WO1991016919A1 - Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging - Google Patents

Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991016919A1
WO1991016919A1 PCT/US1991/003026 US9103026W WO9116919A1 WO 1991016919 A1 WO1991016919 A1 WO 1991016919A1 US 9103026 W US9103026 W US 9103026W WO 9116919 A1 WO9116919 A1 WO 9116919A1
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Prior art keywords
peptide
ala
leu
analog
peptide analog
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PCT/US1991/003026
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French (fr)
Inventor
Robert S. Lees
Ann M. Lees
Allan Fischman
Ing-Lung Shih
Mark A. Findeis
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New England Deaconess Hospital Corporation
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Application filed by New England Deaconess Hospital Corporation filed Critical New England Deaconess Hospital Corporation
Priority to EP91910995A priority Critical patent/EP0600869A1/en
Priority to JP91510596A priority patent/JPH05507276A/en
Priority to AU79928/91A priority patent/AU663291B2/en
Publication of WO1991016919A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991016919A1/en

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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/78Connective tissue peptides, e.g. collagen, elastin, laminin, fibronectin, vitronectin, cold insoluble globulin [CIG]
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/06Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations
    • A61K49/08Nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] contrast preparations; Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] contrast preparations characterised by the carrier
    • A61K49/10Organic compounds
    • A61K49/14Peptides, e.g. proteins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06Antihyperlipidemics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/775Apolipopeptides
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2123/00Preparations for testing in vivo
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods and means useful for the early detection of vascular disease, such as
  • Atherosclerosis particularly, methods and means employing labelled synthetic peptides to detect arterial injury.
  • Atherosclerosis is a disease which causes the thickening and hardening of the arteries, particularly the larger artery walls. It is characterized by lesions or raised fibrous plaques which form within the arterial lumen. The plaques are most prevalent in the abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, or carotid arteries, and they increase progressively with age. They commonly present dome-shaped, opaque, glistening surfaces which distort the lumen.
  • a lesion typically will consist of a central core of lipid and necrotic cell debris, capped by a collagen fibromuscular layer. Complicated lesions will also include calcified deposits and exhibit various degrees of necrosis,
  • the injury at, or deformities of, the arterial lumen presented by the plaque and associated deposits result in occluded blood flow, and ultimately in angina, cerebral ischemia, renal hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diseases of other organs, if untreated.
  • coronary atherosclerosis is still the leading cause of death in the United States, claiming the lives of over a half million Americans annually, roughly twice as many as are killed by cancer.
  • diagnosing vascular disease involves catheterization and the injection of radiopaque substances into the bloodstream in order to image obstructions in the arteries. This procedure involves significant morbidity, in that infection, perforation of the artery, arrhythmia, stroke, infarction, and even death can occur. Because of the risks involved, arteriograms typically are reserved for individuals with advanced or acute atherosclerotic disease.
  • LDLs low density lipoproteint
  • LDLs circulating in the blood are known to bind to atherosclerotic plaques (Lees et al., J. Nucl. Med. 24:154, 1983). This binding most likely occurs via apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), the protein moiety of the LDL molecule, which is responsible for the removal of LDL from the circulation by receptor-mediated uptake in a variety of cell types.
  • LDLs conjugated to a radioactive label can be used to provide information on the location and extent of plaque in the vascular system by imaging them with a radiation detector.
  • LDLs can be labelled with a non-radioactive, paramagnetic contrast agent capable of detection in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems.
  • MRI magnetic resonance imaging
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method, which is non-invasive, of detecting and mapping vascular injury.
  • the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury, whereby the peptide or peptide analog includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group including:
  • peptide is meant any chain of 30 amino acids or less.
  • peptide analog is meant a peptide which differs in amino acid sequence from the native peptide only by conservative amino acid substitutions, for example,
  • deletions, or insertions located at positions which do not destroy the biological activity of the peptide (in this case, the ability of the peptide to target vascular
  • a peptide analog may also include, as part or all of its sequence, one or more amino acid analogues, molecules which mimic the structure of amino acids, and/or natural amino acids found in molecules other than peptide or peptide analogues.
  • the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and a propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury; the peptide or peptide analog is derived from an amphiphilic domain, preferably including an ⁇ -helix, of apolipoprotein A-I
  • net charge is meant the total charge on a peptide at neutral pH and is calculated by adding together the charge (at neutral pH) on each of the amino acids of the peptide.
  • derived from is meant having an amino acid sequence identical or substantially identical to the sequence of, as used herein, apolipoprotein A-I.
  • substantially identical to is meant having an amino acid sequence which differs only by conservative amino acid substitutions (as described above) or by non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions located at positions which do not destroy the biological activity of the peptide (also as described above).
  • the peptide or peptide analog has a net charge of -2 or greater and has an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of an amphiphilic domain of apolipoprotein A-I such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at sites of vascular injury.
  • a preferred peptide or peptide analog is:
  • the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury; the peptide or peptide analog includes a hydrophobic domain and has a net charge of -2 or greater, such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at the site of injury.
  • the peptide or peptiade analog is derived from a vascular-associated protein, for example, elastin.
  • vascular-associated protein By “derived from” is meant having an amino acid sequence identical to or substantially identical to (as defined above) the sequence of, as used herein, a vascularassociated protein.
  • vascular-associated protein By a “vascular-associated protein” is meant a protein that is naturally associated either with the vascular wall or with an extracellular component of the vascular system, including the proteins elastin and
  • the peptide or peptide analog has an affinity for a vascular wall
  • the peptide or peptide analog binds elastin with a dissociation constant of 10 -6 or less (i.e., or with greater affinity, as measured in vitro by the method of Podet et al., Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11:116, 1991); the hydrophobic domain of the peptide or peptide analog includes a ⁇ -strand.
  • the peptide or peptide analog includes a ⁇ -strand.
  • vascular-associated protein is a peptide or peptide analog having a net charge of -2 or greater and an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of elastin such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at sites of vascular injury.
  • a preferred peptide or peptide analog may include the amino acid
  • Tyr-(Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly) x wherein x is at least 1 and, preferably, 3; or the peptide or peptide analog may include the amino acid sequence: Tyr- (Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly) x , wherein x is at least 1 and, preferably, 3 or, more
  • the peptide or peptide analog has an acetylated amino terminus and/or an amidated carboxy terminus.
  • peptide or peptide analogues include: H 2 N-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp- Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH 2 ;
  • the synthetic peptide or peptide analogues are useful for detecting and imaging injury in the vascular system of a subject.
  • Other useful synthetic peptide or peptide analogues may include: amino acid analogues, molecules which mimic the structure of amino acids, and natural amino acids found in molecules other than peptide or peptide analogues.
  • the peptide or peptide analog is water soluble; or is soluble in a physiological fluid, preferably, one which is at
  • peptide or peptide analog is linked to a detectable label to enable its monitoring within the subject.
  • detectable labels include a radioisotope, e.g., 131 I, 125 I, 123 I, 111 ln, 99m Tc, 203 Pb, 198 Hg, Ru 97 , or 201 T1; or a paramagnetic contrast agent.
  • radioisotope e.g., 131 I, 125 I, 123 I, 111 ln, 99m Tc, 203 Pb, 198 Hg, Ru 97 , or 201 T1
  • paramagnetic contrast agent e.g., a paramagnetic contrast agent.
  • vascular system of the subject with, for example, a gamma scintillation camera or an MRI system.
  • the invention features a method for the detection of injury (for example, atherosclerosis) in the vascular system of a subject involving introducing into a subject a peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above.
  • the method may further involve administering a second peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above.
  • the peptide or peptide analog to be introduced may be administrated by arterial or venous injection.
  • non-hydrolyzable derivative may be any non-hydrolyzable derivative.
  • the introduced synthetic peptide or peptide analog is then allowed to circulate within the vascular system of the subject, whereby at least a portion of it accumulates at a site of injury.
  • the portion of the synthetic peptide or peptide analog which has accumulated at a site of injury is then detected.
  • the detection step may further include quantitating the amount of labelled peptide or peptide analog which has accumulated at a site of vascular injury; or imaging the region of the subject's vascular system at which the synthetic peptide or peptide analog has accumulated, e.g., by extracorporeal monitoring of a peptide or peptide analog having a
  • detectable label e.g., a radioactive label or a
  • paramagnetic contrast agent with a gamma scintillation camera or a magnetic resonance imaging system.
  • the invention includes a method for inhibiting the binding of low density lipoprotein to the vascular wall(s) of a subject involving administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above.
  • vascular diseases including asymptomatic atherosclerosis
  • vascular diseases can be diagnosed by administering a synthetic peptide to a subject, and then detecting the location, pattern, and concentration of the peptide following its accumulation at sites of injury within the subject's vascular system.
  • the technique affords a number of advantages. It is non-invasive; it requires neither complex medical equipment, nor highly skilled medical practitioners to be successfully accomplished; and the peptides used to target vascular lesions may be produced inexpensively, quickly, and in large quantity (e.g., by recombinant DNA technology).
  • the peptides of the invention may be used for the prevention or alleviation of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
  • Administration of the peptides of the invention in therapeutically-effective doses can prevent the accumulation of LDL by blocking LDL binding sites.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic model of the apo B-100 configuration, when included in the LDL molecule, and surface-exposed regions;
  • FIG. 2 is a series of helical wheel diagrams indicating the amphiphilic character of representative synthetic peptides
  • FIG. 3 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • FIG. 4 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • FIG. 5 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • FIG. 6 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • FIG. 7 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • FIG. 8 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
  • This invention provides synthetic peptides which have affinity for, and the propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury, and therefore are useful in
  • Such synthetic peptides having these characteristics may have an amino acid sequence that is analogous to portions of known polypeptides which have an affinity for a site of vascular injury, i.e., have a
  • lipoprotein or elastin which is responsible for its
  • the synthetic peptides of the present invention may be homologous with portions of the apo B-100 moiety of LDL, the apo A-I moiety of HDL, or elastin.
  • Peptides useful in the invention are those which successfully target vascular lesions. Thus, it is
  • Proteins of this class include: apolipoprotein B (i.e., the protein moiety of low density lipoprotein) and elastin (a natural component of the arterial wall). It is not necessary, and it is often inconvenient, to use the entire protein molecule (see above). Applicants have discovered that protein fragments can also be used to effectively target vascular lesions.
  • fragments are of low net charge (i.e., between -2 and +2), allowing an interaction, e.g., with the highly negatively-charged vascular wall.
  • peptides fall generally into one of two classes: (1) peptides which include an amphiphilic domain, preferably of ⁇ -helical character; and (2) peptides which include a hydrophobic domain (which facilitates interaction with a vascular surface or
  • hydrophilic domain of either positive charge or low negative charge (i.e., -2 or greater; i.e., or more positive) which facilitates solubility.
  • Preferred peptides of class I i.e., those peptides which include an amphiphilic domain (i.e., a domain which has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic surface) are identified, e.g., as described in Kaiser and Kezdy (Ann .
  • amphiphilic domain includes a region of secondary structure, most commonly, an ⁇ -helix or a ⁇ - strand. Because ⁇ -helix-containing peptides are generally more soluble than ⁇ -strand-containing peptides, they are preferred in the invention; increased solubility facilitates in vitro peptide synthesis and peptide administration to a patient.
  • Preferred peptides of class II i.e., those peptides which include both (a) a hydrophobic domain which
  • vascular cell surface or a hydrophobic vascular-associated component e.g., elastin
  • a positively-charged or slightly negatively-charged domain that facilitates solubility are identified using e.g., the methods for predicting hydrophobicity and
  • peptides of this class may be administered to a subject and used to efficiently target arterial lesions. Peptides of this class likely interact with hydrophobic vascular-associated extracellular components.
  • the net charge of a peptide is calculated by adding together the charges on the amino acids of the peptide at neutral pH.
  • the local charged character i.e., amphiphilic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic nature, e.g., of a region of a peptide
  • secondary structure i.e., the presence of an ⁇ -helix or ⁇ -strand
  • amphiphilic ⁇ -helix one may construct an amphiphilic ⁇ -helix
  • the state of j is evaluated from a summation over m residues of sequence on either side of j ; parameter values are dependent on the identity of the residue at each position and its contribution to each of the four structural types. Values are calculated for each of the states H, E, T, and C; the highest value determines the predicted structure (either
  • amphiphilicity may be derived from a calculation of the "hydrophobic moment", i.e., the measure of the
  • peptide analogues having different amino acid sequences, provided that the local charge distribution (and overall net charge) and secondary structure, and hence the biological activity (in this case, the ability to target vascular lesions) is maintained.
  • Such peptide analogues will generally differ from the native protein sequences by conservative amino acid substitutions (e.g., substitution of Leu for Val, or Arg for Lys, etc.) well known to those skilled in the art of
  • peptides may be designed which include a region(s) of amphiphilic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic and/or secondary structure embedded within a longer amino acid stretch.
  • peptides useful in the invention are peptides based on surface-exposed protein domains (i.e., regions of the protein which are present on the external surface of a protein molecule, preferably a vascularassociated protein molecule) because such regions are most likely to interact with the vascular wall or with a vascularassociated protein domains (i.e., regions of the protein which are present on the external surface of a protein molecule, preferably a vascularassociated protein molecule) because such regions are most likely to interact with the vascular wall or with a
  • vascular-associated extracellular component The identity of surface-exposed domains may be determined by tryptic digest analysis (see below) and/or by calculation of a region's degree of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (e.g., by the Chou-Fasman method, Ann . Rev. Biochem . 47:251, 1978); extracellular domains are generally hydrophilic or
  • amphiphilic in character such domains are frequently surrounded by hydrophobic stretches which correspond to transmembrane domains.
  • the peptides can be synthesized by any of a number of established procedures, including, e.g., the expression of a recombinant DNA encoding that peptide in an appropriate host cell.
  • these peptides can be produced by the established procedure of solid phase peptide synthesis. Briefly, this procedure entails the sequential assembly of the appropriate amino acids into a peptide of a desired sequence while the end of the growing peptide is linked to an insoluble support.
  • the carboxyl terminus of the peptide is linked to a polymer from which it can be liberated upon treatment with a cleavage reagent.
  • the peptides so synthesized are then labelled with a reagent which enables the monitoring of the peptide after its administration to a patient.
  • Peptides may be tested for their ability to effectively target vascular lesions using an in vivo animal assay (e.g., that assay described herein). It is known that LDL accumulates both in the balloon de-endothelialized healing arterial wall of the rabbit and in human atheroma (Roberts et al., J. Lipid Res . 24:1160, 1983; Lees et al., J. Nuclear Med. 24:154, 1983). Accordingly, a rabbit whose abdominal aorta has been balloon de-endothelialized
  • This strain of rabbit develops spontaneous atherosclerosis at about 2 months of age, and they often die of heart attacks.
  • each labelled synthetic peptide may be injected in the free state or, alternatively, may be bound to the surface of a lipid emulsion such as a
  • cholesterol ester phospholipid microemulsion The emulsion is then injected intravenously into the rabbit.
  • the rabbit is sacrificed, and its aorta removed and washed.
  • the aorta is either cut into sequential portions which are then monitored in a liquid scintillation counter, or is dried, covered with a layer of polyester wrap, and placed on a sheet of x-ray film which is then developed to produce an onlay
  • the peptides of the invention may be used to diagnose vascular injury or, alternatively, to inhibit binding of LDL to vascular walls.
  • the peptide is first administered to a subject, e.g., a patient. Administration may be accomplished by arterial or venous injection. Alternatively a non-hydrolyzable derivative of the peptide (e.g., a keto methylene derivative) may be administered by mouth, or administration may be accomplished nasally.
  • a non-hydrolyzable derivative of the peptide e.g., a keto methylene derivative
  • administration may be accomplished nasally.
  • labelled synthetic peptide is suspended in a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier (e.g., a physiological saline solution) or alternatively may be bound to the surface of a lipid emulsion such as a cholesterol ester phospholipid
  • MV microemulsion
  • the labelled peptide is administered in an amount sufficient for later detection (generally, 0.5-1 mg intravenously or 5-100 mg orally).
  • the peptide is labelled with, e.g., a radioisotope such as 123 I, 125 I or 9 9m Tc, and peptide accumulation at a site of injury imaged extracorporeally by radiation detection means such as a gamma scintillation camera; alternatively, the synthetic peptide is labelled with a non-radioactive, paramagnetic contrast agent capable of being detected in MRI systems. In such systems, a strong magnetic field is used to align the nuclear spin vectors of the atoms in a patient's body.
  • synthetic peptides can be linked to paramagnetic contrast agents such as gadolinium, cobalt, nickel, manganese or iron complexes, to form conjugate diagnostic reagents that are imaged extracorporeally with an MRI system.
  • paramagnetic contrast agents such as gadolinium, cobalt, nickel, manganese or iron complexes
  • the peptide is administered in a therapeutically-effective dose, generally 5-100 mg intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be
  • Apoliprotein B is the protein moiety of low density lipoprotein.
  • the primary structure of apo B-100 has become available by virtue of its cloning (see e.g., Knott et al., Nature 323:734-742, 1986; Yang et al., Nature
  • SP-12 is a truncated form of SP-4 in which the last five amino acid residues were replaced with a single leucine (Leu) residue.
  • SP-14 is a truncated form of SP-12 in which the last five amino acid residues have been deleted and the tyrosine (Tyr) residue at position 7
  • SP-15a and SP-17 include amino acids 2483-2497 (i.e., including Tp 49) and amino acids 3809-3825, (i.e., including part of Tp 59), respectively.
  • the sequences of SP-19a and SP-21a are variations on the sequence of SP-4. Physical data obtained for peptides SP15a, SP17, SP19a, and SP21a are summarized in Table 2. Helical wheel diagrams demonstrating the
  • FIG. 2 amphiphilic and ⁇ -helical nature of these peptides are shown in FIG. 2; hydrophobic residues are encircled and charged residues are indicated.
  • Abbreviations are : A, alanine; D, aspartate; E, glutamate; F, phenylalanine; G, glycine; K, lysine; L, leucine; N, asparagine; Q, glutamine; R,
  • amphiphilic peptide i.e., SP34a
  • APOA-I CONSENSUS apo A-I consensus peptide
  • APOA-I CONSENSUS an apo A-I consensus peptide
  • the synthetic peptide is only weakly charged, and the sequence is preceded by an animo-terminal tyrosine residue.
  • This peptide was amidated at its carboxy terminus and acetylated at its amino terminus.
  • This peptide has a weak net negative charge (i.e., -2; see Table 2).
  • Table 2 A helical wheel diagram of SP-34a is shown in FIG. 2 (described above).
  • aM olecular weight (calculated/observed); expressed as the parent ion (M+H) + , as determined by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry.
  • cCharge is expressed as the difference between positively and negatively charged groups on the peptide at neutral pH.
  • Elastin is a major component of skin, arteries, lung, and other tissues (Rosenbloom; Robert and Robert,
  • elastin proteins are generally composed of a number of repeated units. Two such repeated units are the
  • VPGVG Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly
  • VGVAPG Val-Gly-Val-ala-Pro-Gly
  • Elastin-derived peptides useful for targeting arterial lesions include a hydrophobic binding site; this binding site facilitates interaction with a hydrophobic extracellular vascular wall component (e.g., elastin) and/or allows interaction of the peptide with the negatively- charged vascular wall.
  • a hydrophobic extracellular vascular wall component e.g., elastin
  • the peptides preferably include a hydrophilic domain or a net positive or weak negative charge.
  • SP-28 includes three repeats of the elastin
  • SP-30 and SP-29 include four and three repeats, respectively, of the elastin pentapeptide VPGVG.
  • the SP-30 and SP-29 peptides were amidated at their carboxy terminus.
  • Peptides SP-6, SP-6A, SP-8, SP-8A, SP-12A, and SP- 14A were synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis according to the established method of Stewart and Young (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., pp. 53-123, 1984 The Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL, hereby incorporated by reference). These peptides were synthesized using the schedule listed in TABLE 2, but any one of the other
  • schedules listed in this reference may alternatively be used to generate any desired peptides (e.g., any peptide
  • Peptides SP-15a, SP-17, SP-19a, SP-21a, SP-34a, SP- 28, SP-30 and SP-29 were synthesized by manual solid-phase methods using tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc)-based chemistry. (Barany and Merrifield, The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Academic Press, New York, 1980; Stewart and Young, Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis , 2nd ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL, 1984).
  • the peptide resin was next washed five times with 5X CH 2 Cl 2 ; neutralised with two washes of lot diisopropylethylamina (DIEA) in CH 2 Cl 2 ; and washed five times with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • the next amino acid was coupled by treatment with either three equivalents of symmetrical anhydride (see below) for 45 minutes or four equivalents of aotive eater (see below) for 2 hours, in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of DIEA.
  • the peptide resin was then washed four times with CH 2 Cl 2 ; twice with 33% ethanol in CH 2 Ol 2 ; and twice with CH 2 Cl 2 .
  • Symmetrical anhydride-activated amino acids ware prepared by treating 6.1 equivalents of amino acid with three equivalents of Die in CH 2 Cl 2 for 20 minutes, on ice.
  • Active esters of hydroxybenzotriaasole (HOBt) ware prepared from four equivalents each of amino acid, HOBt, and Die in dimethyl formamide (DKF) for 30 minutes on ice.
  • Active asters of ethylhydroxyiminocyanoacetate (EACNOx) were
  • Peptides were deprotected and cleaved from the resin either by HF-treatment (performed as directed by Immunodynamics, San Diego, CA) or by treatment with 1:10:1:0.5
  • the synthetic peptides SP-6, SP-6A, SP-8, SP-8A, SP- 12A, and SP-14A were radiolabelled by the chloramine T method as described in Shih et al. (Proc . Natl . Acad. Sci . USA 87:1436, 1990, herein incorporated by reference).
  • LDL was labelled with 125 -iodine by a previously described modification of the McFarlane iodine monochloride technique described in Lees et al. (Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci . USA 80):5098, 1983, hereby incorporated by reference).
  • the radiolabelled lipoprotein or synthetic peptide was separated from unbound radioisotope by passage through a gel
  • the peptide (400 ⁇ g) was dissolved in 200 ⁇ l of 2.5 mM sodium phosphate/37.5 mM NaCl buffer, pH 7.4 and mixed with 1 mCi (3 ⁇ l) 125 I. Chloramine-T (30 ⁇ l, 8 mg/ml in H 2 O) was added to the mixture and, after 35 seconds, the reaction was quenched by the addition of sodium bisulfite (60 ⁇ l, 8 mg/ml). Radiolabeled peptides were gel-filtered on a BioGel P-2 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) column (1 cm X 30 cm) and eluted with 0.1% BSA in 0.1M acetic acid. A lead fraction of 5 ml was collected, followed by 0.45 ml fractions.
  • Iodinated peptide which eluted at approximately fractions 9-12, was pooled and the pH adjusted to 5 with IN NaOH and then to 7.5 with 1M NaHCO 3 .
  • the radiolabeled peptide was precipitated by addition of bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 10%, and the precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes. The pellet was then washed four times with 1 ml. (each) of water and, after the final wash, the precipitate was dissolved in 5 ml . of 10% BSA.
  • the synthetic peptides are labelled either directly with technetium (Tc), or indirectly through covalent attachment of a chelating group such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), which is known to chelate a variety of metals including radioisotopes such as 111 -indium.
  • Tc technetium
  • DTPA diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
  • Direct coupling to 99m Tc is carried out as follows. 50 mCi 99m Tc (in the form of 99a TcO 4 -), in a 0.5 ml aqueous solution, is added to 1-6 mg, but preferably to 2 mg, synthetic peptide in 0.5 ml of a 0.2 M sodium bicarbonate solution, pH 8.0, and mixed thoroughly for 10 minutes at room temperature. The pH is raised to 8.0 - 9.0 if
  • the radiolabelled synthetic peptide fraction is separated from uncoupled technetium and sodium dithionite by molecular sieve chromatography.
  • the column is standardized with blue dextran and potassium iodide to determine the void volume and the column volume, respectively.
  • the reaction mixture is applied to the column, and bicarbonate-EDTA buffer is used to elute column fractions.
  • Indirect coupling to 99m Tc is carried out as follows.
  • a chelating ligand e.g., DTPA (as per Hnatowich et al., Science 220: 613, 1983) or bromoacetylparaaminobenzyl EDTA (BABE; as per Meares et al., Analyt . Biochem . 142: 142, 1984) is covalently bound to the N- or C-terminus of the peptide.
  • DTPA as per Hnatowich et al., Science 220: 613, 1983
  • BABE bromoacetylparaaminobenzyl EDTA
  • Technetium is then chelated to the DTPA- or BABE-synthetic peptide by the procedure described above for direct labelling of synthetic peptide.
  • Technetium in the form of 99m TcO 4 - is added to the DTPA-synthetic peptide, and to the mixture is
  • 99m Tc-labelled synthetic-DTPA peptide is separated from uncomplexed 99m Tc and sodium dithionite by column chromatography (as described above). The preparations are then characterized by silica gel chromatography essentially as described by Meares et al. (ibid.) and by HPLC. The 99m Tc-labelled peptide is
  • lipid emulsion administered either in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier solution or bound to a lipid emulsion.
  • Specific anti-LDL antisera may be purchased from a number of sources (e.g., Hoechst Pharmaceutical, Inc.,
  • antisera may be prepared by any number of protocols known to those skilled in the art.
  • anti-LDL antiserum was produced as follows. 5 - 20 mg of LDL, prepared according to the method of Fischman et al. (Arteriosclerosis 7:361, 1987) in about 1 ml of saline or barbital buffer, was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco).
  • the animal For the preparation of antisera of high antibody titer the animal may be "boosted" every 3-5 weeks exactly as for the first injection. Good antiserum is usually obtained after two injections. Animals treated in this way may be maintained for long periods in the immune state and will yield very large amounts of antiserum. If quantities of antiserum in the range of 1 liter or more are needed, sheep may be used in the same manner, except that two to three times the amount of immunizing antigen is required. The animals are bled 6-10 days after each booster injection. A small test bleeding may be made to check the antibody level and purity if desired.
  • the blood is allowed to clot at room temperature for several hours and is then placed overnight in the
  • the samples are centrifuged in the cold, the clots removed with an applicator stick, recentrifuged to sediment the remaining blood cells, and the serum is
  • the peptide solution was mixed with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and vortexed thoroughly until a thick emulsion was produced.
  • New Zealand White rabbits (Millbrook Farms, Amherst, MA) were injected with a total of 0.5 mg synthetic peptide administered subcutaneously in the four dorsal quadrants.
  • the rabbits were given a boost (injected at the same sites) with 0.5 mg peptide emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant 2-3 weeks later.
  • Eight to ten days after the first boost the animals were given a second, identical boost and were bled of 30 ml 8 to 10 days later.
  • microtiter plates (Immulon II Dynatech Labs, Chantilly, VA) were coated with the purified synthetic peptide or LDL by an overnight incubation at 4°C with 100 ng peptide per well in 50 mM carbonate, pH 9.6, and blocked for nonspecific binding with an additional overnight incubation with phosphatebuffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), 1% bovine serum albumin
  • BSA Bovine serum albumin
  • Control wells were coated with BSA alone. After washing twice with PBS, the wells were filled with serial dilutions (1:10 to 1:100,000 made in PBS, 3% BSA) of a rabbit polyclonal antibody generated against the synthetic peptide (s) and incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature. Following thorough washing (3X with PBS, 0.1% BSA), the wells were filled with a 1:2000 dilution of goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Atlantic Antibodies,
  • Results were expressed as the initial velocity of substrate conversion (change in OD 650 /hr), which was determined by a linear regression of 15 data points per well. Each data point represented the average of three measured data points from the same plate, run at the same time.
  • ELISA plates were coated with LDL and treated with SP-4 (see PCT/US89/01854) antiserum.
  • Anti-SP-4 antiserum was able to bind LDL on the plates, providing immunological confirmation that SP-4 and LDL have structural similarities.
  • anti-SP-4 antiserum was shown to bind SP-4 and SP-4A as well as the conservatively
  • the peptides described herein were assayed for their ability to target sites of vascular injury as follows. Male New Zealand white rabbits (2 to 3 kg each) were obtained from ARI Breeding Labs, West Bridgewater, MA. To induce vascular injury, their abdominal aortas were denuded of endothelium by a modification of the Baumgartner technique (Fischman et al., Arteriosclerosis 7:361, 1987).
  • the catheter was inflated to a pressure of about 3 psi above the balloon inflation pressure with radiographic contrast medium (Conray, Mallinkrodt, St. Louis, MO). Three passes were made through the abdominal aorta with the inflated catheter to remove the aortic endothelium before removal of the catheter, ligation of the femoral artery, and closure of the wound. The animals were allowed to heal for a period of 4 to 5 weeks before injection of the labelled synthetic peptides.
  • radiographic contrast medium Conray, Mallinkrodt, St. Louis, MO
  • Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipemic (WHHL) rabbits were also used as animal models. They were obtained from the WHHL Rabbit Program of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (Bethesda, MD) at about 3 months of age and weighing about 1.5 kg. The animals were raised until they were 3-4 kg in weight. At this weight, they exhibited marked aortic atherosclerosis. Each labelled synthetic peptide preparation
  • Peptides SP15a, SP17, SP19a, SP21a, SP28, SP34a, and SP30 were cleared rapidly from the plasma with half-lives of about one minute or less; after one hour, the plasma levels were less than 10% of the injected dose and fell by an additional 1% over the next three hours.
  • Peptides SP15a, SP17, SP21a, SP28, SP34a, and SP30 leveled off to a plasma level of 3-6%; peptide SP19a cleared more quickly and leveled off to a concentration of 0.3% (at four hours).
  • Saran high speed x-ray film
  • FIGS. 8-13 Representative results are shown in FIGS. 8-13.
  • Deendothelialized arterial wall is stained blue (with Evans blue dye, as described above) and appears as dark areas in the photographs (FIGS. 3-8, A); accumulation of radiolabel is indicated by dark areas in the autoradiographs (FIGS. 3- 8, B). All peptides accumulated focally at the leading edges of regenerating endothelial tissue in a pattern characteristic of LDL.
  • the autoradiograph (FIG 3-8, B) demonstrates clear-cut localization of the synthetic peptide on the image at the healing (reendothelizing) edge of the aortic lesions produced by the previous trauma.
  • Control peptides used were SP-2 (part of the heparin and LDL receptor binding site of apolipoprotein E) and SP-11A which is a receptor and heparin binding domain of apolipoprotein B.
  • the mean concentration of synthetic peptide-asso ⁇ iated 125 I radioactivity was calculated by numerical integration of the plasma decay curves and division by the time since injection of the isotope.

Abstract

Vascular disease including asymptomatic atherosclerosis can be diagnosed by administering a synthetic peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury to a patient, and then detecting the location of the peptide or peptide analog within the patient's vascular system. The synthetic peptide or peptide analog may include an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of the amino acid sequence of a region of either the apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, or elastin proteins such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at a site of vascular injury.

Description

SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES FOR ARTERIAL IMAGING
The subject matter of this application is a continuation-in-part of USSN 189,130 and its continuations- in-part USSN 518,215 and USSN 518,142; filed May 2 , 1988; May 3, 1990; and May 3, 1990; respectively.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The U.S. Government has rights in this invention pursuant to NIH Grant No. HL32975.
The invention relates to methods and means useful for the early detection of vascular disease, such as
atherosclerosis, particularly, methods and means employing labelled synthetic peptides to detect arterial injury.
Atherosclerosis is a disease which causes the thickening and hardening of the arteries, particularly the larger artery walls. It is characterized by lesions or raised fibrous plaques which form within the arterial lumen. The plaques are most prevalent in the abdominal aorta, coronary arteries, or carotid arteries, and they increase progressively with age. They commonly present dome-shaped, opaque, glistening surfaces which distort the lumen. A lesion typically will consist of a central core of lipid and necrotic cell debris, capped by a collagen fibromuscular layer. Complicated lesions will also include calcified deposits and exhibit various degrees of necrosis,
thrombosis, and ulceration.
The injury at, or deformities of, the arterial lumen presented by the plaque and associated deposits result in occluded blood flow, and ultimately in angina, cerebral ischemia, renal hypertension, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diseases of other organs, if untreated. At present, coronary atherosclerosis is still the leading cause of death in the United States, claiming the lives of over a half million Americans annually, roughly twice as many as are killed by cancer.
Unfortunately, there are no existing diagnostic methods which can detect the early stages of atherosclerosis and related vascular diseases which often are clinically silent. Since lifestyle changes, drug therapy, and other means exist for delaying or reducing vascular occlusion or the stresses on various body organs which result from atherosclerotic lesions, the early detection of atheromatous plaques in the vascular system would be of considerable value in permitting preventive intervention at a time when it can be most effective.
Arteriography, the conventional approach to
diagnosing vascular disease, involves catheterization and the injection of radiopaque substances into the bloodstream in order to image obstructions in the arteries. This procedure involves significant morbidity, in that infection, perforation of the artery, arrhythmia, stroke, infarction, and even death can occur. Because of the risks involved, arteriograms typically are reserved for individuals with advanced or acute atherosclerotic disease.
A variety of less invasive techniques for the diagnosis of vascular injury and disease have been proposed. These techniques include plethysmography, thermography, and ultrasonic scanning (Lees and Myers, Adv. Int . Med . 27:475. 1982).
Other non-invasive approaches to the diagnosis of vascular injury which have been proposed by the present inventor involve the administration of labelled target- seeking biologically active molecules or antibodies which preferentially seek out arterial lesions (U.S. patent Application ser. No. 929, 012, entitled "Detection of
Vascular Disease", filed Nov. 10, 1986) and the
administration of labelled low density lipoproteint (LDLs) to the vacoular system of a patient (U.S. Patent Nos.
4,647,445 and 4,660,563). LDLs circulating in the blood are known to bind to atherosclerotic plaques (Lees et al., J. Nucl. Med. 24:154, 1983). This binding most likely occurs via apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), the protein moiety of the LDL molecule, which is responsible for the removal of LDL from the circulation by receptor-mediated uptake in a variety of cell types. LDLs conjugated to a radioactive label can be used to provide information on the location and extent of plaque in the vascular system by imaging them with a radiation detector. Alternatively, LDLs can be labelled with a non-radioactive, paramagnetic contrast agent capable of detection in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems.
One disadvantage to this method is that several days are typically required to isolate LDLs from the patient's blood and to label them, often, such a delay in diagnosis and subsequent treatment is detrimental for critically ill patients. Further, an additional risk of viral infection is incurred if donor blood is employed as an LDL source.
Consequently, there exists a need for better non- invasive techniques and reagents capable of detecting and mapping early, non-stenosing, non-flow-disturbing
atherosclerotic arterial lesions.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present
invention to providi Synthetic peptides which are useful for detecting and imaging vascular disease or injury.
It is another object of the invention to provide synthetic peptides useful for imaging which are inexpensive and easy to prepare. It is yet another object of the invention to provide an improved method of detecting and mapping vascular injury, including vascular injury at its early stages.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a method, which is non-invasive, of detecting and mapping vascular injury.
Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide synthetic peptides for the prevention or treatment of vascular damage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In general, the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury, whereby the peptide or peptide analog includes an amino acid sequence selected from the group including:
Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp-Ala- Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys;
Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asn-Ala- Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys; Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr-Gln-Leu;
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys;
Tyr-Ala-Lys-Phe-Arg-Glu-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Thr-Arg-Asp-Arg- Met-Tyr;
Tyr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys-Ile-Ala- Asp-Phe-Glu-Leu; Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr-Glu-Gln- Ala-Lys-Gly-Ala; or
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Glu-Phe-Lys-Val-Lys-Gln-Glu- Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys. By "peptide" is meant any chain of 30 amino acids or less. By "peptide analog" is meant a peptide which differs in amino acid sequence from the native peptide only by conservative amino acid substitutions, for example,
substitution of Leu for Val, or Arg for Lys, etc., or by one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions,
deletions, or insertions located at positions which do not destroy the biological activity of the peptide (in this case, the ability of the peptide to target vascular
lesions). A peptide analog, as used herein, may also include, as part or all of its sequence, one or more amino acid analogues, molecules which mimic the structure of amino acids, and/or natural amino acids found in molecules other than peptide or peptide analogues.
In another aspect, the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and a propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury; the peptide or peptide analog is derived from an amphiphilic domain, preferably including an α-helix, of apolipoprotein A-I
(apoA-I) and has a net charge of -2 or greater, such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at the site of injury.
By "net charge" is meant the total charge on a peptide at neutral pH and is calculated by adding together the charge (at neutral pH) on each of the amino acids of the peptide. By "derived from" is meant having an amino acid sequence identical or substantially identical to the sequence of, as used herein, apolipoprotein A-I. By
"substantially identical to" is meant having an amino acid sequence which differs only by conservative amino acid substitutions (as described above) or by non-conservative amino acid substitutions, deletions, or insertions located at positions which do not destroy the biological activity of the peptide (also as described above).
In preferred embodiments, the peptide or peptide analog has a net charge of -2 or greater and has an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of an amphiphilic domain of apolipoprotein A-I such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at sites of vascular injury. A preferred peptide or peptide analog is:
Tyr-Val-Leu-Asp-Glu-Phe-Arg-Glu-Lys-Leu-Asn-Glu-Glu-Leu- Glu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Gln-Lys.
In yet another aspect, the invention features a peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury; the peptide or peptide analog includes a hydrophobic domain and has a net charge of -2 or greater, such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at the site of injury.
Preferably, the peptide or peptiade analog is derived from a vascular-associated protein, for example, elastin.
By "derived from" is meant having an amino acid sequence identical to or substantially identical to (as defined above) the sequence of, as used herein, a vascularassociated protein. By a "vascular-associated protein" is meant a protein that is naturally associated either with the vascular wall or with an extracellular component of the vascular system, including the proteins elastin and
collagen, and carbohydrates such as proteoglycans. In other preferred embodiments, the peptide or peptide analog has an affinity for a vascular wall
component, for example, a collagen, a proteoglycan, or elastin; the peptide or peptide analog binds elastin with a dissociation constant of 10-6 or less (i.e., or with greater affinity, as measured in vitro by the method of Podet et al., Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 11:116, 1991); the hydrophobic domain of the peptide or peptide analog includes a β-strand. In yet other preferred embodiments, the
vascular-associated protein is a peptide or peptide analog having a net charge of -2 or greater and an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of elastin such that the peptide or peptide analog accumulates at sites of vascular injury. A preferred peptide or peptide analog may include the amino acid
sequence:
Tyr-(Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)x, wherein x is at least 1 and, preferably, 3; or the peptide or peptide analog may include the amino acid sequence: Tyr- (Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)x, wherein x is at least 1 and, preferably, 3 or, more
preferably, 4.
In preferred embodiments of all aspects, the peptide or peptide analog has an acetylated amino terminus and/or an amidated carboxy terminus. Examples of such peptide or peptide analogues include: H2N-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asp- Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asp-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2; H2N-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala-Asn- Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asn-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Gln-Leu-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Ala-Lys-Phe-Arg-Glu-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Thr-Arg- Asp-Arg-Met-Tyr-CONH2;
H2N-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys-Ile- Ala-Asp-Phe-Glu-Leu-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Glu-Gln-Ala-Lys-Gly-Ala-CONH2;
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Glu-Phe-Lys-Val-Lys- Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2; CH3CONH-Tyr-Val-Leu-Asp-Glu-Phe-Arg-Glu-Lys-Leu-Asn-Glu- Glu-Leu-Glu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Gln-Lys-CONH2; H2N-Tyr-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro- Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-CONH2 ; and
H2N-Tyr-Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly- Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-CONH2. The synthetic peptide or peptide analogues are useful for detecting and imaging injury in the vascular system of a subject. Other useful synthetic peptide or peptide analogues may include: amino acid analogues, molecules which mimic the structure of amino acids, and natural amino acids found in molecules other than peptide or peptide analogues.
In other preferred embodiments of all aspects, the peptide or peptide analog is water soluble; or is soluble in a physiological fluid, preferably, one which is at
physiological pH, for example, blood plasma; and the peptide or peptide analog is linked to a detectable label to enable its monitoring within the subject. Preferable labels include a radioisotope, e.g., 131I, 125I, 123I, 111ln, 99mTc, 203Pb, 198Hg, Ru97, or 201T1; or a paramagnetic contrast agent. Such labels may enable the extracorporeal monitoring of synthetic peptide or peptide analogues within the
vascular system of the subject with, for example, a gamma scintillation camera or an MRI system.
In another aspect, the invention features a method for the detection of injury (for example, atherosclerosis) in the vascular system of a subject involving introducing into a subject a peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above. The method may further involve administering a second peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above. The peptide or peptide analog to be introduced may be administrated by arterial or venous injection.
Alternatively, a non-hydrolyzable derivative may be
administered orally or nasally. The introduced synthetic peptide or peptide analog is then allowed to circulate within the vascular system of the subject, whereby at least a portion of it accumulates at a site of injury. The portion of the synthetic peptide or peptide analog which has accumulated at a site of injury is then detected. The detection step may further include quantitating the amount of labelled peptide or peptide analog which has accumulated at a site of vascular injury; or imaging the region of the subject's vascular system at which the synthetic peptide or peptide analog has accumulated, e.g., by extracorporeal monitoring of a peptide or peptide analog having a
detectable label (e.g., a radioactive label or a
paramagnetic contrast agent) with a gamma scintillation camera or a magnetic resonance imaging system.
In a final aspect, the invention includes a method for inhibiting the binding of low density lipoprotein to the vascular wall(s) of a subject involving administering to the subject a therapeutically-effective amount of a peptide or peptide analog of the forms set forth above.
Applicants have discovered that vascular diseases, including asymptomatic atherosclerosis, can be diagnosed by administering a synthetic peptide to a subject, and then detecting the location, pattern, and concentration of the peptide following its accumulation at sites of injury within the subject's vascular system. The technique affords a number of advantages. It is non-invasive; it requires neither complex medical equipment, nor highly skilled medical practitioners to be successfully accomplished; and the peptides used to target vascular lesions may be produced inexpensively, quickly, and in large quantity (e.g., by recombinant DNA technology).
In addition, the peptides of the invention may be used for the prevention or alleviation of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Administration of the peptides of the invention in therapeutically-effective doses can prevent the accumulation of LDL by blocking LDL binding sites.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments, and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The foregoing and other objects of the invention, the various features thereof, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description when read together with the accompanying
drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows a schematic model of the apo B-100 configuration, when included in the LDL molecule, and surface-exposed regions;
FIG. 2 is a series of helical wheel diagrams indicating the amphiphilic character of representative synthetic peptides;
FIG. 3 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-17;
FIG. 4 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-l9a;
FIG. 5 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-21a; FIG. 6 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-28;
FIG. 7 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-29; and
FIG. 8 shows a photograph (A) and an onlay
autoradiograph (B) of the abdominal aorta of a rabbit treated with 125I-labelled synthetic peptide, SP-30.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
This invention provides synthetic peptides which have affinity for, and the propensity to accumulate at, a site of vascular injury, and therefore are useful in
detecting, diagnosing, monitoring, and treating vascular disease.
Specific examples of such synthetic peptides having these characteristics may have an amino acid sequence that is analogous to portions of known polypeptides which have an affinity for a site of vascular injury, i.e., have a
molecular conformation, charge, and/or size which is similar to that part of the polypeptide (e.g., low density
lipoprotein or elastin) which is responsible for its
affinity for arterial lesions. Alternatively, the synthetic peptides of the present invention may be homologous with portions of the apo B-100 moiety of LDL, the apo A-I moiety of HDL, or elastin.
Design and Synthesis of Peptides
Peptides useful in the invention are those which successfully target vascular lesions. Thus, it is
preferable to fashion such peptides after the sequence of a protein which is "vascular-associated", i.e., naturally associated with a vascular cell surface or with an extracellular component of the vascular system (e.g., proteoglycans, collagen, or elastin). Proteins of this class include: apolipoprotein B (i.e., the protein moiety of low density lipoprotein) and elastin (a natural component of the arterial wall). It is not necessary, and it is often inconvenient, to use the entire protein molecule (see above). Applicants have discovered that protein fragments can also be used to effectively target vascular lesions.
Examples of useful fragments are described herein.
Applicants have shown that such fragments are of low net charge (i.e., between -2 and +2), allowing an interaction, e.g., with the highly negatively-charged vascular wall.
Applicants have also shown that such peptides fall generally into one of two classes: (1) peptides which include an amphiphilic domain, preferably of α-helical character; and (2) peptides which include a hydrophobic domain (which facilitates interaction with a vascular surface or
vascular-associated extracellular component) and a
hydrophilic domain of either positive charge or low negative charge (i.e., -2 or greater; i.e., or more positive) which facilitates solubility.
Preferred peptides of class I, i.e., those peptides which include an amphiphilic domain (i.e., a domain which has both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic surface) are identified, e.g., as described in Kaiser and Kezdy (Ann .
Rev . Biophys . Biophys . Chem . 1 6 : 561, 1987; Science 223:249, 1984). Typically, the amphiphilic domain includes a region of secondary structure, most commonly, an α-helix or a β- strand. Because α-helix-containing peptides are generally more soluble than β-strand-containing peptides, they are preferred in the invention; increased solubility facilitates in vitro peptide synthesis and peptide administration to a patient. Preferred peptides of class II, i.e., those peptides which include both (a) a hydrophobic domain which
facilitates interaction with a vascular cell surface or a hydrophobic vascular-associated component (e.g., elastin) and (b) a positively-charged or slightly negatively-charged domain that facilitates solubility are identified using e.g., the methods for predicting hydrophobicity and
hydrophilicity described below. Applicants have shown that peptides of this class, even peptides including one or more domains predicted to form β-strands, may be administered to a subject and used to efficiently target arterial lesions. Peptides of this class likely interact with hydrophobic vascular-associated extracellular components.
The net charge of a peptide is calculated by adding together the charges on the amino acids of the peptide at neutral pH. The local charged character (i.e., amphiphilic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic nature, e.g., of a region of a peptide) and secondary structure (i.e., the presence of an α-helix or β-strand) of a particular sequence of amino acids may be predicted from its primary sequence using any of a number of model-building approaches. For example, to identify an amphiphilic α-helix, one may construct an
"Edmundson wheel", and look for the presence of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues on opposite faces of the resultant cylinder (Schiffer and Edmundson, Biophys . J. 7:121, 1967; hereby incorporated by reference). Alternatively, to identify an amphiphilic, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic domain or a region of secondary structure, one may use a semiempirical formula such as the Chou-Fasman method (Chou and Fasman, Ann . Rev . Biochem . 47:251, 1978; hereby incorporated by reference); or the program, PREDICT (based on the GOR method of secondary structure prediction) (Robson et al., Introduction to Proteins and Protein Engineering; Elsevier, New York, 1986; hereby incorporated by reference). Such a program makes use of the equation:
Figure imgf000017_0001
where I(Sj=X:X;Rj+m) values are derived from a statistical preference for a residue j to be in a conformation X. The state of j is evaluated from a summation over m residues of sequence on either side of j ; parameter values are dependent on the identity of the residue at each position and its contribution to each of the four structural types. Values are calculated for each of the states H, E, T, and C; the highest value determines the predicted structure (either
H=α-helix, E=β-sheet, T=turn, or C=random coil). Finally, amphiphilicity may be derived from a calculation of the "hydrophobic moment", i.e., the measure of the
amphiphilicity perpendicular to the axis of a periodic peptide structure; this approach is described in Eisenberg (Ann . Rev. Biochem . 53: 595, 1984; hereby incorporated by reference).
It has been shown that it is the charged character (i.e., amphiphilic, hydrophilic, or hydrophobic) and/or secondary structure of a protein, and not its particular amino acid sequence, which facilitates the protein's
interaction with other charged (or hydrophobic) surfaces (see, e.g.. Kaiser and Kezdy, Science 223:249, 1984).
Accordingly, it is possible to design any number of peptide analogues, having different amino acid sequences, provided that the local charge distribution (and overall net charge) and secondary structure, and hence the biological activity (in this case, the ability to target vascular lesions) is maintained. Such peptide analogues will generally differ from the native protein sequences by conservative amino acid substitutions (e.g., substitution of Leu for Val, or Arg for Lys, etc.) well known to those skilled in the art of
biochemistry. Moreover, peptides may be designed which include a region(s) of amphiphilic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic and/or secondary structure embedded within a longer amino acid stretch. Generally, the charged character and
secondary structure of such a region is unaffected by the surrounding amino acid residues. Again, only those peptides which are capable of targeting vascular lesions are
considered to be useful in the invention.
Good candidates for peptides useful in the invention are peptides based on surface-exposed protein domains (i.e., regions of the protein which are present on the external surface of a protein molecule, preferably a vascularassociated protein molecule) because such regions are most likely to interact with the vascular wall or with a
vascular-associated extracellular component. The identity of surface-exposed domains may be determined by tryptic digest analysis (see below) and/or by calculation of a region's degree of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity (e.g., by the Chou-Fasman method, Ann . Rev. Biochem . 47:251, 1978); extracellular domains are generally hydrophilic or
amphiphilic in character; such domains are frequently surrounded by hydrophobic stretches which correspond to transmembrane domains.
The peptides, once designed, can be synthesized by any of a number of established procedures, including, e.g., the expression of a recombinant DNA encoding that peptide in an appropriate host cell. Alternatively, these peptides can be produced by the established procedure of solid phase peptide synthesis. Briefly, this procedure entails the sequential assembly of the appropriate amino acids into a peptide of a desired sequence while the end of the growing peptide is linked to an insoluble support. Usually, the carboxyl terminus of the peptide is linked to a polymer from which it can be liberated upon treatment with a cleavage reagent. The peptides so synthesized are then labelled with a reagent which enables the monitoring of the peptide after its administration to a patient.
Peptides may be tested for their ability to effectively target vascular lesions using an in vivo animal assay (e.g., that assay described herein). It is known that LDL accumulates both in the balloon de-endothelialized healing arterial wall of the rabbit and in human atheroma (Roberts et al., J. Lipid Res . 24:1160, 1983; Lees et al., J. Nuclear Med. 24:154, 1983). Accordingly, a rabbit whose abdominal aorta has been balloon de-endothelialized
approximately four weeks prior may be used as a test model for human arterial disease. Other animals or experimental systems can be used as well, such as Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipemic rabbits which have inherited high blood
cholesterol secondary to a deficiency in LDL receptors.
This strain of rabbit develops spontaneous atherosclerosis at about 2 months of age, and they often die of heart attacks.
The rabbit model has been imaged both by onlay autoradiography with 125I-labelled LDL and by external imaging with 99mTc-labelled LDL using a gamma scintillation camera. In each case, onlay autoradiography of the excised rabbit aorta has been reliably predictive of the in vivo results with extracorporeal imaging. In preparation for vascular administration, each labelled synthetic peptide may be injected in the free state or, alternatively, may be bound to the surface of a lipid emulsion such as a
cholesterol ester phospholipid microemulsion. The emulsion is then injected intravenously into the rabbit.
Approximately twenty-four hours later, the rabbit is
subjected to extracorporeal monitoring appropriate for the specific label on the peptide. Alternatively, the rabbit is sacrificed, and its aorta removed and washed. The aorta is either cut into sequential portions which are then monitored in a liquid scintillation counter, or is dried, covered with a layer of polyester wrap, and placed on a sheet of x-ray film which is then developed to produce an onlay
autoradiogram after suitable storage time in the dark.
Use
The peptides of the invention may be used to diagnose vascular injury or, alternatively, to inhibit binding of LDL to vascular walls. In either case, the peptide is first administered to a subject, e.g., a patient. Administration may be accomplished by arterial or venous injection. Alternatively a non-hydrolyzable derivative of the peptide (e.g., a keto methylene derivative) may be administered by mouth, or administration may be accomplished nasally.
In preparation for vascular administration, labelled synthetic peptide is suspended in a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier (e.g., a physiological saline solution) or alternatively may be bound to the surface of a lipid emulsion such as a cholesterol ester phospholipid
microemulsion (MV), and the emulsion is then injected intravenously.
For diagnostic use, the labelled peptide is administered in an amount sufficient for later detection (generally, 0.5-1 mg intravenously or 5-100 mg orally). In preferred embodiments of the invention, the peptide is labelled with, e.g., a radioisotope such as 123I, 125I or 99mTc, and peptide accumulation at a site of injury imaged extracorporeally by radiation detection means such as a gamma scintillation camera; alternatively, the synthetic peptide is labelled with a non-radioactive, paramagnetic contrast agent capable of being detected in MRI systems. In such systems, a strong magnetic field is used to align the nuclear spin vectors of the atoms in a patient's body. The field is then disturbed and an image of the patient is read as the nuclei return to their equilibrium alignments. In the present invention, synthetic peptides can be linked to paramagnetic contrast agents such as gadolinium, cobalt, nickel, manganese or iron complexes, to form conjugate diagnostic reagents that are imaged extracorporeally with an MRI system.
For treatment of vascular disease (i.e., to inhibit LDL binding to vascular walls), the peptide is administered in a therapeutically-effective dose, generally 5-100 mg intravenously or intramuscularly. Treatment may be
repeated, as necessary, to prevent or alleviate vascular damage.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
There now follows a description of the design and synthesis of sample peptides useful in the invention. There also follows a description of an in vivo assay used to test the ability of such peptides to target vascular injury.
These examples are provided to illustrate the invention and should not be construed as limiting.
Apolipoprotein Peptides
Apoliprotein B (apoB) is the protein moiety of low density lipoprotein. The primary structure of apo B-100 has become available by virtue of its cloning (see e.g., Knott et al., Nature 323:734-742, 1986; Yang et al., Nature
323:738. 1986; Carlsson et al., Nucl . Acids Res . 13:8813, 1985). Further, enzymatic treatment of apo B-100 with trypsin has enabled the identification of those surface regions which are apparently involved in the binding of LDL to various cells and tissues (Forgez et al., Biochem .
Biophys . Res . Comm . 140:250, 1986; Knott et al., Nature
323:734, 1986). The surface-exposed regions are shown schematically in FIG. 1. The amino acid sequence analyses of representative tryptic peptides are shown in TABLE 1.
Figure imgf000023_0001
Based on the data of Forgez et al. (ibid) the published apo B sequence (described above), and information known to those skilled in the art of biochemistry and peptide design (e.g., that described above), synthetic peptides having an amino acid sequence analogous to the amino acid sequences of surface regions of the apo B moiety of LDL were designed. In some cases, the peptides were amidated at their carboxy terminus and/or acetylated at their amino terminus (i.e., the "A" or "a" peptides). Eight representative apo B peptides and their modified
counterparts are shown below. The numbers above the amino acid residues refer to the primary sequence of apo B. SP-6:
1000
HN2-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu
1010
Ala-Asp-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
SP-6A:
1000
CH3CONH-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-
1010
Leu-Ala-Asp-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
SP-8:
1000
H2N-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu- 1010
Ala-Asn-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
SP-8A:
1000
CH3CONH-Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu
1010
Ala-Asn-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2;
SP-12A:
1008
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val
Thr-Gln-Leu-CONH2;
SP-14A:
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-CONH2; SP-15a :
2485
CH3CONH-Tyr-Ala-Lys-Phe-Arg-Glu-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Thr-Arg- 2495
Asp-Arg-Met-Tyr-CONH2 ;
SP-17 :
3810
H2N-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys-Ile- 3822
Ala-Asp-Phe-Glu-Leu-CONH2;
SP-19a:
1008
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr-
Glu-Gln-Ala-Lys-Gly-Ala-CONH2; and
SP-21a:
1002
CH3CONH-Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Glu-Phe-Lys-Val-Lys-
Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys-CONH2. Amino acids 2-13 of the apoB-derived peptide, SP-4
(see, PCT/US89/01854), were conservatively substituted to produce SP-6 and SP-8. SP-12 is a truncated form of SP-4 in which the last five amino acid residues were replaced with a single leucine (Leu) residue. SP-14 is a truncated form of SP-12 in which the last five amino acid residues have been deleted and the tyrosine (Tyr) residue at position 7
replaced with a threonine (Thr) residue. SP-15a and SP-17 include amino acids 2483-2497 (i.e., including Tp 49) and amino acids 3809-3825, (i.e., including part of Tp 59), respectively. The sequences of SP-19a and SP-21a are variations on the sequence of SP-4. Physical data obtained for peptides SP15a, SP17, SP19a, and SP21a are summarized in Table 2. Helical wheel diagrams demonstrating the
amphiphilic and α-helical nature of these peptides are shown in FIG. 2; hydrophobic residues are encircled and charged residues are indicated. Abbreviations are : A, alanine; D, aspartate; E, glutamate; F, phenylalanine; G, glycine; K, lysine; L, leucine; N, asparagine; Q, glutamine; R,
arginine; T, threonine; V, valine; Y, tyrosine. Ac, acetyl.
Another amphiphilic peptide (i.e., SP34a) was synthesized based on an apo A-I consensus peptide (termed APOA-I CONSENSUS), i.e., an idealized α-helix derived from a number of regions of apolipoprotein A-I; the sequence of this consensus peptide is published in Anantharamaiah (Meth . Enzymol . 128:630, 1986). Unlike apolipoprotein A-I, the synthetic peptide is only weakly charged, and the sequence is preceded by an animo-terminal tyrosine residue. This peptide was amidated at its carboxy terminus and acetylated at its amino terminus. This peptide has a weak net negative charge (i.e., -2; see Table 2).
SP-34a:
CH3CONH-Tyr-Val-Leu-Asp-Glu-Phe-Arg-Glu-Lys-Leu- Asn-Glu-Glu-Leu-Glu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Gln-Lys-CONH2. Physical data obtained for SP-34a are summarized in
Table 2. A helical wheel diagram of SP-34a is shown in FIG. 2 (described above).
Figure imgf000027_0001
aM olecular weight (calculated/observed); expressed as the parent ion (M+H)+, as determined by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry.
Mean Hydrophobicity; calculated using the method and scale of Eisenberg (J. Mol. Biol. 279:125, 1984). cCharge is expressed as the difference between positively and negatively charged groups on the peptide at neutral pH.
Elastin Peptides
Elastin is a major component of skin, arteries, lung, and other tissues (Rosenbloom; Robert and Robert,
Frontiers of Matrix Biology, Vol. 8: Biology and Pathology
of Elastic Tissues , 1980; Reddi, Extracellular Matrix:
Structure and Function , 1985). Analysis of various elastin sequences (see Rosenbloom, Meth . Enzymol . 144:172, 1987)
indicates that elastin proteins are generally composed of a number of repeated units. Two such repeated units are the
pentapeptide, Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly (VPGVG) , and the
hexapeptide, Val-Gly-Val-ala-Pro-Gly (VGVAPG).
Structurally, elastin repeats have been shown, by circular
dichroism (Rahman et al., Coll . Czech . Chem . Comm . 52:1356,
1987) and by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance studies (Urry et al., Biopolymers 25:1939, 1986), to contain
repeating β-turn structures (Biochem . Biophys . Res . Comm . 153:832. 1988). The hexapeptide has chemotactic properties (Senior et al., J. Cell . Biol . 99:870, 1984).
Elastin-derived peptides useful for targeting arterial lesions include a hydrophobic binding site; this binding site facilitates interaction with a hydrophobic extracellular vascular wall component (e.g., elastin) and/or allows interaction of the peptide with the negatively- charged vascular wall. To facilitate solubility in
physiological fluids, the peptides preferably include a hydrophilic domain or a net positive or weak negative charge.
Three representative elastin peptides are shown below. SP-28 includes three repeats of the elastin
hexapeptide VGVAPG. SP-30 and SP-29 include four and three repeats, respectively, of the elastin pentapeptide VPGVG. The SP-30 and SP-29 peptides were amidated at their carboxy terminus. SP-28:
H2N-Tyr-Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly- Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly-OH;
SP-30:
H2N-Tyr-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro- Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-CONH2; and
SP-29
H2N-Tyr-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly-Val-Pro- Gly-Val-Gly-CONH2. Physical data obtained for elastin peptides is summarized in Table 2.
Peptide Synthesis and Labelling
Peptides SP-6, SP-6A, SP-8, SP-8A, SP-12A, and SP- 14A were synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis according to the established method of Stewart and Young (Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., pp. 53-123, 1984 The Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL, hereby incorporated by reference). These peptides were synthesized using the schedule listed in TABLE 2, but any one of the other
schedules listed in this reference may alternatively be used to generate any desired peptides (e.g., any peptide
described herein).
Figure imgf000030_0001
Peptides SP-15a, SP-17, SP-19a, SP-21a, SP-34a, SP- 28, SP-30 and SP-29 were synthesized by manual solid-phase methods using tert-butoxycarbonyl (t-Boc)-based chemistry. (Barany and Merrifield, The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology, Academic Press, New York, 1980; Stewart and Young, Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis , 2nd ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL, 1984). Sidechain protecting groups for amino acid derivatives included: benxyl estere for Asp and Glu, benzyl ethers for ser and Thr, chlorobenzyloxyoarbonyl for Lys, bromobenzyloxy for Tyr, and mesitylenesuifonyl for Arg. The carboxyl terminal amino acid residue was attached to methylbanshydrylaaine resin with diisopropylcarbodiiaide (DIC) by tha method of Stewart and Young (supra). The peptide resin was washed twice with CH2Cl2 and once with 50% TFA in CR2Cl2/1% dimothylsulfide, and the t-Boo group was removed by treatment for 20 minutes with 50% TFA in
CH2Cl2/1% dinethylsulfide, or by treatment with 25% TFA in CH2Cl2/1% dinethylsulfide for 30 minutes. The peptide resin was next washed five times with 5X CH2Cl2; neutralised with two washes of lot diisopropylethylamina (DIEA) in CH2Cl2; and washed five times with CH2Cl2. The next amino acid was coupled by treatment with either three equivalents of symmetrical anhydride (see below) for 45 minutes or four equivalents of aotive eater (see below) for 2 hours, in the presence of 1.5 equivalents of DIEA. The peptide resin was then washed four times with CH2Cl2; twice with 33% ethanol in CH2Ol2; and twice with CH2Cl2.
Symmetrical anhydride-activated amino acids ware prepared by treating 6.1 equivalents of amino acid with three equivalents of Die in CH2Cl2 for 20 minutes, on ice. Active esters of hydroxybenzotriaasole (HOBt) ware prepared from four equivalents each of amino acid, HOBt, and Die in dimethyl formamide (DKF) for 30 minutes on ice. Active asters of ethylhydroxyiminocyanoacetate (EACNOx) were
prepared from four equivalents each of amino acid, EACNOx, and DIC in CH2Cl2 for 30 minutes, on ice. Completion of coupling at each step waa verified by tha Kaiser nlnhydrin teat (Kaiser et al., Anal. Bloohem. 34:595, 1970).
Incomplete couplings were repeated once or twice and, if still incomplete, the peptide resin was acetylated with acetic anhydride prior to continuation of synthesis.
Peptides were deprotected and cleaved from the resin either by HF-treatment (performed as directed by Immunodynamics, San Diego, CA) or by treatment with 1:10:1:0.5
trifluoromethanesulfonic acid:TFA:thioanisole:ethanedithiol by the method of Yajima et al. (J. Chem . Soc . , Chem . Comm . p.107-108, 1974). Crude deprotected peptides were either desalted on a column of Sephadex G-25 eluted with 5% acetic acid or were precipitated twice from the TFA solution with 10 to 100 volumes of ethyl ether. Peptides were then purified by reverse-phase HPLC using a Vydac C18 column and a gradient of 0%-90% CH3CN/H2O containing 0.1% TFA.
Solutions of purified peptides were evaporated, redissolved in water, and lyophilized to dryness. Identity of peptides was confirmed by Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometric (FAB-MS) analysis.
The synthetic peptides SP-6, SP-6A, SP-8, SP-8A, SP- 12A, and SP-14A were radiolabelled by the chloramine T method as described in Shih et al. (Proc . Natl . Acad. Sci . USA 87:1436, 1990, herein incorporated by reference).
Certain experiments required radiolabelled LDL. In these cases LDL was labelled with 125-iodine by a previously described modification of the McFarlane iodine monochloride technique described in Lees et al. (Proc. Natl . Acad. Sci . USA 80):5098, 1983, hereby incorporated by reference). The radiolabelled lipoprotein or synthetic peptide was separated from unbound radioisotope by passage through a gel
filtration "desalting" column of Sephadex G-25 or the equivalent. The synthetic peptides SP-15a, SP-17, SP-19a, SP- 21a, SP-34a, SP-28, SP29, and SP30 were radiolabelled with 125I using chloramine-T as follows.
The peptide (400 μg) was dissolved in 200 μl of 2.5 mM sodium phosphate/37.5 mM NaCl buffer, pH 7.4 and mixed with 1 mCi (3μl) 125I. Chloramine-T (30 μl, 8 mg/ml in H2O) was added to the mixture and, after 35 seconds, the reaction was quenched by the addition of sodium bisulfite (60 μl, 8 mg/ml). Radiolabeled peptides were gel-filtered on a BioGel P-2 (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) column (1 cm X 30 cm) and eluted with 0.1% BSA in 0.1M acetic acid. A lead fraction of 5 ml was collected, followed by 0.45 ml fractions.
Iodinated peptide, which eluted at approximately fractions 9-12, was pooled and the pH adjusted to 5 with IN NaOH and then to 7.5 with 1M NaHCO3.
lodination of SP17 was performed essentially as described above except that the reaction mixture was
adjusted to a final concentration of 50% ethanol. Following iodination, the radiolabeled peptide was precipitated by addition of bovine serum albumin to a final concentration of 10%, and the precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes. The pellet was then washed four times with 1 ml. (each) of water and, after the final wash, the precipitate was dissolved in 5 ml . of 10% BSA.
Alternatively, 20% BSA was added to the iodinated peptide (in 50% ethanol) to a final concentration of 10% and a volume not exceeding 5 ml. The solution was then passed through a BioGel P-2 (10 cm X 1.5 cm) column and eluted with 0.1% BSA in 0.1M acetic acid as described above. Excess buffer was removed using nitrogen pressure, the column was washed with 5 ml of 0.1% BSA/ 0.1M acetic acid, and the most highly radioactive fractions pooled for injection. In an alternative method, the synthetic peptides are labelled either directly with technetium (Tc), or indirectly through covalent attachment of a chelating group such as diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), which is known to chelate a variety of metals including radioisotopes such as 111-indium.
Direct coupling to 99mTc is carried out as follows. 50 mCi 99mTc (in the form of 99aTcO4-), in a 0.5 ml aqueous solution, is added to 1-6 mg, but preferably to 2 mg, synthetic peptide in 0.5 ml of a 0.2 M sodium bicarbonate solution, pH 8.0, and mixed thoroughly for 10 minutes at room temperature. The pH is raised to 8.0 - 9.0 if
necessary with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide. To the mixture is then added 10 mg of reduced sodium dithionite (57.5 mmoles) freshly dissolved in 0.5 ml distilled water. The mixture is gently stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature.
The radiolabelled synthetic peptide fraction is separated from uncoupled technetium and sodium dithionite by molecular sieve chromatography. A 1 X 50 cm column of
Sephadex G-25, equilibrated with a EDTA-bicarbonate buffer (0.2 M sodium bicarbonate, pH 8.0, 0.001 M EDTA), is
suitable for separation. The column is standardized with blue dextran and potassium iodide to determine the void volume and the column volume, respectively. The reaction mixture is applied to the column, and bicarbonate-EDTA buffer is used to elute column fractions. The
macromolecular radioactive peak that elutes at a position characteristic for the synthetic peptide is isolated and ready for use.
Indirect coupling to 99mTc is carried out as follows. A chelating ligand, e.g., DTPA (as per Hnatowich et al., Science 220: 613, 1983) or bromoacetylparaaminobenzyl EDTA (BABE; as per Meares et al., Analyt . Biochem . 142: 142, 1984) is covalently bound to the N- or C-terminus of the peptide. These references are hereby incorporated by reference. Technetium is then chelated to the DTPA- or BABE-synthetic peptide by the procedure described above for direct labelling of synthetic peptide. Technetium, in the form of 99mTcO4- is added to the DTPA-synthetic peptide, and to the mixture is added a solution of reduced sodium
dithionite, pH 8.0-9.0. 99mTc-labelled synthetic-DTPA peptide is separated from uncomplexed 99mTc and sodium dithionite by column chromatography (as described above). The preparations are then characterized by silica gel chromatography essentially as described by Meares et al. (ibid.) and by HPLC. The 99mTc-labelled peptide is
administered either in a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier solution or bound to a lipid emulsion.
Structure
To determine whether the molecular conformation or structure of the synthetic apoB peptides was analogous to the conformation of the apoB moiety of LDL, a polyclonal antiserum was raised to each peptide and its ability to bind LDL tested. Antiserum raised to human LDL was used as the control.
Specific anti-LDL antisera may be purchased from a number of sources (e.g., Hoechst Pharmaceutical, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio and Marburg-Lahn, West Germany; and Hyland Laboratories, Inc., 4501 Colorado Boulevard, Los Angeles, California). Alternatively, antisera may be prepared by any number of protocols known to those skilled in the art. For assays described herein, anti-LDL antiserum was produced as follows. 5 - 20 mg of LDL, prepared according to the method of Fischman et al. (Arteriosclerosis 7:361, 1987) in about 1 ml of saline or barbital buffer, was emulsified with an equal volume of Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco
Laboratories, Detroit, MI). This was most easily done by placing the lipoprotein and the adjuvant in separate 5 ml Luer-Lock syringes with 20-gauge needles and connecting the two needles via a 1-inch piece of 0.030 inch inner diameter polyethylene tubing. The contents of the syringes are then forcefully expelled from one syringe into the other several dozen times through the two needles and the connecting tubing. A stable creamy emulsion was produced which was finally passed entirely into one of the syringes, and the connecting tubing is removed. The emulsified antigen was injected subcutaneously into the back of a laboratory rabbit. If several rabbits were to be injected with the same antigen, larger syringes and larger quantities of materials were used and each rabbit injected with 2 ml of the emulsion representing 1 ml of the original antigen solution. An alternative method for preparing emulsion in quantity is to place equal volumes of antigen solution and adjuvant into one tube of a Mickle disintegrator (Mickle
Company, Hampton, Middlesex, England; Brinkmann Instruments, Inc., Westbury, NY) which is stoppered and placed on one of the steel reeds of this magnetic vibrator. A second sample or a water balance is placed on the other reed, the machine turned on, and the reeds tuned to maximal excursion for about ten minutes. The resulting emulsion is drawn into syringes through a blunt 18-gauge needle and injected subcutaneously through 20-gauge needles.
For the preparation of antisera of high antibody titer the animal may be "boosted" every 3-5 weeks exactly as for the first injection. Good antiserum is usually obtained after two injections. Animals treated in this way may be maintained for long periods in the immune state and will yield very large amounts of antiserum. If quantities of antiserum in the range of 1 liter or more are needed, sheep may be used in the same manner, except that two to three times the amount of immunizing antigen is required. The animals are bled 6-10 days after each booster injection. A small test bleeding may be made to check the antibody level and purity if desired.
The blood is allowed to clot at room temperature for several hours and is then placed overnight in the
refrigerator. The samples are centrifuged in the cold, the clots removed with an applicator stick, recentrifuged to sediment the remaining blood cells, and the serum is
decanted. One milligram per milliliter of sodium azide is added as a preservative. Antisera in constant use may be kept in the refrigerator, or stored at -15° to -20°C.
To produce anti-synthetic peptide antisera, purified synthetic peptide was dissolved in PBS, pH 7.4 at a
concentration of 1 mg/ml. The peptide solution was mixed with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant and vortexed thoroughly until a thick emulsion was produced.
New Zealand White rabbits (Millbrook Farms, Amherst, MA) were injected with a total of 0.5 mg synthetic peptide administered subcutaneously in the four dorsal quadrants. The rabbits were given a boost (injected at the same sites) with 0.5 mg peptide emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant 2-3 weeks later. Eight to ten days after the first boost, the animals were given a second, identical boost and were bled of 30 ml 8 to 10 days later.
To test for immunological cross-reactivity
microtiter plates (Immulon II Dynatech Labs, Chantilly, VA) were coated with the purified synthetic peptide or LDL by an overnight incubation at 4°C with 100 ng peptide per well in 50 mM carbonate, pH 9.6, and blocked for nonspecific binding with an additional overnight incubation with phosphatebuffered saline, pH 7.4 (PBS), 1% bovine serum albumin
(BSA). Control wells were coated with BSA alone. After washing twice with PBS, the wells were filled with serial dilutions (1:10 to 1:100,000 made in PBS, 3% BSA) of a rabbit polyclonal antibody generated against the synthetic peptide (s) and incubated for 45 minutes at room temperature. Following thorough washing (3X with PBS, 0.1% BSA), the wells were filled with a 1:2000 dilution of goat anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Atlantic Antibodies,
Scarborough, ME). After a final wash, the wells were filled with 3, 3 ' -5, 5'- tetramethybenzidine (TMB) microwell
peroxidase substrate (Kirkegaard and Perry Labs,
Gaithersburg, MD) and read at 650 nm every two minutes on an ELISA-5 automated plate reader (Physica, New York, NY).
Results were expressed as the initial velocity of substrate conversion (change in OD650/hr), which was determined by a linear regression of 15 data points per well. Each data point represented the average of three measured data points from the same plate, run at the same time.
ELISA plates were coated with LDL and treated with SP-4 (see PCT/US89/01854) antiserum. Anti-SP-4 antiserum was able to bind LDL on the plates, providing immunological confirmation that SP-4 and LDL have structural similarities. In analogous experiments, anti-SP-4 antiserum was shown to bind SP-4 and SP-4A as well as the conservatively
substituted peptides, SP-6, SP-6A, SP-8, SP-8A, SP-12A, and SP-14A, demonstrating that these peptides have structural similarities to SP-4 and therefore structural similarities to LDL. Animal Model:
The peptides described herein were assayed for their ability to target sites of vascular injury as follows. Male New Zealand white rabbits (2 to 3 kg each) were obtained from ARI Breeding Labs, West Bridgewater, MA. To induce vascular injury, their abdominal aortas were denuded of endothelium by a modification of the Baumgartner technique (Fischman et al., Arteriosclerosis 7:361, 1987). Briefly, after each animal was anesthetized with ketamine and ether or, alternatively, with xylazine (20 mg/ml) and Ketalar (50 mg/ml), the left femoral artery was isolated; a 4F Fogarty embolectomy catheter (Model 12-040-4F, Edwards Laboratories Incorporated, Santa Anna, CA) was introduced through an arterotomy in the femoral artery and was advanced under fluoroscopic visualization to the level of the diaphragm.
The catheter was inflated to a pressure of about 3 psi above the balloon inflation pressure with radiographic contrast medium (Conray, Mallinkrodt, St. Louis, MO). Three passes were made through the abdominal aorta with the inflated catheter to remove the aortic endothelium before removal of the catheter, ligation of the femoral artery, and closure of the wound. The animals were allowed to heal for a period of 4 to 5 weeks before injection of the labelled synthetic peptides.
Watanabe Heritable Hyperlipemic (WHHL) rabbits were also used as animal models. They were obtained from the WHHL Rabbit Program of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (Bethesda, MD) at about 3 months of age and weighing about 1.5 kg. The animals were raised until they were 3-4 kg in weight. At this weight, they exhibited marked aortic atherosclerosis. Each labelled synthetic peptide preparation
(containing, for example, 150 to 400 or more μCi of 125I - labelled peptide) in column elution buffer was injected into the marginal ear vein of the ballooned and healing New
Zealand white rabbits or WHHL rabbits. Serial blood samples were obtained from the opposite ear during the ensuing 0-24 hours and were analyzed for radioactivity. Tha labelled peptide concentrations in the blood samples that were withdrawn over the first 10 minutes after injection were extrapolated to zero time to determine the time zero
radioactivity in the calculation of average plasma
radioactivity. Peptides SP15a, SP17, SP19a, SP21a, SP28, SP34a, and SP30 were cleared rapidly from the plasma with half-lives of about one minute or less; after one hour, the plasma levels were less than 10% of the injected dose and fell by an additional 1% over the next three hours.
Peptides SP15a, SP17, SP21a, SP28, SP34a, and SP30 leveled off to a plasma level of 3-6%; peptide SP19a cleared more quickly and leveled off to a concentration of 0.3% (at four hours).
One to twenty-four hours after injection of the labelled synthetic peptide preparations, each animal was injected intravenously with 4 ml of a 0.5% solution of Evans blue dye (Allied Chemical Company, National Aniline
Division, NY, NY) which stains areas of de-endothelialized aorta blue. After 30 minutes, the animal was sacrificed by a lethal injection of pentobarbital. After sacrifice, the aorta was removed completely, washed in saline, and fixed in 10% trichloroacetic acid.
The washed and fixed aortas from the animals that had been injected with radiolabelled synthetic peptide were opened along the ventral surface. These segments were then pinned out, fixed for 2 hours in 10% trichloroacetic acid, and photographed. The fixed, opened vessels were then covered with a single layer of plastic (Saran) wrap, placed on high speed x-ray film (Kodak Orthofilm OH-1), and stored for 3 days to 4 weeks in a Kodak "X-Omatic cassette" (24 X 30 cm) at -70°C before development in a 90 second X-OMAT.
Representative results are shown in FIGS. 8-13. Deendothelialized arterial wall is stained blue (with Evans blue dye, as described above) and appears as dark areas in the photographs (FIGS. 3-8, A); accumulation of radiolabel is indicated by dark areas in the autoradiographs (FIGS. 3- 8, B). All peptides accumulated focally at the leading edges of regenerating endothelial tissue in a pattern characteristic of LDL. In each case, the autoradiograph (FIG 3-8, B) demonstrates clear-cut localization of the synthetic peptide on the image at the healing (reendothelizing) edge of the aortic lesions produced by the previous trauma. Since this lesion is known to resemble human arteriosclerosis in many important respects, including accumulation of lipoproteins and other pathological changes, the ability of the synthetic peptides to localize at the trauma site, and to permit the imaging thereof demonstrates the utility of the present invention in imaging vascular disease.
These results and others are summarized in TABLE 3 and TABLE 4. Control peptides used were SP-2 (part of the heparin and LDL receptor binding site of apolipoprotein E) and SP-11A which is a receptor and heparin binding domain of apolipoprotein B. To compare the relative accumulation of the 125I-labelled synthetic peptides in the aorta and
adrenal gland, it was necessary to correct for differences in mean plasma concentration of the labelled compounds. The mean concentration of synthetic peptide-assoαiated 125I radioactivity was calculated by numerical integration of the plasma decay curves and division by the time since injection of the isotope.
Figure imgf000043_0001
Figure imgf000044_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
a. All peptides have plasma half-lives of approximately one minute. Radiolabelled peptides were injected intravenously at a dose of between 0.2-1.0 mCi.
What is claimed is:

Claims

Claims 1. A peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at a site of vascular injury, said peptide or peptide analog comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asp-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys; Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asn-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys; Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Gin-Leu; Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys; Tyr-Ala-Lys-Phe-Arg-Glu-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Thr-Arg- Asp-Arg-Met-Tyr; Tyr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys- Ile-Ala-Asp-Phe-Glu-Leu; Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Glu-Gln-Ala-Lys-Gly-Ala; and Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Glu-Phe-Lys-Val-Lys- Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys.
2. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asp-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys .
3. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Lys-Leu-Ala-Leu-Glu-Ala-Ala-Arg-Leu-Leu-Ala- Asn-Ala-Glu-Gly-Ala-Lys.
4. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Gin-Leu.
5. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys.
6. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Ala-Lys-Phe-Arg-Glu-Thr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Thr-Arg- Asp-Arg-Met-Tyr.
7. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Leu-Asn-Ala-Val-Ala-Asn-Lys- Ile-Ala-Asp-Phe-Glu-Leu.
8. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Leu-Lys-Phe-Val-Thr- Glu-Gln-Ala-Lys-Gly-Ala.
9. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-Arg-Ala-Leu-Val-Asp-Thr-Glu-Phe-Lys-Val-Lys- Gln-Glu-Ala-Gly-Ala-Lys.
10. A peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at a site of vascular injury, said peptide or peptide analog comprising an
amphiphilic domain of apolipoprotein A-I and having a net charge of -2 or greater, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site.
11. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 10, wherein said amphiphilic domain further comprises an α- helix.
12. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 10, having a net charge of -2 or greater and an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of said amphiphilic domain of apoA-I, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site of vascular injury.
13. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 10, said peptide or peptide analog having an amino acid sequence comprising
Tyr-Val-Leu-Asp-Glu-Phe-Arg-Glu-Lys-Leu-Asn-Glu- Glu-Leu-Glu-Ala-Leu-Lys-Gln-Lys.
14. A peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at a site of vascular injury, said peptide or peptide analog comprising a
hydrophobic domain and having a net charge of -2 or greater, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site of vascular injury.
15. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 14, wherein said peptide or peptide analog is derived from a vascular-associated protein.
16. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 15, wherein said vascular-associated protein is elastin.
17. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 14, wherein said peptide or peptide analog has an affinity for a vascular wall component.
18. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 17, wherein said vascular wall component is a collagen.
19. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 17, wherein said vascular wall component is a proteoglycan.
20. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 17, wherein said vascular wall component is elastin.
21. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 20, wherein said peptide or peptide analog binds elastin with a dissociation constant of 10-6 or less.
22. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 14, wherein said hydrophobic domain comprises a β-strand.
23. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 14, having a net charge of -2 or greater and an amino acid sequence sufficiently duplicative of that of at least a portion of elastin, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site.
24. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 16, said peptide analog having an amino acid sequence comprising
Tyr-(Val-Gly-Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)x, wherein X is at least 1.
25. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 24, wherein said x is 3.
26. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 16, wherein said amino acid sequence comprises
Tyr-(Val-Pro-Gly-Val-Gly)x, wherein x is at least 1.
27. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 26, wherein said x is 4.
28. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 26, wherein said x is 3.
29. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14, wherein the amino terminus of said peptide or peptide analog is acetylated.
30. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14, wherein the carboxy terminus of said peptide or peptide analog is amidated.
31. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14, wherein said peptide or peptide analog is water soluble.
32. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14, wherein said peptide or peptide analog is soluble in a physiological fluid.
33. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 32, wherein said physiological fluid is at physiological pH.
34. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 33, wherein said physiological fluid is blood plasma.
35. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14, further comprising a detectable label linked thereto.
36. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 35, wherein said label is radioactive.
37. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 36, wherein said radioactive label is selected from the group comprising 13 1 I , 125 I 123I , 111In, 99 m Tc, 203 Pb, 198 Hg, 97Ru, and 201T1.
38. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 37, wherein said radioactive label is 99mTc.
39. The peptide or peptide analog of claim 35, wherein said label comprises a paramagnetic contrast agent.
40. A method for the detection of injury in the vascular system of a subject, said method comprising the steps of: (a) introducing into said subject a peptide or peptide analog of claims 1, 10, or 14,
(b) allowing said introduced peptide or peptide analog to circulate within said vascular system, whereby at least a portion of said peptide or peptide analog
accumulates at said site; and
(c) detecting the location in said vascular system of said peptide or peptide analog which has accumulated at said site.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein said vascular injury in the vascular system comprises atherosclerosis.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein said peptide or peptide analog comprises an amphiphilic domain of
apolipoprotein A-I and has a net charge of -2 or greater, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site of vascular injury.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein said
amphiphilic domain further comprises an α-helix.
44. The method of claim 40, wherein said peptide or peptide analog comprises a hydrophobic domain and has a net charge of -2 or greater, whereby said peptide or peptide analog accumulates at said site of vascular injury.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein said peptide or peptide analog is derived from a vascular-associated protein.
46. The method of claim 45, wherein said
vascular-associated protein is elastin.
47. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises introducing into said subject a peptide or peptide analog having an acetylated amino terminus.
48. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises introducing into said subject a peptide or peptide analog have an animated carboxy
terminus.
49. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises administering a peptide or peptide analog having a detectable label linked thereto.
50. The method of claim 49, wherein said detectable label is a paramagnetic contrast agent.
51. The method of claim 49, wherein said detectable label is a radioactive label.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein said
radioactive label is selected from the group consisting of 131I, 125l 123l, 111In, 99mTC, 203pb, 198Hg , 97RU, and 201T1.
53. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises the administration of said peptide or peptide analog by arterial injection.
54. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises the administration of said peptide or peptide analog by venous injection.
55. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises the oral administration of said peptide or peptide analog.
56. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises the nasal administration of said peptide or peptide analog.
57. The method of claim 40, wherein said detecting step (c) further comprises imaging a region of said vascular system at which said peptide or peptide analog has
accumulated.
58. The method of claim 40, further comprising the step of quantitating a detected amount of said labelled peptide or peptide analog.
59. The method of claim 40, wherein said
introducing step (a) comprises administering a second peptide or peptide analog having an affinity for, and propensity to accumulate at a site of arterial injury.
60. The method of claim 40, wherein said detecting step (c) further includes the extracorporeal monitoring of said labelled peptide or peptide analog.
61. The method of claim 51, wherein said detecting step (c) comprises the extracorporeal monitoring of said radioactive label with a gamma scintillation camera.
62. The method of claim 50, wherein said detecting step (c) comprises the extracorporeal monitoring of said paramagnetic contrast agent with a magnetic resonance imaging system.
63. A method for inhibiting the binding of low density lipoprotein to a vascular wall of a subject
comprising administering to said subject a therapeuticallyeffective amount of the peptide or peptide analog of claim 1, 10, or 14.
PCT/US1991/003026 1990-05-03 1991-05-02 Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging WO1991016919A1 (en)

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EP91910995A EP0600869A1 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-05-02 Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging
JP91510596A JPH05507276A (en) 1990-05-03 1991-05-02 Synthetic peptides for arteriography
AU79928/91A AU663291B2 (en) 1990-05-03 1991-05-02 Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging

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US51814290A 1990-05-03 1990-05-03
US51821590A 1990-05-03 1990-05-03
US518,142 1990-05-03
US518,215 1990-05-03

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US5955055A (en) * 1988-05-02 1999-09-21 New England Deaconess Hospital Corporation Synthetic peptides for arterial imaging at vascular imaging sites
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US5780007A (en) * 1992-04-30 1998-07-14 Diatide, Inc. Technetium-99m labeled peptides for imaging
US5922303A (en) * 1992-04-30 1999-07-13 Diatide, Inc. Technetium-99M labeled peptides for imaging
US5733549A (en) * 1992-08-14 1998-03-31 Shino-Test Corporation Peptides including amino acid sequences selected from lipoprotein (a) and apolipoprotein (a), antibodies recognizing these amino acid sequences, and methods of determination using these antibodies
US5605671A (en) * 1992-10-05 1997-02-25 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Radiolabeled neutrophil activating peptides for imaging
WO1994007542A2 (en) * 1992-10-05 1994-04-14 Mallinckrodt Medical, Inc. Labelled monocyte chemoattractant protein material and medical uses thereof
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US5571713A (en) * 1992-10-22 1996-11-05 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Therapeutic treatment for inhibiting vascular restenosis
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AU663291B2 (en) 1995-10-05
EP0600869A4 (en) 1993-03-22
JPH05507276A (en) 1993-10-21
AU7992891A (en) 1991-11-27
EP0600869A1 (en) 1994-06-15
CA2080493A1 (en) 1991-11-04

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