wherein X⁹ is Arg; or wherein X¹⁰ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Gln, Pro, Phe, lle Lys, Trp, Ala, Thr, Leu, Ser, Tyr, His, Asp, Met, Arg and Val, in particular wherein X¹⁰ is Val or lle; or wherein X¹¹ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Gly, Met, Gln, Glu, Leu, Arg, Lys, Pro and Asn, in particular wherein X¹¹ is Arg or Glu; or wherein X¹² is Ala or Gly; or wherein X¹³ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Lys, Asn and Asp, in particular wherein X¹³ is Lys or Asn; or wherein X¹⁴ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Val, Tyr, Asp, Glu, Thr, Gly, Leu, Ser, lle, Gln, His, Asn, Pro, Phe, Met, Ala, Arg, Trp and Lys, in particular wherein X¹⁴ is Lys or Glu; or wherein X¹⁵ is Lys, Met, Glu or Leu; or wherein X¹⁶ is Lys, Ala, Asn or Glu; or wherein X¹⁷ is Asp. In a preferred embodiment, X¹ is Met-His- Ser-Phe and X¹⁷ is Asp, while X²-X¹⁶ are as defined above.

Variants of TFPI Kunitz-type domain I of the invention should preferably not contain a Met residue in the protease binding region (i.e. the amino acid residues represented by X³-X¹⁴). By analogy to α1-PI described above, a Met residue in any one of these positions would make the inhibitor sensitive to oxidative inactivation by oxygen metabolites produced by PMNs, and conversely, lack of a Met residue in these positions should render the inhibitor more stable in the presence of such oxygen metabolites.

A currently preferred variant of the invention is one in which one or more of the amino acid residues located at the protease- binding site of the Kunitz domain (i.e. one or more of X³-X¹⁴ corresponding to positions 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 34, 39, 40, 41 and 46 of aprotinin) are substituted to the amino acids present in the same positions of native aprotinin. This variant comprises the following amino acid sequence

Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala Arg lle lle Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe Val Tyr Gly Gly Cys Arg Ala Lys Gln Asn Arg Phe Lys Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg Asp (SEQ ID No. 2).

In another aspect, the invention relates to a DNA construct encoding a human Kunitz-type inhibitor domain variant according to the invention. The DNA construct of the invention may be prepared synthetically by established standard methods, e.g. the phosphoamidite method described by S.L. Beaucage and M.H. Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letters 22, 1981, pp. 1859-1869, or the method described by Matthes et al., EMBO Journal 3, 1984, pp. 801-805. According to the phosphoamidite method, oligonucleotides are synthesized, e.g. in an automatic DNA synthesizer, purified, annealed, ligated and cloned in suitable vectors.

Alternatively, it is possible to use genomic or cDNA coding for TFPI Kunitz-type domain I (e.g. obtained by screening a genomic or cDNA library for DNA coding for TFPI using synthetic oligonucleotide probes and isolating the DNA sequence coding for domain I therefrom). The DNA sequence is modified at one or more sites corresponding to the site(s) at which it is desired to introduce amino acid substitutions, e.g. by site-directed mutagenesis using synthetic oligonucleotides encoding the desired amino acid sequence for homologous recombination in accordance with well-known procedures.

In a still further aspect, the invention relates to a recombinant expression vector which comprises a DNA construct of the invention. The recombinant expression vector may be any vector which may conveniently be subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.

In the vector, the DNA sequence encoding the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention should be operably connected to a suitable promoter sequence. The promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention in mammalian cells are the SV 40 promoter (Subramani et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 1981, pp. 854-864), the MT-1 (metallothionein gene) promoter (Palmiter et al., Science 222, 1983, pp. 809-814) or the adenovirus 2 major late promoter. Suitable promoters for use in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes (Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 255, 1980, pp. 12073- 12080; Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol. Appl. Gen. 1, 1982, pp. 419- 434) or alcohol dehydrogenase genes (Young et al., in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals (Hollaender et al, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982), or the TPI1 (US 4, 599, 311) or ADH2-4C (Russell et al., Nature 304. 1983, pp. 652-654) promoters. Suitable promoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells are, for instance, the ADH3 promoter (McKnight et al., The EMBO J. 4, 1985, pp. 2093-2099) or the tpiA promoter.

The DNA sequence encoding the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention may also be operably connected to a suitable terminator, such as the human growth hormone terminator (Palmiter et al., op. cit.) or (for fungal hosts) the TPI1 (Alber and Kawasaki, op. cit.) or ADH3 (McKnight et al., op. cit.) promoters. The vector may further comprise elements such as polyadenylation signals (e.g. from SV 40 or the adenovirus 5 Elb region), transcriptional enhancer sequences (e.g. the SV 40 enhancer) and translational enhancer sequences (e.g. the ones encoding adenovirus VA RNAs).

The recombinant expression vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. An examples of such a sequence (when the host cell is a mammalian cell) is the SV 40 origin of replication, or (when the host cell is a yeast cell) the yeast plasmid 2μ replication genes REP 1-3 and origin of replication. The vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate, or the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene (described by P.R. Russell, Gene 40, 1985, pp. 125-130.

The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989).

The host cell into which the expression vector of the invention is introduced may be any cell which is capable of producing the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention and is preferably a eukaryotic cell, such as a mammalian, yeast or fungal cell.

The yeast organism used as the host cell according to the invention may be any yeast organism which, on cultivation, produces large quantities of the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention. Examples of suitable yeast organisms are strains of the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces kluyveri, Schizosaccharomvces pombe or Saccharomyces uvarum. The transformation of yeast cells may for instance be effected by protoplast formation followed by transformation in a manner known per se.

Examples of suitable mammalian cell lines are the COS (ATCC CRL 1650), BHK (ATCC CRL 1632, ATCC CCL 10) or CHO (ATCC CCL 61) cell lines. Methods of transfecting mammalian cells and expressing DNA sequences introduced in the cells are described in e.g. Kaufman and Sharp, J. Mol. Biol. 159, 1982, pp. 601-621; Southern and Berg, J. Mol. APPI. Genet. 1, 1982, pp. 327-341; Loyter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 1982, pp. 422-426; Wigler et al., Cell 14, 1978, p. 725; Corsaro and Pearson, Somatic Cell Genetics 7, 1981, p. 603, Graham and van der Eb, Virology 52, 1973, p. 456; and Neumann et al., EMBO J. 1, 1982, pp. 841-845.

Alternatively, fungal cells may be used as host cells of the invention. Examples of suitable fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp. or Neurospora spp., in particular strains of Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus niger. The use of Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins is described in, e.g., EP 238 023. The present invention further relates to a method of producing a TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant according to the invention, the method comprising culturing a cell as described above under conditions conducive to the expression of the variant and recovering the resulting variant from the culture.

The medium used to cultivate the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing mammalian cells or fungal (including yeast) cells, depending on the choice of host cell. The variant will be secreted by the host cells to the growth medium and may be recovered therefrom by conventional procedures including separating the cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulfate, purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e.g. ion exchange chromatography or affinity chromatography, or the like.

The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In the composition of the invention, the variant may be formulated by any of the established methods of formulating pharmaceutical compositions, e.g. as described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1985. The composition may typically be in a form suited for systemic injection or infusion and may, as such, be formulated with sterile water or an isotonic saline or glucose solution. It has surprisingly been found that the TFPI Kunitz-type domain I is in itself capable of inhibiting Cathepsin G. The invention therefore also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the inhibition of Cathepsin G, the composition comprising human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of TFPI or a variant thereof as described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. The TFPI Kunitz-type domain I variant of the invention is therefore contemplated to be advantageous to use for the therapeutic applications suggested for native aprotinin or aprotinin analogues with other inhibitor profiles, in particular those which necessitate the use of large aprotinin doses. Therapeutic applications for which the use of the variant of the invention is indicated as a result of its ability to inhibit human serine proteases, e.g. trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein, elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase-3, include (but are not limited to) acute pancreatitis, inflammation, thrombocytopenia, preservation of platelet function, organ preservation, wound healing, shock (including shock lung) and conditions involving hyperfibrinolytic haemorrhage, emphysema, rheumatoid arthritis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, in other words diseases presumed to be caused by pathological proteolysis by elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase-3 released from triggered PMNs.

Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use of TFPI Kunitz-type inhibitor domain I or a variant thereof as described above for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or therapy of diseases or conditions associated with pathological proteolysis by proteases released from overstimulated PMNs. As indicated above, it may be an advantage of administer heparin concurrently with the TFPI Kunitz-type inhibitor domain I or variant.

Apart from the pharmaceutical use indicated above, TFPI Kunitz- type domain II or a variant thereof as specified above may be used to isolate useful natural substances, e.g. proteases or receptors from human material, which bind directly or indirectly to TFPI Kunitz-type domain II, for instance by screening assays or by affinity chromatography. The present invention is further illustrated in the following examples which are not in any way intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed. EXAMPLES

General Methods

Standard DNA techniques were carried out as described (Sambrook, J., Fritch, E.F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbour, N.Y.). Synthetic oligonucleotides were prepared on an automatic DNA synthesizer (380B, Applied Biosystems) using phosphoramidite chemistry on a controlled pore glass support (Beaucage, S.L., and Caruthers, M.H., Tetrahedron Letters 22, (1981) 1859-1869). DNA sequence determinations were performed by the dideoxy chain-termination technique (Sanger, F., Micklen, S., and Coulson, A.R., Proc.Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 74 (1977) 5463- 5467). Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed on a DNA Thermal Cycler (Perkin Elmer Cetus).

Amino acid analysis was carried out after hydrolysis in 6M HCl at 110°C in vacuum-sealed tubes for 24 hours. Analysis was performed on a Beckman 121MB automatic amino acid analyzer modified for microbore operation.

N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis was obtained by automated Edman degradation using an Applied Biosystems 470A gas-phase sequencer. Analysis by on-line reverse phase HPLC was performed for the detection and quantitation of the liberated pTH amino acids from each sequencer cycle. Molecular weight determination was obtained on a BIO-ION 20 plasma desorption mass spectrometer (PDMS) equipped with a flight tube of approximately 15 cm and operated in positive mode. Aliquots of 5 μl were analyzed at an accelerating voltage set to 15 kV and ions were collected for 5 million fission events. The accuracy on assigned molecular ions is approximately 0.1% for well defined peaks, otherwise somewhat less. Example 1

Production of the first Kunitz domain of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, TFPI-1, from yeast strain KFN-1651 cDNA encoding full length TFPI was isolated from the human liver derived cell line HepG2 (ATCC HB 8065) and inserted as a 0.9 kb BamHI-Xbal fragment into a mammalian expression vector, pKFN- 1168, as described (Pedersen, A.H., Nordfang, O., Norris, F., Wiberg, F.C., Christensen, P.M., Moeller, K. B., Meidahl- Pedersen, J., Beck, T.C., Norris, K., Hedner, U., and Kisiel, W. 1990, J.Biol. Chem. 265, 16786-16793). The DNA sequence of the insert is given in SEQ ID No. 3. TFPI-1 is encoded by nucleotides 152-325 as indicated. TFPI-1: 0.1 μg of the 0.9 kb BamHI-Xbal fragment from pKFN-1168 was used as a template in a PCR reaction containing 100 pmole each of the primers NOR-2524

(GCTGAGAGATTGGAGAAGAGAATGCATTCATTTTGTGC) and NOR-2525 (TAATCCTTCTAGATTAATCTCTTGTACACAT). The 17 3'-terminal bases of NOR-2524 are identical to bases 152 to 168 in the TFPI-1 gene in SEQ ID No. 3, and the 21 5'-terminal bases are identical to bases 215 to 235 in the synthetic leader gene (see SEQ ID No. 5) from pKFN-1000 described below. Primer NOR-2525 is complementary to bases 311 to 325 in SEQ ID No. 3 and has a 5' extension containing a translation stop codon followed by an Xbal site.

The PCR reaction was performed in a 100 μl volume using a commercial kit (GeneAmp, Perkin Elmer Cetus) and the following cycle: 94° for 20 sec, 50° for 20 sec, and 72° for 30 sec. After 19 cycles a final cycle was performed in which the 72° step was maintained for 10 min. The PCR product, a 211 bp fragment, was isolated by electrophoresis on a 2% agarose gel.

Signal-leader: 0.1 μg of a 0.7 kb PvuII fragment from pKFN-1000 described below was used as a template in a PCR reaction containing 100 pmole each of the primers NOR-1478

(GTAAACGACGGCCAGT) and NOR-2523 (TCTCTTCTCCAATCTCTCAGC). NOR- 1478 is matching a sequence just upstream of the EcoRI site in SEQ ID No. 5. Primer NOR-2523 is complementary to the 17 3'- terminal bases of the synthetic leader gene of pKFN-1000, see SEQ ID No. 5. The PCR reaction was performed as described above, resulting in a 257 bp fragment.

Plasmid pKFN-1000 is a derivative of plasmid pTZ19R (Mead, D.A., Szczesna-Skorupa, E. and Kemper, B., Prot. Engin. 1 (1986) 67- 74) containing DNA encoding a synthetic yeast signal-leader peptide.

Plasmid pKFN-1000 is described in WO 90/10075. The DNA sequence of 235 bp downstream from the EcoRI site of pKFN-1000 and the encoded amino acid sequence of the synthetic yeast signal-leader is given in SEQ ID No. 5.

Signal-leader-TFPI-1: Approx. 0.1 μg of each of the two PCR- fragments described above were mixed. A PCR reaction was performed using 100 pmole each of primers NOR-1478 and NOR-2525 and the following cycle: 94° for 1 min, 50° for 2 min, and 72° for 3 min. After 16 cycles a final cycle was performed in which the 72° step was maintained for 10 min.

The resulting 443 bp fragment was purified by electrophoresis on a 1% agarose gel and then digested with EcoRI and Xbal. The resulting 412 bp fragment was ligated to the 9.5 kb Ncol-Xbal fragment from pMT636 and the 1.4 kb NcoI-EcoRI fragment from pMT636. Plasmid pMT636 is described in WO 89/01968. pMT636 is an E. coli - S. cerevisiae shuttle vector containing the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene (POT) (Russell, P.R., Gene 40 (1985) 125-130), the S. cerevisiae triosephosphate isomerase promoter and terminator, TPI_p and TPI_T (Alber, T., and Kawasaki, G., J.Mol.APPI.Gen. 1 (1982), 419-434).

The ligation mixture was used to transform a competent E. coli strain (r-, m⁺) selecting for ampicillin resistance. DNA sequencing showed that plasmids from the resulting colonies contained the correct DNA sequence for TFPI-1 correctly fused to the synthetic yeast signal-leader gene. One plasmid, pKFN-1603, was selected for further use. The construction of plasmid pKFN-1603 is illustrated in fig. 1.

The expression cassette of plasmid pKFN-1603 contains the following sequence:

TPI_p - KFN1000 signal-leader - TFPI1 - TPI_T

The DNA sequence of the 412 bp EcoRI-Xbal fragment from pKFN- 1603 is shown in SEQ ID No. 7. Yeast transformation: S. cerevisiae strain MT663 (E2-7B XE11-36 a/α, Δtpi/Δtpi, pep 4-3/pep 4-3) was grown on YPGaL (1% Bacto yeast extract, 2% Bacto peptone, 2% galactose, 1% lactate) to an O.D. at 600 nm of 0.6. 100 ml of culture was harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10 ml of water, recentrifugated and resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 25 mM Na₂EDTA pH = 8.0 and 6.7 mg/ml dithiotreitol. The suspension was incubated at 30°C for 15 minutes, centrifuged and the cells resuspended in 10 ml of a solution containing 1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM Na₂EDTA, 0.1 M sodium citrate, pH 0 5.8, and 2 mg Novozym^®234. The suspension was incubated at 30°C for 30 minutes, the cells collected by centrifugation, washed in 10 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol and 10 ml of CAS (1.2 M sorbitol, 10 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM Tris HCl (Tris = Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) pH = 7.5) and resuspended in 2 ml of CAS. For transformation, 0.1 μg of plasmid pKFN-1603 and left at room temperature for 15 minutes. 1 ml of (20% polyethylene glycol 4000, 20 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM CaCl₂, 10 mM Tris HC1, pH = 7.5) was added and the mixture left for a further 30 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.1 ml of SOS (1.2 M sorbitol, 33% v/v YPD, 6.7 mM CaCl₂, 14 μg/ml leucine) and incubated at 30°C for 2 hours. The suspension was then centrifuged and the pellet resuspended in 0.5 ml of 1.2 M sorbitol. Then, 6 ml of top agar (the SC medium of Sherman et al., Methods in Yeast Genetics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1982)) containing 1.2 M sorbitol plus 2.5%agar) at 52°C was added and the suspension poured on top of plates containing the same agar-solidified, sorbitol containing medium.

Transformant colonies were picked after 3 days at 30°C, reisolated and used to start liquid cultures. One such transformant KFN-1651 was selected for further characterization.

Fermentation: Yeast strain KFN-1651 was grown on YPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone (from Difco Laboratories), and 3% glucose). A 1 liter culture of the strain was shaken at 30°C to an optical density at 650 nm of 24. After centrifugation the supernatant was isolated.

The yeast supernatant was adjusted to pH 3.0 with 5% acetic acid and phosphoric acid and applied a column of S-Sepharose Fast Flow (Pharmacia) and equilibrated with 50 mM formic acid, pH 3.7. After wash with equilibration buffer, the HKI-domain was eluted with 1 M sodium chloride. Desalting was obtained on a Sephadex G-25 column (Pharmacia) equilibrated and eluted with 0.1% ammonium hydrogen carbonate, pH 7.9. After concentraton by vacuum centifugation and adjustment of pH 3.0 further purification was performed on a Mono S column (Pharmacia) equilibrated with 50 mM formic acid, pH 3.7. After wash with equilibration buffer, gradient elution was carried out from 0 - 1 M sodium chloride in equilibration buffer. Final purification was performed by reverse phase HPLC on a Vydac C4 column (The Separation Group, CA) with gradient elution from 5-55% acetonitrile, 0.1% TFA. The purified product was lyophilised by vacuum centrifugation and redissolved in water.

Aliquots were analysed by mass PD-mass spectrometry (found: MW 6853,5, calculated: MW 6853-8) and N-terminal amino acid sequencing for 45 Edman degradation cycles confirmed the primary structure of the TFPI-1 domain (Table 1)

Table 1

N-Terminal Sequence Analysis of TFPI-1

Approx. 350 pmol of KFN1651 (HPLC-fraction 18#920327) was analysed.

The repetitive yield was xx.x %. Sequencer run#1575.

The PTH-derivative of Cys is not identified, e.g. cycles 5, 14, 30 and 38. The sequenater was stopped after 60 cycles and the sequence could be deduced for the first 45 amino acids. Example

Inhibition of serine proteinases by TFPI (domain I) KFN 1651

KFN 1651 was purified from yeast culture medium. The concentration of KFN 1651 was determined from the absorbance at 214 nm using BPTI as a standard. Porcine trypsin and human recombinant factor Vila was obtained from Novo Nordisk A/S (Bagsvaerd, Denmark), bovine chymotrypsin (TLCK treated) was obtained from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human truncated recombinant tissue factor was obtained from Corvas (San Diego, CA, USA).

Human neutrophil cathepsin G was purified from extracts of PMNs according to the method described by Baugh and Travis (Biochemistry 15 (1976) 836-843). Peptidyl nitroanilide substrates, S2251, S2586, S2288 were from Kabi (Stockholm, Sweden). S7388 was from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA) and FXa-1 was from NycoMed (Oslo, Norway).

Serine proteinases were incubated with various concentrations of KFN 1651 for 30 min. Substrate was then added and residual proteinase activity was measured at 405 nm. The results are shown in Table 2.

Unmodified TFPI Kunitz domain I (KFN 1651) was found to be an inhibitor of trypsin, chymotrypsin, meutrophil Cathepsin G and factor VIla/tissue factor. Table 2

50 mM Tris Cl, 100 mM NaCl, pH 7.4.

SEQUENCE LISTING

(1) GENERAL INFORMATION:

(i) APPLICANT:

(A) NAME: Novo Nordisk A/S

(B) STREET: Novo Alle

(C) CITY: Bagsvaerd

(E) COUNTRY: Denmark

(F) POSTAL CODE (ZIP) : DK-2880

(G) TELEPHONE: +4544448888

(H) TELEFAX: +4544493256

(I) TELEX: 37304

(ii) TITLE OF INVENTION: A Human Kunitz-Type Protease I nhibitor

Variant

(iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 8

(iv) COMPUTER READABLE FORM:

(A) MEDIUM TYPE: Floppy disk

(B) COMPUTER: IBM PC compatible

(C) OPERATING SYSTEM: PC-DOS/MS-DOS

(D) SOFIWARE: Patentln Release #1.0, Version #1.25 (EPO)

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 1:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 55 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:

(A) ORGANISM: synthetic

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 1:

Xaa Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Xaa Gly Xaa Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 1 5 10 15

Xaa Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe Xaa Tyr

20 25 30

Gly Gly Cys Xaa Xaa Xaa Gln Asn Arg Phe Xaa Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys

35 40 45

Xaa Xaa Met Cys Thr Arg Xaa

50 55

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 58 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:

(A) ORGANISM: synthetic

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 2:

Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala 1 5 10 15

Arg lle lle Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu

20 25 30

Phe Val Tyr Gly Gly Cys Arg Ala Lys Gln Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu

35 40 45

Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg Asp

50 55

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 3:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 945 base pairs

(B) TYPE: nucleic acid

(C) STRANDEDNESS: single

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA

(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:

(A) ORGANISM: Homo sapiens

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: CDS

(B) LOCATION: 152. .325

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 3:

GGATCCGAAT TCCACCATGA AGAAAGTACA TGCACTTTGG GCTTCTGTAT GC CTGCTGCT 60

TAATCTTGCC CCTGCCCCTC TTAATGCTGA TTCTGAGGAA GATGAAGAAC ACACAATTAT 120

CACAGATACG GASTTGCCAC CACTGAAACT T ATG CAT TCA TTT TGT GCA TTC 172

Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe

1 5

AAG GCG GAT GAT GGC CCA TGT AAA GCA ATC ATG AAA AGA TTT TTC TTC 220

Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala lle Met Lys Arg Phe Phe Phe

10 15 20 AAT ATT TTC ACT CGA CAG TGC GAA GAA TTT ATA TAT GGG GGA TGT GAA 268

Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe lle Tyr Gly Gly Cys Glu

25 30 35

GGA AAT CAG AAT CGΑ TTT GAA AGT CTG GAA GAG TGC AAA AAA ATG TGT 316

Gly Asn Gln Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys

40 45 50 55

ACA AGA GAT AATGCAAACA GGATTATAAA GACAACATTG CAACAAGAAA 365

Thr Arg Asp

AGCCAGATTT CTGCTTTTTG GAAGAAGATC CTGGAATATG TCGAGGTTAT ATTACCAGGT 425

ATTTTTATAA CAATCAGACA AAACAGTGTG AACGTTTCAA GTATGGTGGA TGCCTGGGCA 485

ATATGAACAA TTTTGAGACA CTGGAAGAAT GCAAGAACAT TTGTGAAGAT GGTCCGAATG 545

GTTTCCAGGT GGATAATTAT GGAACCCAGC TCAATGCTGT GAATAACTCC CTGACTCOGC 605

AATCAACCAA GGTTCCCAGC CTTTTTGAAT TTCACGGTCC CTCATGGTGT CTCACTCCAG 665

CAGACAGAGG ATTGTGTCGT GCCAATGAGA ACAGATTCTA CTACAATTCA GTCATTGGGA 725

AATGCCGCCC ATTTAAGTAC AGTGGATGTG GGGGAAATGA AAACAATTTT ACTTCCAAAC 785

AAGAATGTCT GAGGGCATGT AAAAAAGGTT TCATCCAAAG AATATCAAAA GGAGGCCTAA 845

TTAAAACCAA AAGAAAAAGA AAGAAGCAGA GAGTGAAAAT AGCATATGAA GAGATCTTTG 905

TTAAAAATAT GTGAATTTGT TATAGCAATG TAACTCTAGA 945

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 4:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 58 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 4:

Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala

1 5 10 15

lle Met Lys Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu

20 25 30

Phe lle Tyr Gly Gly Cys Glu Gly Asn Gln Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu

35 40 45

Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg Asp

50 55 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 5:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 235 base pairs

(B) TYPE: nucleic acid

(C) STRANDEDNESS: single

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA

(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:

(A) ORGANISM: synthetic

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: CDS

(B) LOCATION: 77..235

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 5:

GAATTCCATT CAAGAATAGT TCAAACAAGA AGATTACAAA CTATCAATTT CATACACAAT 60

ATAAACGACC AAAAGA ATG AAG GCT GTT TTC TTG GTT TTG TCC TTG ATC 109

Met Lys Ala Val Phe Leu Val Leu Ser Leu lle

1 5 10

GGA TTC TGC TGG GCC CAA CCA GTC ACT GGC GAT GAA TCA TCT GTT GAG 157 Gly Phe Cys Trp Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Gly Asp Glu Ser Ser Val Glu

15 20 25

ATT CCG GAA GAG TCT CTG ATC ATC GCT GAA AAC ACC ACT TTG GCT AAC 205 lle Pro Glu Glu Ser Leu lle lle Ala Glu Asn Thr Thr Leu Ala Asn

30 35 40

CTC GCC ATG GCT GAG AGA TTG GAG AAG AGA 235

Val Ala Met Ala Glu Arg Leu Glu Lys Arg

45 50

(2) INFORMATION PCR SEQ ID NO: 6:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 53 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 6:

Met Lys Ala Val Phe Leu Val Leu Ser Leu lle Gly Phe Cys Trp Ala

1 5 10 15

Gln Pro Val Thr Gly Asp Glu Ser Ser Val Glu lle Pro Glu Glu Ser

20 25 30 Leu lle lle Ala Glu Asn Thr Thr Leu Ala Asn Val Ala Met Ala Glu

35 40 45

Arg Leu Glu Lys Arg

50

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 7:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 418 base pairs

(B) TYPE: nucleic acid

(C) STRANDEDNESS: single

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: cDNA

(vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE:

(A) ORGANISM: synthetic/human

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: CDS

(B) LOCATION: 77..409

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: sig_peptide

(B) LOCATION: 77..235

(ix) FEATURE:

(A) NAME/KEY: mat_peptide

(B) LOCATION: 236..409

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 7:

GAATTCCATT CAAGAATAGT TCAAACAAGA AGATTACAAA CTATCAATTT CATACACAAT 60

ATAAACGACC AAAAGA ATG AAG GCT GTT TTC TTG GTT TTG TCC TTG ATC 109

Met Lys Ala Val Phe Leu Val Leu Ser Leu lle

-53 -50 -45

GGA TTC TGC TGG GCC CAA CCA GTC ACT GGC GAT GAA TCA TCT GTT GAG 157

Gly Phe Cys Trp Ala Gln Pro Val Thr Gly Asp Glu Ser Ser Val Glu

-40 -35 -30

-25 -20 -15

GTC GCC ATG GCT GAG AGA TTG GAG AAG AGA ATG CAT TCA TTT TGT GCA 253

Val Ala Met Ala Glu Arg Leu Glu Lys Arg Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala

-10 -5 1 5

TTC AAG GCG GAT GAT GGC CCA TGT AAA GCA ATC ATG AAA AGA TTT TTC 301 Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala lle Met Lys Arg Phe Phe

10 15 20 TTC AAT ATT TTC ACT CGA CAG TGC GAA GAA TTT ATA TAT GGG GGA TGT 349 Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe lle Tyr Gly Gly Cys

25 30 35

GAA GGA AAT CAG AAT CGA TTT GAA AGT CTG GAA GAG TGC AAA AAA ATG 397 Glu Gly Asn Gln Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met

40 45 50

TCT ACA AGA GAT TAATCTAGA 418

Cys Thr Arg Asp

55

(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO: 8:

(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS:

(A) LENGTH: 111 amino acids

(B) TYPE: amino acid

(D) TOPOLOGY: linear

(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein

(xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO: 8:

Met Lys Ala Val Phe Leu Val Leu Ser Leu lle Gly Phe Cys Trp Ala

-53 -50 -45 -40

Gln Pro Val Thr Gly Asp Glu Ser Ser Val Glu lle Pro Glu Glu Ser

-35 -30 -25

Leu lle lle Ala Glu Asn Thr Thr Leu Ala Asn Val Ala Met Ala Glu

-20 -15 -10

Arg Leu Glu Lys Arg Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp

-5 1 5 10

Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala lle Met Lys Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr

15 20 25

Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe lle Tyr Gly Gly Cys Glu Gly Asn Gln Asn

30 35 40

Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg Asp

45 50 55

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A variant of human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), the variant comprising the following amino acid sequence

X¹¹ X¹² X¹³ Gln Asn Arg Phe X¹⁴ Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys X¹⁵ X¹⁶ Met Cys Thr Arg X¹⁷ (SEQ ID No. 1) wherein X¹ represents H or 1-7 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, X²-X¹⁶ each independently represents a naturally occurring amino acid residue, and X¹⁷ represents OH or 1-5 naturally occurring amino acid residues except Cys, with the proviso that at least one of the amino acid residues X¹-X¹⁷ is different from the corresponding amino acid residue of the native sequence.

2. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹ is Ser-Phe or Met- His-Ser-Phe.

3. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X² is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Ala, Arg, Thr, Asp, Pro, Glu, Lys, Gln, Ser, lle and Val.

4. A variant according to claim 3, wherein X is Thr or Asp.

5. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X³ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Pro, Thr, Leu, Arg, Val and lle.

6. A variant according to claim 5, wherein X³ is Pro or lle.

7. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁴ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Lys, Arg, Val, Thr, lle, Leu, Phe, Gly, Ser, Met, Trp, Tyr, Gln, Asn and Ala.

8. A variant according to claim 7, wherein X⁴ is Lys, Val, Leu, lle, Thr, Met, Gln or Arg.

9. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁵ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Ala, Gly, Thr, Arg, Phe, Gln and Asp.

10. A variant according to claim 9, wherein X⁵ is Ala, Thr, Asp or Gly.

11. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁶ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Arg, Ala, Lys,

Leu, Gly, His, Ser, Asp, Gln, Glu, Val, Thr, Tyr, Phe, Asn, lle and Met.

12. A variant according to claim 11, wherein X⁶ is Arg, Phe, Ala, lle, Leu or Tyr.

13. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁷ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of lle, Met, Gln, Glu, Thr, Leu, Val and Phe.

14. A variant according to claim 13, wherein X⁷ is lle.

15. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁸ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of lle, Thr, Leu, Asn, Lys, Ser, Gln, Glu, Arg, Pro and Phe.

16. A variant according to claim 15, wherein X⁸ is lle or Lys.

17. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X⁹ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Arg, Ser, Ala, Gln, Lys and Leu.

18. A variant according to claim 17, wherein X⁹ is Arg.

19. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹⁰ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Gln, Pro, Phe, lle Lys, Trp, Ala, Thr, Leu, Ser, Tyr, His, Asp, Met, Arg and Val.

20. A variant according to claim 19, wherein X¹⁰ is Val or lle.

21. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹¹ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Gly, Met, Gln,

Glu, Leu, Arg, Lys, Pro and Asn.

22. A variant according to claim 21, wherein X¹¹ is Arg or Glu.

23. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹² is Ala or Gly.

24. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹³ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Lys, Asn and Asp.

25. A variant according to claim 24, wherein X¹¹ is Lys or Asn.

26. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹⁴ is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of Val, Tyr, Asp, Glu, Thr, Gly, Leu, Ser, lle, Gln, His, Asn, Pro, Phe, Met, Ala, Arg, Trp and Lys.

27. A variant according to claim 26, wherein X¹⁴ is Lys or Glu.

28. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹⁵ is Lys, Met, Glu or Leu.

29. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹⁶ is Lys, Ala, Asn or Glu.

30. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹⁷ is Asp.

31. A variant according to claim 1, wherein X¹ is Met-His-Ser-Phe and X¹⁷ is Asp .

32. A variant according to claim 1 comprising the following amino acid sequence

Met His Ser Phe Cys Ala Phe Lys Ala Asp Asp Gly Pro Cys Lys Ala Arg lle lle Arg Phe Phe Phe Asn lle Phe Thr Arg Gln Cys Glu Glu Phe Val Tyr Gly Gly Cys Arg Ala Lys Gln Asn Arg Phe Glu Ser Leu Glu Glu Cys Lys Lys Met Cys Thr Arg Asp (SEQ ID No. 2).

33. A DNA construct comprising a DNA sequence encoding a human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor variant according to any of claims 1-32.

34. A recombinant expression vector comprising a DNA construct according to claim 33.

35. A cell containing a DNA construct according to claim 33 or an expression vector according to claim 34.

36. A method of producing a human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor variant according to any of claims 1-32, the method comprising culturing a cell according to claim 35 under conditions conducive to the expression of the protein, and recovering the resulting protein from the culture.

37. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor variant according to any of claims 1-32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

38. A pharmaceutical composition for the inhibition of Cathepsin G, the composition comprising human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of TFPI or a variant thereof according to any of claims 1-32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

39. A composition according to claim 37 or 38 which further comprises heparin.

40. Use of human Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domain I of TFPI or a variant thereof according to any of claims 1-32 for the preparation of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of diseases or conditions associated with pathological proteolysis.