WO1992021377A1

WO1992021377A1 - Peptides for use in induction of t cell activation against hiv-1

Info

Publication number: WO1992021377A1
Application number: PCT/SE1992/000373
Authority: WO
Inventors: Anders Vahlne; Bo Svennerholm; Lars Rymo; Stig Jeansson; Peter Horal; Cecil Czerkinsky; Jan Holmgren
Original assignee: Syntello Inc.
Priority date: 1991-06-03
Filing date: 1992-06-03
Publication date: 1992-12-10
Also published as: AU1906592A; CA2109961A1; AU662534B2; AU7169494A; EP0594638A1; JPH06510025A

Abstract

Peptides corresponding to regions of the human immunodeficiency virus protein gp-120 are provided for eliciting T-cell activation.

Description

Peptides for Use in Induction of T Cell Activation Against HIV-1

This application is a continuation-in-part of pending U.S. patent application Serial No. 07/571,080, filed August 22, 1990.

Background of the Invention

AIDS and AIDS-related disorders (ARC) are caused by a retrovirus, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Barre-Sinoussi et al., "Isolation of a T-Lymphotropic Retrovirus from a Patient at Risk for Acguired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) , Science, 220:868 (1983); and Gallo et al., "Frequent Detection and Isolation of Cytopathic Retroviruses (HTLV-III) From Patients with AIDS and at Risk for AIDS", Science, 224:500 (1984). Like most viruses, HIV often elicits the produc¬ tion of neutralizing antibodies. Unlike many other viruses and other infectious agents for which infection leads to protective immunity, however, HIV specific antibodies are insufficient to halt the progression of the disease. Therefore, in the case of HIV, a vaccine that elicits the immunity of natural infection could prove to be ineffective. In fact, vaccines prepared from the HIV protein gpl60 appear to provide little immunity to HIV infection although they elicit neu- tralizing antibodies. The failure to produce an effective anti-HIV vaccine has led to the prediction that an effective vaccine will not be available until the end of the 1990's.

The HIV genome has been well characterized. Its approximately 10Kb encodes sequences that contain regulatory segments for HIV replication as well as the gag, pol and env genes coding for the core proteins, the reverse transcriptase-protease-endonuclease, and the internal and external envelope glycoproteins respectively.

The HIV env gene encodes the intracellular glyco- protein, gpl60, which is normally processed by proteo- lytic cleavage to form gpl20, the external viral gly- coprotein, and gp41, the viral transmembrane glyco- protein. The gpl20 protein remains associated with HIV virions by virtue of noncovalent interactions with gp41. These noncovalent interactions are weak, conse¬ quently most of the gpl20 is released from cells and virions in a soluble form. Previous studies have shown that the proteins encoded by the gag and especially the env regions of the HIV-1 genome are immunogenic since antibodies to the products of the gag and env genes are found in the sera of HIV infected, AIDS and ARC patients. It has previously been shown that some antibodies obtained from sera of AIDS and ARC patients, as well as asymptomatic individuals infected with the virus are specific to gpl20 and gpl60. Occasionally these anti¬ bodies are neutralizing. The envelope glycoproteins are the HIV-1 antigen most consistently recognized by antibodies in AIDS and ARC patient sera. Allan et al. , "Major Glycoprotein Antigens that Induce Antibodies in AIDS Patients are Encoded by HTLV-III", Science, 228:1091-1094 (1985); and Barin et al., "Virus Envelope Protein of HTLV-III Represents Major Target Antigen for Antibodies in AIDS Patients", Science, 228:1094-1096 (1985) . In addition, antibodies in patient sera also recognize epitopes of the. viral core proteins encoded by the gag gene. Im unologically important HIV-l antigens for use in diagnosis and as potential vaccine compositions have been prepared by cloning portions of the HIV-1 genome in various expression systems such as bacteria, yeast or vaccinia. Cabradilla et al., "Serodiagnosis of Antibodies to the Human AIDS Retrovirus With a Bacterially Synthesized env Polypeptide", Bio¬ technology, 4:128-133 (1986); and Chang et al., "Detection of Antibodies to Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus-Ill (HTLV-III) With an Immunoassay Employing a Recombinant Escherichia coli - Derived Viral Antigenic Peptide", Biotechnology, 3:905-909 (1985). HIV-1 antigens produced by recombinant DNA methods, however, must still be exhaustively purified to avoid adverse reactions upon vaccination and false positive reactions in ELISA assays due to any antibody reactivity to antigens of the expression system which may contaminate the HIV-l antigen preparation. Also, denaturation of HIV-1 antigens during purification may destroy impor¬ tant antigen activity. Preparation of proteins from intact viruses can also result in contamination by the virus.

Several publications have presented data showing immunologic reactivity of selected synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the antigenic proteins of HIV-l. In one study, a peptide having the amino acid sequence Tyr-Asp-Arg-Pro-Glu-Gly-Ile-Glu-Glu-Glu- Gly-Gly-Glu-Arg-Asp-Arg-Asp-Arg-Ser-Gly-Cys which corresponds to amino acid residues 735-752 of HIV-l was synthesized. Kennedy et al., "Antiserum to a Synthetic Peptide Recognizes the HTLV-III Envelope Glycoprotein", Science, 231:1556-1559 (1986). This peptide, derived from a portion of gp41, was used to immunize rabbits in an attempt to elicit a neutralizing antibody response to HIV-l. Furthermore, several sera from AIDS patients known to contain anti-gp41 antibodies were weakly reactive with this peptide, thus indicating that this peptide contains at least one epitope recognized, to some extent, by antibodies to native gpl60/gp41. However, this peptide has not been shown to elicit neutralizing antibodies in mammals other than rabbits nor has it been suggested for use as a human vaccine. Longitudinal studies conducted on cohorts of

HIV-infected individuals have indicated that a stable clinical condition is associated with presence of high titers of neutralizing antibodies against the envelope glycoprotein gpl20 of HIV and especially against a specific segment of eight amino acids. Ranki et al., "Neutralizing Antibodies in HIV (HTLV-III) Infection: Correlation with Clinical Outcome and Antibody Response Against Different Viral Proteins", Clin. Exp. Immunol., 69:231 (1987); and Marx (1989). Achieving protective immunity against HIV is likely to lie on the induction of gpl20 specific neutralizing antibodies. Marx, "New Hope on the AIDS Vaccine Front", Science, 244:1254 (1989). Potent T cell help might also be critical to promote the gen- eration and the expansion of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. Reinherz and Schlossman, "The Characteriza¬ tion and Function of Human Immunoregulatory T Lympho¬ cyte Subsets", Immunol. Today, 2:69 (1981); Burns et al, "Thy us Dependence of Viral Antigens", Nature, 256:654 (1975); and Askonas et al., "Cytotoxic T-memory Cells in Virus Infection and the Specificity of Helper T Cells", Immunology, 45:79 (1982). To be durable and broad, protective immunity should rely on induction of immunologic memory to structurally conserved antigenic moieties comprising epitopes displaying limited MHC restriction for T helper cell recognition. Askonas et al. (1982) .

Since production of antibodies, including neu¬ tralizing antibodies, by B cells is critically depen- dent on cognate T cell help, and antigenic determinants recognized by T cells are often distinct from the ones recognized by B cells, identification of antigenic moieties recognized by T cells (so-called "T cell epitopes") , is important when considering vaccination strategies based on appropriate combinations of T and B cell epitopes.

It would therefore be useful in the treatment and prevention of AIDS and ARC to have an HIV vaccine cap¬ able of producing neutralizing antibodies and con- comitantly eliciting T cell help. Most antigenic determinants recognized by T cells are composed of continuous stretches of peptides. Streitcher et al., "Antigen Conformation Determines Processing Requirements for T-cell Activation", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 79:4723 (1982) ; DeLisi and Berzofsky, "T Cell Antigen Sites Tend to be Amphipathic Structures", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 82:7048 (1985); and Margalit et al., "Prediction of Immunodominant Helper T Cell Antigenic Sites From Primary Sequence", J. Immunol., 138:2213 (1987) . B and T cell recognition sites are often located in different regions of a complex antigen. Milich et al., "Nonoverlapping T and B Cell Deter¬ minants on an Hepatitis B Antigen pre-S(2) Region Synthetic Peptide", J. Exp. Med. , 164:532 (1986). Within the functional T cell repertoire, T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, and T suppressor cells, appear to recognize structurally distinct determinants. Krzych et al., "Induction of Helper and Suppressor T Cells by Nonoverlapping Determinants on the Large Protein Antigen, β-galactosidase", FASEB J. , 2:141

(1988) . This functional separation may have important bearing on the development of vaccines, since particular determinants recognized by T suppressor cells may be ablated resulting in important benefits for immunogenicity. AIDS and ARC are associated with progressive impairment of CD4⁺ T cells, and increased suscep¬ tibility to opportunistic infections. In this respect, HIV-infected persons show decreased T helper cell activity for polyclonal B cell differentiation and decreased T cell proliferative responses to antigens and mitogens associated with an early loss of CD29⁺ memory T cells. Terpstra et al. , "Longitudinal Study of Leukocyte Functions in Homosexual Men Seroconverted for HIV: Rapid and Persistent Loss of B Cell Function After HIV Infection", Eur. J. Immunol., 19:667 (1989); Fahey et al., "Quantitative Changes in T Helper or Suppressor/Cytotoxic Lymphocyte Subsets that Distin¬ guish Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome From Other Immune Subsets Disorders", JAMA, 76:95 (1984); Shearer et al., "Functional T Lymphocyte Immune Deficiency in a Population of Homosexual Men Who do not Exhibit Symptoms of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome", J. Clin. Invest., 74:496-506 (1984); Giorgi et al., "Early Effects of HIV on CD4 Lymphocytes in vivo". J.

Immunol., 138:3725 (1987); and van Noesels et al., "Functional and Phenotypic Evidence for a Selective Loss of Memory T Cells in Asymptomatic Human Immuno¬ deficiency Virus-infected Men", 86:293 (1990). The use of synthetic peptides as artificial T cell recognition sites in the composition of candidate subunit vaccines, offers attractive prospects. In this regard, the possibility to educate T helper cells with synthetic peptides for the development of subsequent antibody responses against overlapping and non- overlapping B cell (antibody) recognition sites has been documented in several experimental systems. Streitcher et al. (1982) ;. DeLisi and Berzovsky (1985) ; and Milich et al. , "A Single 10-residue PreS(l) Peptide Can Prime T Cell Help for Antibody Production to

Multiple Epitopes Within the pre-S(l), pre-S(2), and S regions of HBsAg", J. Immunol., 138:4457 (1987). It has now been found that peptides derived from two regions of the HIV genome elicit T cell activation. These peptides are also capable of inducing the production of neutralizing antibodies to HIV-l.

Summary of the Invention

In accordance with the present invention, novel peptides corresponding to epitopes of HIV-l gpl20 protein and analogues and homologs thereof are provided. These peptides can be utilized alone or in combination, uncoupled or coupled to other molecules or substrates. The peptides are useful in eliciting T cell activation, immunization against HIV infection, induction of a heightened immune response to HIV and in production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Forty synthetic peptides corresponding to the entire primary sequence of the envelope gpl20 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l) were examined for their ability to induce antibody formation and/or T cell activation antibody formation was determined by measuring the amount of peptide-specific antibody formed. T cell activation was measured by the ability of the peptides to induce in vitro proliferative responses and/or IL-2 production when added to cultures of unfractionated, T cell enriched, and/or CD4⁺ T cell enriched peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from immune monkeys. Among four major areas of T cell recognition identified, two novel T cell activating regions were identified, both of which were also found to be capable of inducing, in vivo, the production of neutralizing antibodies to HIV-l. One of these two novel areas corresponds to a highly conserved region of HIV-l gp-120, the other area being located to a variable region of gp-120. Recognition of the latter variable region does not appear to be restricted by MHC polymorphism, since all of six monkeys immunized with corresponding peptides were found to display in vitro proliferative responses to these peptides. The results of peptides thus have great utility for the development of synthetic subunit AIDS vaccines.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig. 1 is a graph depicting in vitro proliferative responses of monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to recall peptide after two and/or three peptide immunizations.

Fig. 2 is a graph depicting in vitro proliferative responses of monkey PBMC to half-overlapping peptides.

Detailed Description of the Invention A vaccine against AIDS, if an efficient one is to be found, is likely to contain components that are capable of inducing T helper cell activity to cognate B cells committed to the production of HIV neutralizing antibodies. The present invention provides peptides, some of which have previously been found to elicit production of HIV neutralizing antibodies by primate subjects and all of which have now been found to have the surprising property of eliciting T cell activation. The peptides correspond to regions of the gpl20 protein with amino acid coordinates as defined by Kennedy et al. , "Antiserum to a Synthetic Peptide Recognizes the HTLV- III Envelope Glycoprotein", Science, 231:1556-1559 (1986) . The peptides of the present invention are termed gpl20-ll (amino acid coordinates 141-164) , gpl20-12 (amino acid coordinates 151-176) , gpl20-13 (amino acid coordinates 164-192) , gpl20-16 (amino acid coordinates 205-230) and gpl20-19 (amino acid coor¬ dinates 247-269) , gpl20-29 (amino acid coordinates 366- 389) and gpl20-30 (amino acid coordinates 377-400) . The peptides of the present invention have been des¬ cribed for use as immunogens in vaccine compositions and to elicit polyclonal or monoclonal antibody pro- ductions in United States patent application Serial Number 07/589,422 filed Sept. 27, 1990 which is incorporated herein by reference.

Four topographically related groups of peptides derived from gpl20 have now been identified which display T cell activating properties. Two of the gpl20 regions found to elicit T cell activation are similar to previously identified T cell epitopes. Bolognesi, "HIV Antibodies and AIDS Design", AIDS 3:S111-S118 (1989) . The present study indicates that recognition of the area defined by amino acid coordinates 295-343 by immune T cells may be submitted to strong MHC- restriction as one of the 2 monkeys injected with peptide gpl20-25 failed to respond to that particular peptide in vitro. The T cell antigenic determinants in this area seem to be more or less exclusively located within each of the immunizing peptides as none of the overlapping peptides gave rise to jln vitro prolifera¬ tive responses. However, PBMC isolated from monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-24 secreted IL-2 when cultured in the presence of peptide gpl20-25, indica¬ ting the existence of a minor epitope shared by these two peptides.

The region of gpl20 corresponding to amino acid coordinates 295 to 343 (peptides gpl20-23, gpl20-24 and gpl20-25) , is similar to a region (amino acid coordi¬ nates 301 to 338) which has previously been shown by other investigators to contain a major T cell recogni¬ tion site (amino acid coordinates 303-337) whose sequence encompasses that of the neutralizing loop. Bolognesi (1989); Javaherian et al., "Principal

Neutralizing Domain of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Protein", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:6768 (1989); and Rusche et al., "Antibodies That Inhibit Fusion of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infected Cells Bind a 24-amino Acid Sequence of the Viral Envelope, gpl20", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:3198 (1988).

The area of gp-120 located between amino acid coordi¬ nates 409 and 466 (peptides gpl20-33, gpl20-34, gpl20-35 and gpl20-36), as described in the Examples presented below, was found to have potent T cell activating properties. The area between amino acid coordinates 409 och 466 has previously been shown to accommodate T cell activating domains. Bolog¬ nesi (1989). In this area, two T cell epitopes have been identified, one between amino acid coordinates 410 and 429, and one between amino acid coordinates 428 and 443. The latter area largely overlaps with the CD4-binding site (amino acid coordinates 420-463) of gpl20, the main site of virus attachment on permissive T cells. Several other epitopes with T cell activating pro¬ perties have now been identified in discrete areas of the gpl20 molecule. Thus, peptide gpl20-4 (amino acid coordina¬ tes 53-74), gpl20-5 (amino acid coordinates 64-89), gpl20-8 (amino acid coordinates 100-126), gp 120-7 (amino acid coordinates 218-247) and peptide gpl20-21 (amino acid coor¬ dinates 269-295), and at least on of their overlapping peptides, were shown to be capable of inducing T cell re¬ sponses in vitro. However, both of the monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-21, when retested five months after the last booster dose, hade lost their in vitro T cell responsi¬ veness to recall peptide. Thus, not every peptide capable of eliciting T cell activation is suitable for use in treatment and prevention of AIDS.

Surprisingly, peptide gpl20-19, has now been shown to have T cell immunogenic properties as defined by in vitro proliferative responses of simian PBMC to cognate peptide. Additionally, PBMC from a monkey immunized with OVA-conjugated peptide gpl20-16 has now been found to secrete IL-2 after in vitro exposure to peptide gpl20-16. Peptide gpl20-16 therefore represents an additional novel T cell epitope.

Two novel areas with in vitro T cell activating properties have now been identified. Peptides gpl20- 11, gpl20-12 and gpl20-13., corresponding to amino acid coordinates 141 to 192, induce the most potent .in vitro proliferative responses, with SI values exceeding some¬ times 20 in cultures of T cells from monkeys immunized with corresponding OVA-conjugated peptides. The fact that six out of six monkeys from an outbred population, responded to peptides gpl20-ll, gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 strongly indicates that recognition of this bona fide T cell epitope area by simian T cells is not under strict MHC control. Accordingly, at least three distinct epi¬ topes have now been recognized by immune monkey PBMC, one shared by peptides gpl20-ll and gpl20-12, one shared by peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 and one addi¬ tional epitope within peptide gpl20-13. In addition, in vitro proliferative responses to peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 have now been demonstrated in cultures of CD2⁺ T cells, and also CD4⁺ T cells, initiated as late as five months after the second immunization indicating the presence of memory T helper (CD4⁺) cell activating epitopes in that area.

Another novel area identified in this study, includes peptides gpl20-29 and gpl20-30 (amino acid coordinates 366 to 400) which induced T cell responses in 3 out of 4 monkeys. Recognition of this area

SUBSTITUTE SHEET by immune T cells appears to be also under limited MHC restriction, or to involve epitope(s) associated with polymorphic MHC determinants. At least two epitopes would be expected within this area as the responses did not always overlap.

Importantly, among the novel T cell activating areas that have now been identified, three peptides were also found to be capable of inducing, in vivo, the production of neutralizing antibodies against HIV-l. Thus, sera obtained from all monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-12, peptide gpl20-16 and peptide gpl20-19 inhibited in vitro HIV induced p-24 antigen release and syncytia formation by human permissive T cell lines exposed to HIV-l virions of the corresponding (BRU) isolate. Further, peptide gpl20-12 is derived from a partly conserved region of gpl20 and is associated with a site recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Peptide gpl20-16 represents a highly conserved area of gpl20 within all 14 different isolates investigated. The efficiency of the peptides, derived from a conserved region of HIV, at inducing the production of HIV- neutralizing antibodies as well as at triggering a T cell response is noteworthy. Peptides gpl20-l2 and gpl20-16 are thus the preferred embodiments of the present invention.

Less than 10% of HIV infected individuals produce antibodies capable of recognizing peptides gpl20-12, gpl20-15, gpl20-16 and gpl20-19. Since antibodies are generated in response to immunization with these pep- tides it is possible to induce an increase in the repertoire of neutralizing antibody producing B cells in HIV positive individuals.

Proteins contain a number of antigenic deter¬ minants or epitopes which are the regions of the proteins comprising the recognition and binding sites for specific antibodies. An epitope contains a sequence of 6 to 8 amino acids. Epitopes can be either continuous wherein the sequence of 6-8 amino acids are linear or discontinuous in which case the amino acids are brought together by the three dimensional folding of the protein. Even though an epitope constitutes only a relatively few amino acids, its reactivity with an antibody may be influenced by the amino acids in the protein which surround the epitope.

Studies aimed at mapping antigenic sites or epitopes of proteins have been aided by the use of synthetic peptides corresponding to various regions of the proteins of interest. Lerner et al., in, The Biology of Immunological Disease: A Hospital Practice Book, (Dixon and Fisher, eds.) pp. 331-338 (1983); and Lerner, Adv. Immunol., 36:1 (1984). In addition to their usefulness in epitope mapping studies, synthetic peptides, if encompassing major antigenic determinants of a protein, have potential as vaccines and diagnostic reagents. Van Regenmortel, Ann. Inst. Pasteur Virol., 137E:497-528 (1986); and Van Regenmortel, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Buroden and Van Knippenburg eds. Vol. 19, Synthetic Peptides as Antigens, Elsevier ISBN 0-444-80974-0 (1988) . Synthetic peptides have several advantages with regard to specific antibody production and reactivity. The exact sequence of the synthesized peptide can be selected from the amino acid sequence of the protein as determined by amino acid sequencing of the protein or the predicted amino acid sequence determined from the

DNA sequence encoding the protein. The use of specific synthetic peptides eliminates the need for the full- length protein in vaccination and the production of or assay for antibodies. Furthermore, the solid phase peptide synthetic techniques of Merrifield and co- workers allow for essentially unlimited quantities of the synthesized peptide of interest to be chemically produced. Erickson and Merrifield in The Proteins, 3rd Edit., Vol. 2 , Academic Press, New York, Chapter 3 (1976) . The availability of automated peptide syn- thesizers has further advanced such techniques.

Although a variety of criteria can be used to predict antigenic regions of proteins, peptides corres¬ ponding to such regions may not always be useful as vaccines. For example, antigenicity may be lost because the peptide is not in the proper spatial orientation to be recognized by antibodies which react with the protein. It has also been found that certain peptides derived from type C retroviruses and HIV act as immune-suppressive agents much as does HIV itself. Cianciolo et al., J. Immunol., 124:2900-2905 (1980); and Cianciolo et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 230:453-455 (1985) . Peptides such as these, which have a deleterious effect on the patient, would not be suitable for use as vaccines. Furthermore, as is particularly evident with HIV-l and HIV-2, there is significant genetic variability within each of these two virus groups leading to many serotypes, or isolates, of the viruses. This has put a significant constraint on choosing a region of a pro- tein from which to derive a peptide for use in formu¬ lating immunogens. However, certain immunodominant portions of HIV-l and HIV-2 proteins have been found to be relatively invariant. Synthetic peptides may also be key to viral vaccines in that they may induce an immune response against type common sequences not nor¬ mally immunogenic in the native molecule. These other¬ wise silent epitopes may be of broad protective speci¬ ficity. Stevard et al., Immunol. Today, 8:51-58 (1987) . Several experimental vaccines have been for- mulated with the aim of preventing infection in those people who are likely to be exposed to the virus. Berman et al., "Protection of Chimpanzees from Infection by HIV-l After Vaccination With Recombinant Glycoprotein gpl20 but Not gpl60", Nature 345:622-625 (1990) . A number of neutralization epitopes on gpl20 have been found and defined by several investigators, for an overview see Bolognesi, AIDS (1989) 3(suppl 1): Slll-sllδ. In his overview Bolognesi refers to four different virus neutralization epitopes with the following amino acid coordinates: 254-274, 303-337, 458-484 and 491-523. The peptide with amino acid coordinates 254-274 was used to immunize rabbits and the resulting antiseru was found to neutralize HIV-l as described above. Ho et al., Science, 239:1021-1023 (1988) .

The peptides encompassed by the invention comprise amino acid sequences each containing at least one con¬ tinuous (linear) epitope that elicits production of activated T cells in the host in addition to eliciting the production of HIV specific antibodies.

The invention thus encompasses immunogenic pep¬ tides corresponding to regions of HIV gpl20 protein encoded by the envelope gene of HIV-l HTLV III-B described by Muesing et al., "Nucleic Acid Structure and Expression of the Human AIDS/Lymphadenopathy

Retrovirus", Nature, 313:450-458 (1985). The nucleo- tide sequence is given in Genbank Release 63 under the name HIVPV22. The invention further encompasses func¬ tionally equivalent variants of the peptides which do not significantly affect the immunogenic properties of the peptides. For instance, conservative substitution of amino acid residues, one or a few amino acid dele¬ tions or additions, and substitution of amino acid residues by amino acid analogues are within the scope of the invention. Homologs are peptides which have conservatively substituted amino acid residues and peptides derived from corresponding regions of different HIV isolates. Amino acids which can be conservatively substituted for one another include but are not limited to: glycine/ alanine; valine/isoleucine/leucine; asparagine/ glutamine; aspartic acid/glutamic acid; serine/ threonine; lysine/arginine; and phenylalanine/tyrosine. Homologous peptides are considered to be within the scope of the invention if they are recognized by antibodies which recognize the peptides designated gpl20-12, gpl20-16 and gpl20-19 the sequences of which are shown below. Further, all homologous peptides corresponding to the peptides of the present invention but derived from different HIV isolates are also encompassed by the scope of this invention.

The invention also encompasses polymers of one or more of the peptides, and peptide analogues or homologs are within the scope of the invention. Also within the scope of this invention are peptides of fewer amino acid residues than the peptides but which encompass one or more immunogenic epitopes present in any one of the peptides and thus retain the immunogenic properties of the base peptide. The invention further encompasses functionally equivalent variants of the peptides which do not significantly affect the antigenic or T cell activating properties of the peptides. For instance, various analogues, or peptidomimetics, are known in the art and can be used to replace one or more of the amino acids in the peptides. Analogues are defined as peptides which are functionally equivalent to the peptides of the present invention but which contain certain non- naturally occurring or modified amino acid residues. Additionally, polymers of one or more of the peptides are within the scope of the invention. The use of peptide analogues can result in pep¬ tides with increased activity, that are less sensitive to enzymatic degradation, and which are more selective. A suitable proline analogue is 2-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid (j8Ac⁵c) which has been shown to increase activity of a native peptide more than 20 times. Mierke et al., "Morphiceptin Analogs Containing 2- aminocyclopentane Carboxylic Acid as a Peptidomimetic for Proline", Int. J. Peptide Protein Res., 35:35-45 (1990). See also Portoghese et al., "Design of

Peptidomimetic S Opioid Receptor Antagonists Using the Message-Address Concept", J. Med. Chem., 33:1714-1720 (1990); and Goodman et al., "Peptidomimetics: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, and Computer Simulations", Biopolymers, 26:S25-S32 (1987).

The peptides were synthesized by known solid phase peptide synthesis techniques. Merrifield and Barany, The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Vol. 1, Gross and Meinenhofer, eds., Academic Press, New York, Chap. 1 (1980) . The synthesis also allows for one or more amino acids not corresponding to the original protein sequence to be added to the amino or carboxyl terminus of the peptide. Such extra amino acids are useful for coupling the peptides to another peptide, to a large carrier protein or to a solid support. Amino acids that are useful for these purposes include but are not limited to tyrosine, lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteine and derivatives thereof. Additional protein modification techniques may be used, e.g., NH₂-acetylation or COOH-terminal amidation, to provide additional means for coupling the peptides to another protein or peptide molecule or a support. Procedures for coupling peptides to each other, carrier proteins and solid supports are well known in the art. Peptides containing the above-mentioned extra amino acid residues either carboxy or amino terminally, uncoupled or coupled to a carrier or solid support are consequently within the scope of the invention. Refer¬ ence to the peptides of the present invention encom¬ passes all of the embodiments discussed herein. An alternative method of vaccine production is to use molecular biology techniques to produce a fusion protein containing one or more of the peptides of the present invention and a highly immunogenic protein. For instance, fusion proteins containing the antigen of interest and the B subunit of cholera toxin have been shown to induce an immune response to the antigen of interest. Sanchez et al., "Recombinant System For Overexpression of Cholera Toxin B Subunit in Vibrio cholerae as a Basis for Vaccine Development", Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86:481-485 (1989). It is thus implicit in the present invention that vaccine con¬ structs based on appropriate constructions of B and T cell epitopes fused to a carrier protein like cholera toxin would represent important benefits in vaccination.

The novel peptide amino acid sequences are set forth below and in Table 2. The amino acid residues are derived from the nucleotide sequence previously described by Kennedy et al. (1986) . The peptides may contain either an amido or carboxy group at their carboxy termini.

gpl20-ll

X-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Arg-Met-Ile-Met-Glu-Lys-Gly-Glu-Ile-

Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile-Ser-Thr-Ser-Y-Z

gpl20-12

X-Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-CysτSer-Phe-Asn-Ile-Ser-Thr- Ser-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Phe-Y-Z gpl20-13

X-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Phe-Tyr- Lys-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Pro-Ile-Asp-Asn-Asp-Thr-Thr-Ser- Tyr-Thr-Y-Z

gpl20-16

X-Pro-Lys-Val-Ser-Phe-Glu-Pro-Ile-Pro-Ile-His-Tyr-Cys- Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu-Lys-Cys-Asn-Asn-Y-Z

gpl20-19

X-Thr-His-Gly-Ile-Arg-Pro-Val-Val-Ser-Thr-Gln-Leu- Leu-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Glu-Glu-Glu-Y-Z

gpl20-29

X-Gly-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ile-Val-Thr-His-Ser-Phe-Asn-Cys-Gly-

Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser-Thr-Gln-Y-Z

gpl20-30 X-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser-Thr-Gln-Leu- Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Trp-Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Trp-Y-Z

wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of the peptide or an additional amino acid being selected to facilitate coupling of the peptide to a carrier; Y is absent or Cys; and Z is the carboxyl group of the carboxy terminal amino acid or an amido group. The amino acid abbreviations used are defined in Table 2.

In addition to eliciting T cell activation, several of the peptides are useful as vaccines to protect against future infection by HIV or to heighten the immune response to HIV in subjects already infected by HIV. Although any human subject could be vaccinated with the peptides, the most suitable subjects are people at risk for HIV infection. Such subjects include but are not limited to homosexuals, prostitutes, intravenous drug users, hemophiliacs and those in the medical professions who have contact with patients or biological samples. The invention also provides monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies which specifically recognize the peptides. The invention further provides antibodies produced in response to vaccination with the peptides which neutralize HIV.

In the preferred embodiment of the present inven¬ tion, the peptides are formulated into compositions for use as immunogens. These immunogens can be used as vaccines in mammals including humans or to elicit T cell activation and/or production of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in animals. For formulation of such compositions, an amount sufficient to elicit T cell activation of at least one of the peptides (about 1-500 μg) is admixed with a physiologically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to mammals including humans.

The peptides may be covalently attached to each other, to other peptides, to a protein carrier or to other carriers, incorporated into liposomes or other such vesicles, and/or mixed with an adjuvant or adsorbent as is known in the vaccine art. For instance, the peptide or peptides can be mixed with immunostimulating complexes as described by Takahashi et al., "Induction of CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells by Immunization With Purified HIV-l Envelope Protein and ISCOMS", Nature, 344:873-875 (1990). Alternatively, the peptides are uncoupled and merely admixed with a physiologically acceptable carrier such as normal saline or a buffering compound suitable for admin¬ istration to mammals including humans.

As with all immunogenic compositions for eliciting antibodies, the immunogenically effective amounts of the peptides of the invention must be determined empirically. Factors to be considered include the immunogenicity of the native peptide, whether or not the peptide will be complexed with or covalently attached to an adjuvant or carrier protein or other carrier and route of administration for the compo- sition, i.e. intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, etc., and the number of immunizing doses to be admin¬ istered. Such factors are known in the vaccine art and it is well within the skill of immunologists to make such determinations without undue experimentation. The invention is further illustrated by the following specific examples which are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention. In order to determine T cell activation, PBMC from monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated HIV gpl20 peptides were tested for their ability to produce IL-2 and/or to proliferate when exposed jLn vitro to recall (immuniz¬ ing) , overlapping, and non overlapping peptide(s).

Example 1 Animals Used in Subsequent Examples Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis. were given 3 intramuscular doses of ovalbumin (OVA)- conjugated peptides (see below) , three weeks apart, each dose consisting of 100 μg of ovalbumin-coupled peptide emulsified in Freund's complete (first dose) or incomplete (booster doses) adjuvant.

Example 2 Peptide Synthesis 40 HIV-l gpl20 peptides (Table 1) , with an addi¬ tional carboxy-terminal cysteine residue, were syn- thesized on solid phase with an Applied Biosystems 430A peptide synthesizer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using the polymer p-methylbenzhydryl amine resin as solid phase (Peptides Int., Louisville, USA). All amino acids for use in synthesis contained t-butylcarbonyl groups (t-Boc) protecting the α-NH₂ group and were obtained from Novabiochem AG, Switzerland. Amino acids with reactive side chain groups contained additional protective groups to prevent unwanted and undesirable side chain reactions. The individual protected amino acids used in synthe¬ sizing all of the peptides are set forth in Table 1.

TABLE 1 AMINO ACIDS USED IN PEPTIDES SYNTHESIS

Boc-Ala-OH

Boc-Arg (Tos)-OH

Boc-Asn-OH

Boc-Asp (Obzl)-OH Boc-Cys (Pmeobzl)-Oh

Boc-Glu (Obzl)-OH

Boc-Gln-OH

(cryst.)

Boc-Phe-OH Boc-Pro-OH

Boc-Ser (Bzl)-OH^ΛDCHA

Tos: Tosyl or p-Toluene sulfonic acid Obzl = Benzyloxy Pmeobzl = p-Methylbenzyloxy 2-CL-Z = Carbobenzoxy chloride 2-Br-Z = Carbobenzoxy bromide

The peptides were synthesized using the t-Boc synthesis protocol as suggested by the manufacturer. All solvents were from Applied Biosystems and the side chain protected amino acids used were from Nova Biochem (Switzerland) and Applied Biosystems. Following each amino acid coupling, a sample was taken and a quanti¬ tative ninhydrin assay was performed. Only if the coupling efficiency exceeded 99% for each amino acid coupled was the peptide accepted for further processing. Completed peptides were cleaved from the solid phase and amino acid side chains were deprotected by acidic hydrolysis using anisole and ethanedithiol (Merck, Germany) as scavengers. After completion of a particular synthesis, the protecting groups were removed from the synthesized peptide and the peptide was cleaved from the solid support resin by treatment with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid (TFMSA) according to the method des- cribed by Bergot et al., "Utility of Trifluoromethane Sulfonic Acid as a Cleavage Reagent in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis", Applied Biosystems User Bulletin, Peptide Synthesizer, Issue No. 16, Sept. 2, 1986. The following is the detailed protocol used. 1. For 1 gram peptide-resin, 3 ml Thio-Anisol

1,2-Ethane-Dithiol (2:1) was added as scavenging agent and the mixture was incubated with continuous stirring for 10 min. at room temperature.

2. Trifluoracetic Acid (TFA) , 10 ml, was added and stirred continuously for 10 min. at room temperature.

3. TFMSA, 1 ml, was added dropwise with forceful stirring and reacted for 25 min. at room temperature.

4. Following cleavage, the peptides were pre- cipitated with and washed with anhydrous ether.

5. The precipitated and washed peptides were dissolved in a small volume of TFA.

6. The dissolved peptides were again precipitated and washed as above in step 4 and the precipitate was dried under a stream of N₂. Prior to use in specific assays, the peptides can be further purified, if desired, by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) . A particu¬ larly suitable column for such purification is the reverse-phase Vydak® C-18 column using a water (TFA) - acetonitrile (TFA) gradient to elute the peptides. Forty peptides were synthesized having the amino acid sequences shown in Table 2.

The amino acid sequences of the peptides, 17-29 amino acids long, half overlapping each other and entirely encompassing gp-120, were obtained from the HIV-l BRU isolate. Muesing et al., "Nucleic Acid Structure and Expression of the Human AIDS/Lym- phadenopathy Retrovirus", Nature, 313:450 (1985).

** As previously described by Kennedy et al. (1986) Example 3 Preparation of Peptides for Immunization Peptides according to the present invention were covalently coupled to ovalbumin grade V (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) at an approximate 10:1 (peptide: ovalbumin) molar ratio using N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) , (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) as bifunctional linker according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia) i.e. briefly as follows:

Ovalbumin was dissolved in coupling buffer (0.2 M NaH₂P0₄, Ph 8.5) . The dissolved ovalbumin was then run through a Sephadex G-25M column (Pharmacia, Sweden) , using the same buffer. Protein concentration was measured at 280 nm and the recovery was determined. SPDP was dissolved in 99.5% ethanol to a final concentration of 40 mM. SPDP was then added dropwise to the ovalbumin solution under stirring. The SPDP-ovalbumin mixture was then left at room temperature for approximately 30 minutes. The ovalbumin- SPDP conjugate was separated from unconjugated SPDP by running the mixture through a Sephadex G-25M column, using water as eluent. The degree of substitution for the ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate was determined after diluting 50 μl conjugate in 2 ml of water, by measuring the diluted conjugate at 280 nm and the diluted conjugate plus 100 μl Dithiothreitol (DTT) (Sigma) at 343 nm, in order to determine the amount to be added to the peptide solution. Finally, the synthetic peptide to be coupled to the ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate was dissolved in 10% acetic acid to a final concentration of 1 mg/ml and a suitable amount of ovalbumin-SPDP conjugate (as determined by the substitution degree above) was added and allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. Example 4 Immunization Protocols M. fascicularis were used to generate antibodies. Prior to the initial peptide injection, a blood sample was drawn from the monkeys. This initial blood sample is termed "pre-immune" (Tables 5-8) and is used as an internal control and analyzed simultaneously with respective immuneserum.

The monkeys were injected with 100 μg peptide- SPDP-ovalbumin suspended in 0.5 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) . The monkeys were immunized intramuscularly three times, three weeks apart. As adjuvant, 0.5 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant was used for all initial immunizations and Freund's incomplete adjuvant was used for booster shots. Two weeks after the final immunization the monkeys were bled by removing a 10 ml blood sample from the fossa and pre-immune and hyperimmune sera were subject to neutralization assays as described in Example 9.

Example 5

Isolation and Fractionation of Lymphocytes from Immunized M. fascicularis

Heparinized venous blood was collected from the femoral vein, at least two weeks after the second and/or the third injections. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained by gelatin sedimentation followed by density gradient centrifugation by the following method. A solution of 3% (weight/volume) gelatin (gelatin L936, PB Gelatins UK LTD, GB) in Hank's Balanced Salt Solution was mixed with the blood at a 1:3 ratio and erythrocytes were allowed to sediment for one hour at 37°C. The erythrocyte-free supernatant was layered onto a Ficoll-Hypaque cushion (Pharmacia, Sweden) and centrifuged for 15 minutes at 930 x g, at 20°C. Interface PBMC were washed twice by centrifugation (500 xg, 20°C, 5 min) with isotonic phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, 0.01 M phosphate buffer in 0.15 M NaCl, pH 7.4) . In some Examples represented below, T cells were enriched by rosetting with AET-treated sheep red blood cells as described by Kaplan and Clare, "Improved Rosetting Assay for Detection of Human T Lymphocytes", J. Immunol. Met., 6:131 (1974) followed by density centrifugation on Ficoll-Hypaque. The rosetted cells (nominal T cells) were collected from the pellets and resuspended for 20 seconds with distilled water to lyse sheep red blood cells. Further enrichment into CD4⁺ T cells was obtained by paramagnetic depletion of CD8⁺ T cells using icrospheres coated with monoclonal anti-CD8 antibodies (Dynal AS, Norway) , according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Example 6 Lymphocyte Proliferation Assays Unfractionated PBMC were resuspended in complete medium (see below) and dispersed in round-bottomed 96 micro-well plates (Nunc, Denmark) at three different cell densities (2xl0⁵, lxlO⁵ and 5xl0⁴ cells per well) in Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS, Biological Industries, Israel) , 3 μg/ml

L-Glutamine (Gibco, UK) and 0.1 mg/ml Gentamycinsulfate (Essex Lakemedel AB, Sweden) . Fractionated T cells (2xl0⁵ or 1.2xl0⁵ nominal T cells, or 4xl0⁴ CD4⁺ T cells) were dispersed in separate sets of wells together with 4xl0⁴ or 2xl0⁴ autologous T cell-depleted irradiated (2500 rad) , PBMC as a source of accessory cells. Synthetic peptides were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (20 μg/ml) and further diluted in culture medium. Uncoupled peptides were added at different concentrations (10, 1 and 0.1 μg/ml) to the culture wells. Concanavalin A (Sigma) (10 μg/ml) was added to separa- te cultures as a positive control. Cells, in a final volume of 0.2 ml, were incubated for five days at 37°C in a humid atmosphere with 7.5% C0₂. After four days, 25 μl of culture supernatant were collected from each well and frozen at -70°C until assayed for IL-2 activity according to the method described in example 5. 16 hours prior to the comple¬ tion of the culture period, 20 μl culture medium containing 1 μCi of [³H]thymidine (Amersham, UK) were added to each well. The harvesting and subsequent measurement of incorpo¬ rated radioactivity was performed on an automated filter cell harvester coupled to an argon activated β-scintillation counter (Inotech, Switzerland). Data were expressed as arithmetic mean stimulating indexes (SI), the latter SI being defined as the mean ratio of [³H]-thymidine incorpora¬ ted in peptide stimulated cultures (mean from three cultures divided by corresponding triplicate of control cultures (unstimulated). A mean SI of at least 2.4 is considered positive. SI values equal to at least 2.4 [i.e. twice the sum of the mean plus 3.3 times the SD of the replicate cultures exposed to irrelevant peptides (confidence inter- val, p < 0.001, Student's + test)] were considered as signi¬ ficantly increased.

As seen i Figure 1, a substantial number (18/40) of peptides that were injected into monkeys in an OVA-substitu¬ ted form, induced in vitro proliferation of PBMC from corre- sponding immune animals. In Figure 1, results are expressed as mean SI + SD of all triplicates tested % SD (if tested on two monkeys). Black bars indicate a positive result. The frequency of responding monkey(s) is indicated. Four major areas corresponding to the additive sequence of 2 to 3 overlapping peptides were found to accommodate this activi¬ ty. Peptides gpl20-ll, gpl20-12 and gpl20-13 (amino acid ccordinates 141-192) correspond to one such area. Five out of six monkeys immunized with one of these three peptides responded to recall peptide. Another major area comprises peptides gpl20-23, gpl20-24 and gpl20-25 (amino acid coordinates 295-343) which induced proliferative responses of PBMC from at least one out of 2 monkeys immuni- zed with the corresponding peptide. A third area, comprising peptides gpl20-29 and gpl20-30, accommodates a site(2) of proliferation inducing activity on PBMC from monkeys immuni¬ zed with the corresponding OVA-conjugated paptides. The fourth area consists of peptides gpl20-33, gpl20-34, gpl20- 35 and gpl20-36 (amino acid coordinates 409-466) where each peptide could induce profilerationof PBMC from at least one of the immunized monkeys.

Apart from these major areas, five peptides, i.e. peptides gpl20-4 (amino acid coordinates 53-74), gp 120-5 (amino acid coordinates 64-89), gpl20-17 (amino acid coordi¬ nates 218-247) and gpl20-21 (amino acid coordinates 269-295), were shown to induce in vitro profilerative responses when added to PBMC from monkeys immunized with the corresponding OVA-con ugated peptide. Peptides found to be capable of inducing a prolifera¬ tive response of PBMC from monkeys immunized with the corre¬ sponding OVA-coupled peptide were reassayed on PBMC from at least three other monkeys immunized with a non-cognate OVA- coupled peptide. Peptides gpl20-4, gpl20-13 and gpl20-34 induced proliferation of PBMC from 1 out of 3 monkeys and peptide gpl20-30 in 1 monkey out of 7 (SI ranging between 2.0 and 2.5) while the other peptides failed to induce any significant proliferative responses.

Peptides capable of inducing a proliferative response in one or two immunized monkeys were retested after the third immunization. On this occastion, the in vitro pro¬ liferative responses of PBMC from immune

SUB^STITUTESHEET monkeys to each of 2 peptides containing a sequence half overlapping with the immunizing peptide were also evaluated. As seen in Figure 2, PBMC from both monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated peptide gpl20-ll responded also in vitro to peptide gpl20-12, but none of the peptide gpl20-12-immu- nized monkeys responded to peptide gpl20-ll. Cells were obtained two weeks after the third immunization. The pepti¬ des tested were selected on the basis of in vitro responsi¬ veness to the immunizing peptide after two immunizations. In Figure 2, results are expressed as mean SI of all triplica¬ tes tested % SD (if tested on two monkeys). Black bars indicate a positive result.

Similarly, monkeys immunized with peptide gpl20-12 responded to peptide gpl20-13 but none of the peptide gpl20- 13 immunized monkeys responded to peptide gpl20-12. In the next area of in vitro profilerative activity, i.e. peptides gpl20-23, gpl20-24 and gpl20-25, none of the overlapping peptides induced in vitro profileration of PBMC from any of the monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated peptides. The same holds true for PBMC from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-29 and gpl20-30 (OVA-conjugated) as no response to overlapping peptides is achieved. In the area consisting of peptides gpl20-33, gpl20-34, and gpl20-35, none of the overlapping peptides induced in vitro proliferation of PBMC from any of the monkeys immunized with OVA-conjugated pepti¬ des. PBMC from the other monkeys were also negative in this respect. Of the other epitopes identified, only PBMC from the peptide gpl20-4 immunized monkey responded in vitro to an overlapping peptide, i.e. to peptide gpl20-5.

The profilerative responses of different cell frac¬ tions from two monkeys (immunized with peptide gpl20-12 or peptide gpl20-13) were examined. As seen in Table 3, enrichment of CD2⁺ T cells increased the proliferative response of PBMC obtained from both monkeys when cultured in the presence of immunized (but uncoupled) peptide. Also, existing responses to overlapping peptides remained relatively constant. After a further depletion of CD8⁺ T cells, the CD4⁺ T cell enriched fractions (containing 9 to 18% of the original CD2⁺ T cell fractions) still proliferated in response to incubation with immunized peptide. However, the CD4⁺ T cell enriched fraction from the peptide gpl20-12 immunized monkey did not proliferate in response to any of the overlapping peptides.

In Table 3, the various columns were obtained as follows. Immunized peptide: 100 μg of OVA-conjugated peptide was immunized at three occasions in Freund's complete (1st dose) or incomplete (boosting doses) adjuvant;

In vitro peptide: unconjugated peptide;

Total PBMC: mean SI of four triplicates of different cell densities and peptide concentrations;

CD2⁺ enriched fraction: 2xl0⁵ SRBC-rosetted PBMC incubated with 4xl0⁴ irradiated, non-rosetted cells together with lOμg/ml of peptide(s) :

CD4⁺ enriched fraction: 1.25xl0⁵ (peptide gpl20-12 immunized monkey) or 4xl0⁴ (peptide gpl20-13 immunized monkey) SRBC-rosetted PBMC further enriched in CD4⁺ T cells by incubating with anti-CD8⁺ coated beads were incubated with 2xl0⁴ irradiated, non-rosetted cells together with 10 μg/ml of peptide(s) .

Example 7

IL-2 assay The IL-2 content of individual cell microcultures was determined by the bioassay performed as described by Gillis et al., "T Cell Growth Factor: Parameters of Production and a Quantitative Microassay for Activity", J. Immunol., 120:2027 (1978). Briefly, supernatants were added at a final dilution of 1:4 to 10⁴ CTLL-2 cells. Cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in flat-bottomed 96 microwell plates (Nunc, Denmark) in Iscove's medium supplemented with 10% FCS, 3 μg/ml

L-Glutamine, 0.1 mg/ml Gentamycinsulfate and 5xl0"⁵ M S-Mercaptoethanol. Six hours prior to completion of the culture period, 1 μCi of [³H]-thymidine was added. The cells were harvested and [³H]-thymidine incorporation was determined as described in Example 6. IL-2 content in the supernatants was determined by extrapolation from a standard dose-response curve gen¬ erated by culturing CTLL-2 cells in the presence of known amounts of recombinant human IL-2 (Genzyme, Boston, MA) .

As seen in Table 4, several cell culture super¬ natants contained detectable amounts of IL-2 in cultures of PBMC from monkeys immunized with

OVA-conjugated peptides gpl20-ll, gpl20-12, gpl20-13, gpl20-16, gpl20-21, gpl20-25, gpl20-30 and gpl20-34, secreted IL-2 could be detected after in vitro challenge with the corresponding, unconjugated, peptide. The ratio of secreted IL-2 found after 4 days of in vitro culturing ranged from 0.2 to l.0 U/ml. Cell culture supernatants of PBMC derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-ll, gpl20-12, gpl20-13, gpl20-30 and gpl20-34 also contained IL-2 after m vitro exposure to one or two of the overlapping peptides. Accordingly, PBMC from a monkey immunized with peptide gpl20-ll secreted detectable levels of IL-2 in the cell supernatant after 4 days of stimulation with peptide gpl20-12, and a monkey immunized with peptide gpl20-12 secreted detectable levels of IL-2 after stimulation with peptide gpl20-13. Cell culture supernatants containing IL-2 were identified from both PBMC cultures containing overlapping peptides (peptides gpl20-12 and gpl20-14) together with PBMC from a peptide gpl20-13 immunized monkey and the same holds true for peptides gpl20-33 and gpl20-35 when co-cultured with PBMC from a peptide gpl20-34 immunized monkey. Finally, PBMC obtained from a peptide gpl20-30 immunized monkey secreted detectable amounts of IL-2 not only when cultured in the presence of peptide gpl20-30, but also when peptide gpl20-29 had been added to the cultures.

Example 8 Cells and Virus Stocks All neutralization tests were performed using H-9 cells and HTLV-lllB virus (originating from R.C. Gallo and supplied by Dr. William Hall, North Shore Hospital, Manhasset, New York) . H-9 cells (designated H9 NY) were maintained in RPMI Medium (Gibco) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum (FCS) , penicillin/streptomycin (PEN/STREP 50 μg/ml each and without any fungicides) . Cells were subcultured at a dilution of 1:3 every 4 days.

Cells were scraped from the plates and pelleted by centrifugation at 325 x g. Pelleted cells were resuspended in 1 ml of stock virus previously diluted 1/10 and allowed to adsorb for 60 min at 37°C with frequent stirring. After adsorption of the virus, the cells were recentrifuged and resuspended in 10 ml of RPMI with 20% FCS and polybrene (2 μg/ml) (giving a final concentration of 5x10^s cells/ml) and incubated at 37°C in 5% C0₂.

Infected cells were shown to be detectable at 4-5 days post-infection (p.i.) by monitoring syncytia formation, positive cells in immunofluorescence and p-24 production (assayed by the Abbott p-24 antigen test) . The peak of HIV production was seen 10 - 15 days p.i. at which time virus was collected. After low speed centrifugation to remove debris, supernatants containing virus collected from infected cells were frozen in stocks at -90°C. One virus stock with endpoint titer of 40,000 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID₅₀) was used throughout the studies (referred to as NT3-NT19) . Example 9 HIV-l Neutralization Assay Sera containing antibodies that neutralize HTLV 111-B infectivity were detected by their ability to prevent HIV-l syncytium formation, p-24 antigen production and decreased number of infected cells as determined by immunofluorescence markers, compared to control infections lacking peptide specific antisera. Stock virus, described in Example 8 was diluted to 100 TCID^ and mixed with serial fourfold dilutions (1/5, 1/20, and 1/80) of complement-inactivated immunesera obtained from the monkeys immunized as described in Example 4. As a positive control, a guinea pig hyperimmune serum (referred to as MSV) with known HIV neutralizing titer of 1/40 - 1/160 was included in all experiments (kindly provided by Prof. B. Morein, Dept. Veterinary Virology, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden) . After incubation for 60 min at 37°C or 16 hours at 4°C, the serum-virus mixture was added to lxlO⁶ H-9 cells and incubated for another 60 min at 37°C. Following incubation, the cells were washed once and placed in 24 well multidish plates with 2 ml of growth medium (RPMI, 10% FCS, 2 μg polybrene/ml) per well.

Cells were examined under the microscope (magni- fication x200) for the presence of syncytia on days 5- 12 p.i. Supernatants from infected cells were assayed for the presence of p-24 antigen according to the manufacturer's instructions (Abbott ag test HIVAG-1®, Enzyme Immunoassay for the Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I (HIV-l) Antigen(s) in Human Serum or Plasma) in tenfold serial dilutions (1/10 - 1/1,000) at 10 days p.i. The results are presented as absorbance values at 454 nm with higher absorbance values indicating higher P-24 antigen concentration and hence HIV infection. Serial dilutions of the supernatants were made so as to detect p-24 concentrations in the most accurate range (< 2.0 absorbance units) .

The number of infected cells were determined at the end of experiment (usually on day 15 p.i.) by acetone- fixation of cells on slides adopted for immunofluorescence (IF) . An indirect IF test was used according to standard procedures described in Jeansson et al., "Elimination of Mycoplasmas from Cell Cultures Utilizing Hyperimmune Sera", Ex. Cell Res., 161:181-188 (1985) , with 1/400 dilution hyperimmune sera from HIV-infected individuals and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled antihuman IgG antibody (Bio-Merieux France) diluted 1/100. Tables 5-8 show the results obtained from screening of hyperimmune sera from monkeys immunized with peptides 1-40.

In Tables 5(A-D)-8 the p24 antigen content of the supernatants was analyzed by ELISA, indirect IF and syncytia formation as described above. The relative amount of antigen positive cells is depicted as AG POS cells wherein the percentages are represented by:

- = 0%, + = >0-2%, ++ = 3-10% and +++ = 11-20% where the percentage interval indicates the number of antigen positive cells.

Table 5A (HIVNT3P1.XLS) depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-l - gpl20-10. The cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8. The incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour. Table 5B (HIVNT4P1.XLS) depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-ll - gpl20-20. The cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8. The incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour. Table 5C (HIVNT5P1.XLS) depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-21 - gpl20-30. The cells used were H9 NY, and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8. The incubation protocol used was virus plus serum incubated at 37°C for one hour.

Table 5D (HIVNT6P1.XLS) depicts the results obtained with sera derived from monkeys immunized with peptides gpl20-31 - gpl20-40. The cells used were H9 NY and the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 described in Example 8. The incubation protocol was (virus plus serum) incubation at 37°C for one hour.

Table 6 (HIVTAB4.XLS) shows the results of the first retest of putative neutralizing antibodies as determined by the first test (Tables 5A-D) . In each test the virus used was HTLV-IIIB, Batch 18 and the cells used were H9 NY. The first retest results in rows 1-19 are the results of neutralization test number 5. The incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour. The first retest results in rows 20-32 are the results of neutralization test number 7. The incubation protocol was incubation of at 37°C for one hour.

Table 7 (HIVTAB5.XLS) shows second, third and fourth retest results of the positive peptides. In each test the virus used was HTLV-IIIB Batch 18 and the cells used were H9 NY. The second retest results in rows 1-4 are the results of neutralization test number 7. The incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour. The second retest results in rows 5-13 are the results of neutralization test number 12. The third retest results are shown rows 14-16 are the results of neutralization test number 12. The incubation protocol was incubation at 37°C for one hour. The fourth retest results in rows 17-39 are the results of neutralization test number 16. The incubation protocol was at 4°C for 16 hours. The second retest results in rows 40-53 are the result of neutralization test 19. The incubation protocol was cells plus virus at 4° for 16 hours. Table 8 (HIVKOMBP.XLS) shows the neutralization assay results with combined hyperimmune sera. Note that the incubation of virus and cells was at 4°C for 16 hours.

The results depicted in Tables 5(A-D)-8 indicate that peptides gpl20-12, gpl20-16, and gpl20-l9 elicit the production of HIV neutralizing antibodies in primate subjects. The use of the peptides in vaccination of human subjects is therefore applicable to prevent infection by HIV or to induce heightened immune response in subjects already infected by HIV.

Claims

l. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Arg-Met-Ile-Met-Glu-Lys- Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile-Ser- Thr-Ser-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.

2. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile- Ser-Thr-Ser-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu- Tyr-Ala-Phe-Phe-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.

composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Ala- Phe-Phe-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Pro-Ile-Asp- Asn-Asp-Thr-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor. 4. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Pro-Lys-Val-Ser-Phe-Glu-Pro-Ile-Pro-Ile- His-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu- Lys-Cys-Asn-Asn-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognised by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.]

5. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Thr-His-Gly-Ile-Arg-Pro-Val-Val-Ser-Thr- Gln-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Glu-Glu- Glu-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include ari epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.

6. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Gly-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ile-Val-Thr-His-Ser-Phe- Asn-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.

7. A composition comprising (a) an amount of a peptide sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, the peptide having at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequence: X-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Leu-Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Trp-Phe-Asn-Ser- Thr-Trp-Y, analogues and homologs of said sequence and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor.

composition comprising (a) an amount of at least two peptides sufficient to elicit T cell activiation, wherein each peptide has at least one epitope recognized by T cells said epitope being selected from the amino acid sequences: X-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Arg-Met-Ile-Met-Glu-Lys- Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile-Ser- Thr-Ser-Y;

X-Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile- Ser-Thr-Ser-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu- Tyr-Ala-Phe-Phe-Y; X-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Ala- Phe-Phe-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Pro-Ile-Asp- Asn-Asp-Thr-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Y;

X-Pro-Lys-Val-Ser-Phe-Glu-Pro-Ile-Pro-Ile- His-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu- Lys-Cys-Asn-Asn-Y;

X-Thr-His-Gly-Ile-Arg-Pro-Val-Val-Ser-Thr- Gln-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Glu-Glu- Glu-Y;

X-Gly-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ile-Val-Thr-His-Ser-Phe- Asn-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Y; and

X-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Leu-Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Trp-Phe-Asn-Ser- Thr-Trp-Y

analogues and homologs of said sequences and subfragments of said sequence which include an epitope recognized by T cells wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group; and (b) a physiologically acceptable carrier therefor. 9. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gly-Arg-Met-Ile-Met-Glu-Lys- Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile-Ser- Thr-Ser-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

10. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Gly-Glu-Ile-Lys-Asn-Cys-Ser-Phe-Asn-Ile- Ser-Thr-Ser-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu- Tyr-Ala-Phe-Phe-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

11. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Ile-Arg-Gly-Lys-Val-Gln-Lys-Glu-Tyr-Ala- Phe-Phe-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Asp-Ile-Ile-Pro-Ile-Asp- Asn-Asp-Thr-Thr-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

12. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Pro-Lys-Val-Ser-Phe-Glu-Pro-Ile-Pro-Ile- His-Tyr-Cys-Ala-Pro-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ala-Ile-Leu- Lys-Cys-Asn-Asn-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

13. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Thr-His-Gly-Ile-Arg-Pro-Val-Val-Ser-Thr- Gln-Leu-Leu-Leu-Asn-Gly-Ser-Leu-Ala-Glu-Glu- Glu-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

1 . A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Gly-Asp-Pro-Glu-Ile-Val-Thr-His-Ser-Phe- Asn-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.

15. A peptide having the amino acid sequence X-Cys-Gly-Gly-Glu-Phe-Phe-Tyr-Cys-Asn-Ser- Thr-Gln-Leu-Phe-Asn-Ser-Thr-Trp-Phe-Asn-Ser- Thr-Trp-Y wherein X is either a hydrogen atom of the amino terminal NH₂ group of said peptide or an additional amino acid selected to facilitate coupling of said peptide to a carrier and Y is selected from the group consisting of an amino group, a hydroxy group, a Cysteine residue, a Cysteine residue followed by an amino group and a Cysteine residue followed by a hydroxy group.