WO1991013409A2 - A system and process for converting constant dollar financial instrumemts - Google Patents

A system and process for converting constant dollar financial instrumemts Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1991013409A2
WO1991013409A2 PCT/US1991/001101 US9101101W WO9113409A2 WO 1991013409 A2 WO1991013409 A2 WO 1991013409A2 US 9101101 W US9101101 W US 9101101W WO 9113409 A2 WO9113409 A2 WO 9113409A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
dollar
nominal
constant
period
payment
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/001101
Other languages
French (fr)
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WO1991013409A3 (en
Inventor
Wayne F. Perg
Lyndel D. Brumley
Original Assignee
Realvalue Corporation
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Publication date
Application filed by Realvalue Corporation filed Critical Realvalue Corporation
Priority to BR919106098A priority Critical patent/BR9106098A/en
Priority to AU74976/91A priority patent/AU661457B2/en
Publication of WO1991013409A2 publication Critical patent/WO1991013409A2/en
Publication of WO1991013409A3 publication Critical patent/WO1991013409A3/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G06Q40/02—Banking, e.g. interest calculation or account maintenance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/10—Text processing
    • G06F40/166—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting
    • G06F40/177—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting of tables; using ruled lines
    • G06F40/18—Editing, e.g. inserting or deleting of tables; using ruled lines of spreadsheets
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q40/00—Finance; Insurance; Tax strategies; Processing of corporate or income taxes
    • G06Q40/04—Trading; Exchange, e.g. stocks, commodities, derivatives or currency exchange

Definitions

  • Constant dollar financial instruments are financial instruments whose primary components are defined in terms of constant-dollars. Constant dol ⁇ lars are nominal-dollars, (the dollars of ordinary commerce), adjusted by the use of a price index, thereby eliminating the impact of inflation on the pur ⁇ chasing power of the dollar (i.e., constant-dollars are dollars with constant purchasing power as opposed to constant face value). Nominal dollars are dollars having a constant face value. For example, a one dollar bill is a nominal-dollar. However, two years from now that one dollar, given the effects of inflation, will have a purchasing power of less than one dollar.
  • the inventors of the present invention have established that the appli ⁇ cation of the "matching principle" requires the general utilization of constant-dollar financial instruments by providers and users of funds through ⁇ out the financial system.
  • the “matching principle” is a fundamental principle in the area of applied finance that has been the subject of very little academic research. It applies to both users and providers of funds. .
  • the application of the "matching principle” requires that the characteristics of the financial instruments issued by the user of funds should be matched as closely as possible to the characteristics of the investments being financed by the user of funds.
  • the application of the "matching principle” requires that the characteristics of the financial instrument in which a provider of funds invests should be matched as closely as possible to the characteristics of the liabilities being funded by the provider of funds.
  • the liabilities that the final providers of funds or their agents are fund ⁇ ing include retirement, future educational expenses, and possible future medi ⁇ cal expenses. All of these liabilities are "Real" liabilities - i.e., they are much more accurately defined in terms of constant dollars than in terms of nominal dollars because constant dollars are not affected by unknown future inflation. Therefore, application of the "matching principle" to the final providers of funds requires that they fund their "Real" liabilities with constant-dollar financial instruments.
  • Financial intermediaries stand between the final users of funds and the final providers of funds. Financial intermediaries provide most of the funds utilized by final users of funds and use most of the funds provided by final providers of funds. The final users of funds, the final providers of funds, and financial intermediaries, taken together, make up the general financial sys ⁇ tem of the economy.
  • the "matching principle” also applies to financial intermediaries. They must match the characteristics of their assets (the securities issued by final users of funds) to the characteristics of their liabilities (the securities that financial intermediaries issue to final providers of funds).
  • the application of the "matching principle" to the financial system of the economy requires that all of the participants - the final users of funds, the final providers of funds, and the financial intermediaries - all utilize constant-dollar financial instruments.
  • the present invention involves the application of the "matching princi ⁇ ple" to a process for converting a specific constant-dollar financial instrument (whose primary components have been specified in a manner con ⁇ sistent with an optimal match), into an equivalent financial instrument defined in terms of the nominal-dollars of ordinary commerce, and therefore consistent with existing legal and tax statutes.
  • the "matching principle” involves matching the characteristics of financing instruments to the financ ⁇ ing needs of the users of funds and/or matching the characteristics of the financial instruments to the investment needs of the providers of funds. Because of the impact of uncertain and unknowable future inflation, nominal- dollar financial instruments do not allow an effective utilization of the matching principle for either final users or final providers of funds.
  • the measure of inflation (e.g., price index) to be utilized for the conversion of constant-dol ⁇ lars into nominal-dollars.
  • Payment schedules and amortization schedules will be converted into arrays, where the elements in the arrays are either constant-dollar amounts or functions of const ant -dollar amounts.
  • the number of elements in the array will equal the number of pay ⁇ ment periods or the number of adjustment periods, whichever is greater (if the number of adjustment periods exceeds the number of payment periods, then some elements in the payment array will be zero to reflect adjustment periods when there is no scheduled payment).
  • the number of elements in amortization arrays will equal the number of payment periods or the number of adjustment periods, whichever is greater, plus one.
  • the first element in the amortization array will be the initial loan balance.
  • the terms and covenants will be converted into a standard array of terms and covenants. This array will be defined in such a way as to include all normal terms and covenants for a broad variety of instruments.
  • the system further defines a measure of the inflation rate con ⁇ sistent with the standard form for specifying the rate of return, (for example, the effective annual rate), utilizing this specified inflation measure.
  • the system generates the specification of each of the pri ⁇ mary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument in terms of nominal-dollars and the specified measure of inflation.
  • the system outputs the specifications of each of the primary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument in a format consis ⁇ tent with the preparation of legal documents.
  • Figure 1 is a flow chart illustrating the principles of the present invention concerning conversion of instruments.
  • Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating the principles of the present invention concerning servicing financial instruments.
  • Figures 3-5 are spreadsheets which show the advantages of the present invention under different inflation scenarios. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the data processing system for carrying out the present inven ⁇ tion generally comprises three components - an input device, a pro ⁇ cessing device and an output device.
  • the input device comprises a mechanism for entering the primary components (specified below) of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument, the specified measure of inflation, the base period, and the frequency of adjustment for infla ⁇ tion to be utilized in the conversion process.
  • the input device may also include a mechanism for entering the actual payment records, inflation data and other data required to service the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments generated by the system.
  • the processing device transforms the primary components of the constant-dollar financial instrument into standard form; defines a measure of the inflation rate; uses the specified inflation measure, con ⁇ sistent with the standard measure for the rate of return (e.g., the effective annual rate of interest) and generates the equivalent nominal-dollar specification of each of the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument in terms of nominal-dollars and inflation rates given the frequency of adjustment for inflation and the base period.
  • the processing unit also calculates the current nominal-dollar return, the current interest (and penalties, if any) due, the amount of the payment being utilized for payment of current inter ⁇ est (and penalties, if any), the change in accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued inter ⁇ est, if any, the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period, and the new loan balance, the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period, the required payment for the subse ⁇ quent payment period.
  • the processing unit also checks all loan terms and covenants against the latest inputted data for compliance of the loan with all terms and covenants.
  • Possible types of constant-dollar financial instruments include, but are not limited to bonds of all types, including mortgage bonds, debentures, subordinated debentures, and capital notes; mortgages and deeds of trust of all types, loans of all types, leases of all types, promis ⁇ sory notes of all types, life insurance policies and annuities, investment company shares and deposits and certificates of deposit.
  • the primary components of constant-dollar financial instru ⁇ ments may comprise: the rate of return or rate of interest, the pay ⁇ ment schedule, the amortization schedule, the loan terms and cove ⁇ nants.
  • the rate of return is a "Real," or purchasing power rate of return because it is defined in terms of constant-dollars.
  • the constant- dollar rate of return may be either fixed or variable. If the constant- dollar rate of return is variable, it will be a function of some set of constant-dollar variables - e.g., some fixed constant-dollar rate of return plus some share of constant-dollar revenues.
  • the payment schedule is defined in terms of constant-dollars.
  • the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, then there will be a fixed relationship between a fixed constant-dollar payment schedule and a fixed constant-dollar amortization schedule based on the fixed constant-dollar rate of return. If the constant-dollar rate of return is variable and the constant-dollar amortization schedule is fixed, then the constant-dollar payment schedule will be variable because it is a function of the fixed constant- dollar amortization schedule and the variable constant-dollar rate of return.
  • the amortization schedule is defined in terms of constant-dol ⁇ lars. If the constant-dollar rate of return is variable and the constant- dollar payment amounts are fixed, then the constant-dollar amortiza ⁇ tion schedule (and the maturity of the instrument) will be variable because it is a function of the fixed constant-dollar payments and the variable constant-dollar rate of return. All loan terms and covenants involving dollar amounts (e.g., minimum amount of net working capital to be maintained by the borrower) are defined in terms of constant- dollars.
  • the desired const ant -dollar financial instruments must be con ⁇ verted into equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments to achieve consistency with existing legal and tax statutes.
  • the first step in the conversion process is to enter into the data processing system the definition of the desired constant- dollar financial instrument (i.e., the specifications of the primary com ⁇ ponents of the desired const ant -dollar financial instrument), the speci ⁇ fied measure of inflation, the base period, and frequency of adjustment for inflation to be utilized (step 101).
  • the desired constant- dollar financial instrument i.e., the specifications of the primary com ⁇ ponents of the desired const ant -dollar financial instrument
  • the speci ⁇ fied measure of inflation i.e., the specifications of the primary com ⁇ ponents of the desired const ant -dollar financial instrument
  • the base period i.e., the base period, and frequency of adjustment for inflation to be utilized (step 101).
  • const ant -dollar rate of return is variable
  • the constant-dollar amortization schedule will be fixed and the constant-dollar payment schedule will be a function of the fixed amor ⁇ tization schedule and the variable constant-dollar rate of return
  • the constant-dollar payments will be fixed and the constant-dollar amorti ⁇ zation schedule will be a function of the fixed constant-dollar pay ⁇ ments and the variable constant-dollar rate of return.
  • the payment and amortization schedules are transformed into standard arrays - which is transformed first depends on whether the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, and if not, whether or not the amortization schedule is fixed. To do this, the processing unit deter ⁇ mines whether there is a fixed constant-dollar rate of return (step 103). If it is fixed, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form (step 105). If the constant-dollar rate of return is not fixed, it is deter ⁇ mined whether there are variable constant-dollar payments (step 104). If not, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form (step 105). If there are variable constant-dollar payments, the amortization schedule is transformed into standard form (step 106). If the payment schedule was transformed into standard form in step 105, then the amortization schedule is transformed into standard form in step 107. If the amortization schedule was transformed in step 106, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form in step 108.
  • step 109 all terms and covenants are put into standard form (step 109).
  • the processing unit After the processing unit has put the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument into standardized form and defined the inflation measure, it converts all of the primary compo ⁇ nents into equivalent nominal-dollar components, thus creating an equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument (steps 111-119).
  • the equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate, r for every adjust ⁇ ment period t is defined as a function of the measure of inflation, I , for that adjustment period t; and the constant-dollar rate of return, R. , for adjustment period t (step 111).
  • the first step is to deter ⁇ mine whether or not the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed (step 112). If the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, the next step is to determine whether or not the constant-dollar payments are fixed and the number of payment periods exceeds the number adjustment periods (e.g., a constant-dollar mortgage with monthly payments and annual adjustments for inflation (step 113).
  • the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule is determined according to step 115.
  • step 112 the next step is to determine whether or not the amortization schedule is fixed (step 113a). If the amortization schedule is fixed, then the constant-dollar payment schedule will vary with the variable const ant -dollar rate of the return, and the next step (step 116) is to generate the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule.
  • step 113a If the amortization schedule varies with the variable constant-dollar rate of return and the constant-dollar payments are fixed (step 113a), then the next step is to determine the equivalent nominal-dollar payments according to step 115.
  • the system searches the terms and covenants for any num ⁇ bers defined in constant-dollars and redefines them as equivalent nominal-dollars for every adjustment period t (step 119).
  • the system then defines the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument by printing out primary components in equivalent nominal- dollar form in a format consistent with the preparation of notes and other legal documents (step 120).
  • Equation 2 p. is the equivalent nominal-dollar payment in adjustment period t; P. is the constant-dollar payment in adjustment period t; I. is the inflation rate in adjustment period i; and n is the maturity of the instrument in years.
  • step 117 After the system has defined the equivalent nominal-dollar pay ⁇ ment schedule according to the above (steps 114 or 115), it defines the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule as follows (step 117):
  • the instrument will have a variable constant-dollar pay ⁇ ment schedule.
  • the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule (step 116) is defined as
  • Equation 5 b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance for period t; B. is the scheduled constant-dollar loan balance for period t; and I. is the inflation rate for period i.
  • the first step in the process of servicing the equivalent nominal-dollar instruments is to input the data on payments received and dates of receipt, inflation measures and other required data (step 201).
  • the system calculates the current nominal-dollar interest rate according to the specification of the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return and calculates the current interest (and penalties, if any) given the inputted data and stored data from previous periods (step 202).
  • the system calculates the current interest (and penalties, if any), and the portion of the current payment that will go to pay cur ⁇ rent interest (and penalties, if any), the change in accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued interest, if any (step 205).
  • the system next calculates the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior period, and the new loan balance (step 206).
  • the system then calculates the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period according to the specification of the equiv ⁇ alent nominal-dollar return (step 208).
  • the system calculates the nominal-dollar return for the subse ⁇ quent payment period utilizing the inflation data for the period and equation 1).
  • the processor determines if the instru ⁇ ment has a variable constant-dollar rate of return and a fixed amorti ⁇ zation schedule (steps 211). If so, the system first calculates the nominal-dollar amortization schedule for the subsequent payment period as per the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule (step 212). Then the system calculates, in step 214, the required nominal- dollar payment for the subsequent payment period, given the current loan balance, the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return for the sub ⁇ sequent period and the specified nominal-dollar loan amortization cal ⁇ culated in step 212. Next, late payment penalties, if any,, are calculated and added to the amount determined in step 214 to obtain the total amount of the nominal-dollar payment for the subsequent period (step 215).
  • step 216 the system prints out, in a desired format, the fol ⁇ lowing items:
  • the gains from employing the invention are based on the application of the "matching principle.”
  • the inventors have established that significant gains — as compared to the utilization of conventional nominal-dollar instruments — result when the invention is used to implement constant-dollar instruments specified according to the "matching principle.”
  • FIGs 3, 4 and 5 Three spreadsheets are included in the drawings as Figures 3, 4 and 5.
  • Each of the sample spreadsheets assumes a $10,000,000 purchase price, a $7,500,000 loan, $900,000 of net operating income (NOI) at time of purchase, a capitalization (CAP) rate at purchase of 9.00% and a market CAP rate of 9.00%.
  • NOI net operating income
  • CAP capitalization
  • Figure 3 a steady inflation rate of 4.00% is assumed.
  • an initial inflation rate of 4.00% is used but a drop to 2.00% is used beginning year 2.
  • an inflation rate of 4.00% initially is changed to 6, 8 and finally 10.00%.
  • the Figures demonstrate the reduction in default risk as measured by minimum interest coverage ratios and the high "Real" (net of inflation) returns that the present invention makes possible for final providers of funds. Even after expenses of servicing the loans and managing the portfolio of investments, final providers can expect "Real” returns in excess of 4% from a portfolio of high quality 5% RealValueTM instruments.
  • RealValueTM financing increases its expected return advantage in the case of falling inflation (Spreadsheet 2) and maintains a reduced expected return advantage in the case of sharply rising inflation (Spreadsheet 3).
  • This invention is applicable to instruments denominated in any currency.
  • the invention makes possible the general utilization of constant- currency financial instruments in any country with any currency.

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for converting constant-dollar financial instruments into equivalent nominal-dollar instruments. After the optimal form or forms of constant-dollar financial instruments have been determined for the purposes of financing a specific enterprise or activity, the data describing the constant-dollar financial instrument or instruments are entered into the system together with the specified inflation measure and the desired frequency of adjustements to the nominal-dollar interest rate and to the nominal-dollar payments. The data processing system puts the specified constant-dollar instrument or instruments into a standardized format and, given the desired frequency of inflation adjustements to be made to the nominal-dollar interest rate and to the nominal-dollar payments, the system specifies the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument or instruments in a standardized format. Every payment and/or compounding period the data processing system calculates the nominal-dollar interest rate(s), nominal-dollar payment(s), nominal-dollar call price(s), and remaining nominal-dollar principal balance for the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument or instruments.

Description

A SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR CONVERTING CONSTANT DOLLAR FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a system and process for specifying a constant-dollar financial instrument and then, step-by-step, primary component-by-primary component, transforming the desired constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument.
In the prior art, there is disclosed processes for specifying a nominal- dollar financial instrument and then adjusting the nominal-dollar financial instrument (in varying degrees) for the impact of inflation. However, such prior art type processes do not achieve the advantages of the present inven¬ tion. The constant-dollar financial instrument of the present invention make use of the "matching principle" as will be discussed below.
Constant dollar financial instruments are financial instruments whose primary components are defined in terms of constant-dollars. Constant dol¬ lars are nominal-dollars, (the dollars of ordinary commerce), adjusted by the use of a price index, thereby eliminating the impact of inflation on the pur¬ chasing power of the dollar (i.e., constant-dollars are dollars with constant purchasing power as opposed to constant face value). Nominal dollars are dollars having a constant face value. For example, a one dollar bill is a nominal-dollar. However, two years from now that one dollar, given the effects of inflation, will have a purchasing power of less than one dollar.
The inventors of the present invention have established that the appli¬ cation of the "matching principle" requires the general utilization of constant-dollar financial instruments by providers and users of funds through¬ out the financial system.
The "matching principle" is a fundamental principle in the area of applied finance that has been the subject of very little academic research. It applies to both users and providers of funds. . For users of funds, the application of the "matching principle" requires that the characteristics of the financial instruments issued by the user of funds should be matched as closely as possible to the characteristics of the investments being financed by the user of funds. For providers of funds, the application of the "matching principle" requires that the characteristics of the financial instrument in which a provider of funds invests should be matched as closely as possible to the characteristics of the liabilities being funded by the provider of funds.
Final users of funds invest in the real productive capital (e.g., plant and equipment, commercial real estate, social infrastructure, etc.) of the econ¬ omy. These "Real" assets have expected income streams and expected depre¬ ciation schedules that are most accurately described in terms of constant dol¬ lars as opposed to nominal dollars. This is because their future income streams and depreciation schedules as measured in nominal dollars will vary with unknown future inflation rates, but this variation is eliminated by utiliz¬ ing constant dollars which are unaffected by future inflation.
The application of the "matching principle" to final users of funds requires that the payment schedule of the instrument match the time pattern of the income stream of the asset being financed and that the amortization schedule of the instrument match the depreciation schedule of the asset being financed. Since both the income stream and the depreciation schedules of the assets being financed are most accurately defined in terms of constant dollars, both the payment and amortization schedules of the financial instrument must also be defined in terms of constant dollars. Mathematical consistency then requires that the rate of return must also be defined in terms of constant dol¬ lars. Therefore, application of the matching principle requires that final users of funds utilize constant-dollar financial instruments to finance their investments in real assets.
Final providers of funds are the actual savers in the economy or their agents. The actual savers in the economy are those who choose to forgo con¬ sumption in order to save - i.e., the individual consumers in the economy. The agents of the actual savers are those institutions to whom individual consum¬ ers have delegated some part of their saving activity. Pension funds are the largest and fastest growing agents of actual savers. Pension funds are also the largest and fastest growing source of long-term funds in the economy. The application of the "matching principle" to final providers of funds requires that the characteristics of the financial instruments in which provid¬ ers of funds invest should be matched as closely as possible to the characteris¬ tics of the liabilities which the providers are funding.
The liabilities that the final providers of funds or their agents are fund¬ ing include retirement, future educational expenses, and possible future medi¬ cal expenses. All of these liabilities are "Real" liabilities - i.e., they are much more accurately defined in terms of constant dollars than in terms of nominal dollars because constant dollars are not affected by unknown future inflation. Therefore, application of the "matching principle" to the final providers of funds requires that they fund their "Real" liabilities with constant-dollar financial instruments.
Financial intermediaries stand between the final users of funds and the final providers of funds. Financial intermediaries provide most of the funds utilized by final users of funds and use most of the funds provided by final providers of funds. The final users of funds, the final providers of funds, and financial intermediaries, taken together, make up the general financial sys¬ tem of the economy.
The "matching principle" also applies to financial intermediaries. They must match the characteristics of their assets (the securities issued by final users of funds) to the characteristics of their liabilities (the securities that financial intermediaries issue to final providers of funds). The application of the "matching principle" to the financial system of the economy requires that all of the participants - the final users of funds, the final providers of funds, and the financial intermediaries - all utilize constant-dollar financial instruments.
However, constant-dollar financial instruments are not consistent with present legal and tax statutes. If constant-dollar financial instruments are to be utilized to achieve the benefits that they make possible through effective utilization of the matching principle, then a process is required to transform any desired constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal- dollar instrument. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention involves the application of the "matching princi¬ ple" to a process for converting a specific constant-dollar financial instrument (whose primary components have been specified in a manner con¬ sistent with an optimal match), into an equivalent financial instrument defined in terms of the nominal-dollars of ordinary commerce, and therefore consistent with existing legal and tax statutes. The "matching principle" involves matching the characteristics of financing instruments to the financ¬ ing needs of the users of funds and/or matching the characteristics of the financial instruments to the investment needs of the providers of funds. Because of the impact of uncertain and unknowable future inflation, nominal- dollar financial instruments do not allow an effective utilization of the matching principle for either final users or final providers of funds. Effective application of the matching principle requires the general utilization of const ant -dollar financial instruments throughout the financial system — by financial intermediaries as well as by final users and providers of funds. The benefits of the effective application of the matching principle that can be realized only by the utilization of constant-dollar financial instruments are measured by the shift in the market risk/return tradeoff faced by the final users and providers of funds. The utilization of constant-dollar financial instruments allows both final users and final providers of funds to achieve both higher expected returns and lower risks.
According to the present invention, this process begins with constant- dollar financial instruments that effectively implement the matching princi¬ ple and the conversion factors to be used to convert the desired const ant -dol¬ lar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar financial instru¬ ment. The conversion factors to be specified include:
1. The measure of inflation (e.g., price index) to be utilized for the conversion of constant-dol¬ lars into nominal-dollars.
2. The base period for conversion.
3. The frequency with which nominal-dollar val¬ ues would be adjusted for inflation.
The present invention converts the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument into standard form. Con¬ version of the constant-dollar financial instrument into standard form is the process of converting each of the primary components into a standard form, where the standard form of each component is a matter of the particular conventions built into the particular processing system.
For example, interest rate or rate of return must be defined in terms of a particular convention. Generally, (as assumed in the equa¬ tions), the convention will be to express rates of return as effective annual rates of return with annual compounding - which is the speci¬ fied rate of return measure under federal truth-in-lending statutes.
Payment schedules and amortization schedules will be converted into arrays, where the elements in the arrays are either constant-dollar amounts or functions of const ant -dollar amounts. For payment sched¬ ules, the number of elements in the array will equal the number of pay¬ ment periods or the number of adjustment periods, whichever is greater (if the number of adjustment periods exceeds the number of payment periods, then some elements in the payment array will be zero to reflect adjustment periods when there is no scheduled payment). The number of elements in amortization arrays, will equal the number of payment periods or the number of adjustment periods, whichever is greater, plus one. The first element in the amortization array will be the initial loan balance.
The terms and covenants will be converted into a standard array of terms and covenants. This array will be defined in such a way as to include all normal terms and covenants for a broad variety of instruments.
The system further defines a measure of the inflation rate con¬ sistent with the standard form for specifying the rate of return, (for example, the effective annual rate), utilizing this specified inflation measure. The system generates the specification of each of the pri¬ mary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument in terms of nominal-dollars and the specified measure of inflation. The system outputs the specifications of each of the primary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument in a format consis¬ tent with the preparation of legal documents. When the loan is closed and funded, (or the securities are issued and funds are released from escrow), the actual transaction data and inflation data are entered into the system and updated regularly. The system performs all loan servicing function, generating current data for all primary components of the financial instrument in nominal-dollars and updating these fig¬ ures with every inflation adjustment period and every payment period, and with every payment received (including accrued interest, late pay¬ ment penalty, etc.). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1 is a flow chart illustrating the principles of the present invention concerning conversion of instruments.
Figure 2 is a flow chart illustrating the principles of the present invention concerning servicing financial instruments.
Figures 3-5 are spreadsheets which show the advantages of the present invention under different inflation scenarios. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The data processing system for carrying out the present inven¬ tion generally comprises three components - an input device, a pro¬ cessing device and an output device. The input device comprises a mechanism for entering the primary components (specified below) of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument, the specified measure of inflation, the base period, and the frequency of adjustment for infla¬ tion to be utilized in the conversion process. The input device may also include a mechanism for entering the actual payment records, inflation data and other data required to service the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments generated by the system.
The processing device transforms the primary components of the constant-dollar financial instrument into standard form; defines a measure of the inflation rate; uses the specified inflation measure, con¬ sistent with the standard measure for the rate of return (e.g., the effective annual rate of interest) and generates the equivalent nominal-dollar specification of each of the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument in terms of nominal-dollars and inflation rates given the frequency of adjustment for inflation and the base period. The processing unit also calculates the current nominal-dollar return, the current interest (and penalties, if any) due, the amount of the payment being utilized for payment of current inter¬ est (and penalties, if any), the change in accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued inter¬ est, if any, the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period, and the new loan balance, the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period, the required payment for the subse¬ quent payment period. The processing unit also checks all loan terms and covenants against the latest inputted data for compliance of the loan with all terms and covenants.
The output device prints out the specifications of each of the three components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instru¬ ment in a format consistent with preparation of promissory notes and other legal documents.
The output device also prints out the current nominal-dollar return, the current interest (and penalties, if any) due, the payment amount and the amount of the payment being utilized for payment of current interest (and penalties, if any), the change in the amount of accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued interest, if any, the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period, and the current loan bal¬ ance, a list of the loan terms and/or covenants, if any, with which the loan is not currently in compliance, and the supporting data therefor, all current financial data required to be supplied by the borrower, the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment payment period and the required payment for the subsequent payment period.
Selection and definition of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument
Possible types of constant-dollar financial instruments include, but are not limited to bonds of all types, including mortgage bonds, debentures, subordinated debentures, and capital notes; mortgages and deeds of trust of all types, loans of all types, leases of all types, promis¬ sory notes of all types, life insurance policies and annuities, investment company shares and deposits and certificates of deposit.
Selection of the proper type of constant-dollar financial instru¬ ment depends on the function of the instrument, the business activities of the issuer of the instrument, and the type of assets to be financed by the instruments. Definition of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument is a matter of specifying the primary components of the desired constant- dollar financial instrument.
The primary components of constant-dollar financial instru¬ ments may comprise: the rate of return or rate of interest, the pay¬ ment schedule, the amortization schedule, the loan terms and cove¬ nants. The rate of return is a "Real," or purchasing power rate of return because it is defined in terms of constant-dollars. The constant- dollar rate of return may be either fixed or variable. If the constant- dollar rate of return is variable, it will be a function of some set of constant-dollar variables - e.g., some fixed constant-dollar rate of return plus some share of constant-dollar revenues. The payment schedule is defined in terms of constant-dollars. If the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, then there will be a fixed relationship between a fixed constant-dollar payment schedule and a fixed constant-dollar amortization schedule based on the fixed constant-dollar rate of return. If the constant-dollar rate of return is variable and the constant-dollar amortization schedule is fixed, then the constant-dollar payment schedule will be variable because it is a function of the fixed constant- dollar amortization schedule and the variable constant-dollar rate of return. The amortization schedule is defined in terms of constant-dol¬ lars. If the constant-dollar rate of return is variable and the constant- dollar payment amounts are fixed, then the constant-dollar amortiza¬ tion schedule (and the maturity of the instrument) will be variable because it is a function of the fixed constant-dollar payments and the variable constant-dollar rate of return. All loan terms and covenants involving dollar amounts (e.g., minimum amount of net working capital to be maintained by the borrower) are defined in terms of constant- dollars.
Gains to both providers and users of funds are maximized by utilizing the "matching principle" (see Background of the Invention) to define the constant-dollar payment and amortization schedules. As demonstrated in the Background of Invention section, application of the "matching principle" requires that the payment and amortization schedules be defined in terms of constant-dollars. If the payment and amortization schedules are defined in terms of constant-dollars, then mathematical consistency requires that the rate of return or rate of interest also be defined in terms of constant-dollars. As a general rule, low and moderate risk constant-dollar financial instruments will have fixed constant-dollar returns or rates of interest - variable constant- dollar returns or rates of interest will generally be utilized only for higher risk instruments.
Conversion of the desired constant-dollar financial instruments into equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments
The desired const ant -dollar financial instruments must be con¬ verted into equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments to achieve consistency with existing legal and tax statutes.
The first step in the conversion process (see Figure 1) is to enter into the data processing system the definition of the desired constant- dollar financial instrument (i.e., the specifications of the primary com¬ ponents of the desired const ant -dollar financial instrument), the speci¬ fied measure of inflation, the base period, and frequency of adjustment for inflation to be utilized (step 101).
If the const ant -dollar rate of return is variable, then either the constant-dollar amortization schedule will be fixed and the constant-dollar payment schedule will be a function of the fixed amor¬ tization schedule and the variable constant-dollar rate of return, or the constant-dollar payments will be fixed and the constant-dollar amorti¬ zation schedule will be a function of the fixed constant-dollar pay¬ ments and the variable constant-dollar rate of return.
The processing unit first transforms the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument into standard form (step 102). The constant-dollar rate of return or interest rate specifi¬ cation is put into a standard form such as an effective annual rate of return. If the rate of return is not specified as a true interest rate (e.g., if it is specified as a discount rate of interest), it is converted to a true interest rate specification. If the rate of return is not specified on an annual basis (e.g., a monthly rate of return), it is converted to an annual basis. The final step is to convert to a standard compounding period such as annual compounding for effective annual rates of return, semi-annual for bond-equivalent yields, etc.
The payment and amortization schedules are transformed into standard arrays - which is transformed first depends on whether the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, and if not, whether or not the amortization schedule is fixed. To do this, the processing unit deter¬ mines whether there is a fixed constant-dollar rate of return (step 103). If it is fixed, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form (step 105). If the constant-dollar rate of return is not fixed, it is deter¬ mined whether there are variable constant-dollar payments (step 104). If not, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form (step 105). If there are variable constant-dollar payments, the amortization schedule is transformed into standard form (step 106). If the payment schedule was transformed into standard form in step 105, then the amortization schedule is transformed into standard form in step 107. If the amortization schedule was transformed in step 106, the payment schedule is transformed into standard form in step 108.
In either case, after step 107 or 108, all terms and covenants are put into standard form (step 109).
The processing unit then defines a measure of the inflation rate consistent with the standardized rate of return (e.g.,- the effective annual rate of inflation) utilizing the specified inflation measure and base period (step 110).
After the processing unit has put the primary components of the desired constant-dollar financial instrument into standardized form and defined the inflation measure, it converts all of the primary compo¬ nents into equivalent nominal-dollar components, thus creating an equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument (steps 111-119).
The equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate, r , for every adjust¬ ment period t is defined as a function of the measure of inflation, I , for that adjustment period t; and the constant-dollar rate of return, R. , for adjustment period t (step 111).
rt = (l + Rt) " (l + I ) - l t = l,...,y " n (equation 1) To convert the constant-dollar payment and amortization sched¬ ules into equivalent nominal-dollar schedules, the first step is to deter¬ mine whether or not the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed (step 112). If the constant-dollar rate of return is fixed, the next step is to determine whether or not the constant-dollar payments are fixed and the number of payment periods exceeds the number adjustment periods (e.g., a constant-dollar mortgage with monthly payments and annual adjustments for inflation (step 113).
If either the constant-dollar payments are not fixed or the num¬ ber of adjustment periods is equal to or greater than the number of payment periods, then the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule is determined according to step 115.
If the constant-dollar payments are fixed and the number of payment periods is greater than the number of adjustment periods, then equivalent nominal-dollar payments are generated which are constant (in nominal dollars) within adjustment periods (step 114).
If the constant-dollar rate of return is not constant (step 112), the next step is to determine whether or not the amortization schedule is fixed (step 113a). If the amortization schedule is fixed, then the constant-dollar payment schedule will vary with the variable const ant -dollar rate of the return, and the next step (step 116) is to generate the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule.
If the amortization schedule varies with the variable constant-dollar rate of return and the constant-dollar payments are fixed (step 113a), then the next step is to determine the equivalent nominal-dollar payments according to step 115.
If the payment schedule is generated in steps 114 or 115, the nominal-dollar amortization schedule is generated (step 117). If the nominal-dollar amortization schedule was generated in step 116, then the nominal-dollar payment schedule is generated (step 118).
The system then searches the terms and covenants for any num¬ bers defined in constant-dollars and redefines them as equivalent nominal-dollars for every adjustment period t (step 119).
The system goes through the array of terms and covenants searching for conditions expressed in terms of constant dollars. Whenever the system finds conditions expressed in terms of constant dollars, the system redefines the conditions in equivalent nominal-dollar terms for each adjustment period, utilizing the measure of the inflation rate for all adjustment periods up to and including that adjustment period. The equivalent nominal-dollar amount is defined by an equation similar to equation 2 (below), where P would be replaced by the constant-dollar amount from the term or covenant and p would become the nominal-dollar equivalent for each adjustment period.
The system then defines the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument by printing out primary components in equivalent nominal- dollar form in a format consistent with the preparation of notes and other legal documents (step 120).
Referring to step 115, if the number of payments per year, x, is equal to the number of inflation adjustments per year, y, then the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule is defined as follows:
pt = P+ . TT (1 + l - ) 1 /y τ i =1 1 t = 1, ..., y " n (equation 2)
In equation 2, p. is the equivalent nominal-dollar payment in adjustment period t; P. is the constant-dollar payment in adjustment period t; I. is the inflation rate in adjustment period i; and n is the maturity of the instrument in years.
There will not be a case in which x is less than y because the initial standardization routine defines a constant-dollar payment of zero constant-dollars for every adjustment period without a scheduled payment.
Referring to step 114, if, as will commonly be the case for mort¬ gages and term loans, the constant-dollar instrument is fully amortized over n years with equal constant-dollar payments x times per year (x = 12 for monthly payments), and the number of adjustments for inflation each year, y, is less than x (y = 1 for annual adjustments and y = 2 for semi-annual adjustments), then the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule is defined as follows:, . ^ 1 /v D+ . χ/ /y-ι •+1 _ = R [ n M - H? i™R ' / -1 -τ tr ( i -) /y _f/-(1 -Hr _ 1) 1.|/x y-_1 1 +R ) j=i J V.1 +r t) ' alton 3) t=1 , . . - ,y.n i -1 , . . 1 χ/y In equation 3, P *x/y-i+l, i = l,...,x/y, are the x/y equal nominal-dollar payments in adjustment period t; B is the original amount borrowed in constant-dollars; R is the fixed constant-dollar rate of return; I. is the inflation rate for period j; and r is the equiva¬ lent nominal-dollar rate of return for adjustment period t.
After the system has defined the equivalent nominal-dollar pay¬ ment schedule according to the above (steps 114 or 115), it defines the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule as follows (step 117):
t = bt χ " (1 + rt)1/x - pt t = l,...,x " n (equation 4)
In equation 4, b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate in period t; and p is the nominal-dollar loan payment in period t.
If the desired constant-dollar financial instrument has a variable constant-dollar rate of return and a fixed constant-dollar amortization schedule, then the instrument will have a variable constant-dollar pay¬ ment schedule.
In the case of a variable constant-dollar payment schedule, the system defines the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule (step 116) before defining the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule (step 118).
In the case of a variable constant-dollar payment schedule, the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule (step 116) is defined as
Figure imgf000015_0001
In equation 5, b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance for period t; B. is the scheduled constant-dollar loan balance for period t; and I. is the inflation rate for period i.
The equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule (step 118) is then defined as follows:
P t = (1 + rt)1/x " t_χ -bt t = 1,..., x " n (equation 6) In equation 6, Pt is the nominal-dollar payment in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return in period t; and b is the equivalent nominal-dollar loan balance in period t.
Servicing the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instruments
Implementation of the desired constant-dollar financial instru¬ ments requires a system that services the equivalent nominal-dollar instruments after defining these instruments.
The equivalent nominal-dollar specifications of the primary components of the desired constant-dollar instrument are the basis of servicing the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument as well as the defi¬ nition of the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument.
Therefore, the data processing system develops the basis of ser¬ vicing the equivalent nominal-dollar instruments when the system defines the equivalent nominal-dollar instruments.
The first step in the process of servicing the equivalent nominal-dollar instruments is to input the data on payments received and dates of receipt, inflation measures and other required data (step 201).
The system then calculates the current nominal-dollar interest rate according to the specification of the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return and calculates the current interest (and penalties, if any) given the inputted data and stored data from previous periods (step 202).
The system then calculates the current interest (and penalties, if any), and the portion of the current payment that will go to pay cur¬ rent interest (and penalties, if any), the change in accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued interest, if any (step 205).
The system next calculates the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior period, and the new loan balance (step 206).
The system then checks all loan terms and covenants against the latest inputted data for compliance of the loan with all terms and cov¬ enants (step 207). Compliance with the terms and covenants is a matter of com¬ paring the current inputted data for each term or covenant with the requirements of the term or covenant. For example, is the property (in the case of a mortgage) currently insured as per the loan requirements? Is the net working capital (in the case of corporate financing) currently equal to or greater than the required amount?
The system then calculates the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period according to the specification of the equiv¬ alent nominal-dollar return (step 208).
The system calculates the nominal-dollar return for the subse¬ quent payment period utilizing the inflation data for the period and equation 1).
Next, the system determines whether the instrument has a fixed constant-dollar rate of return (step 209). If it is determined in step 209 that there is a fixed constant-dollar rate of return or a variable constant-dollar return with fixed constant-dollar payments, the system calculates the nominal-dollar payment for the subsequent payment period as per the equivalent nominal-dollar payment specification (step 210).
After calculating the specified equivalent nominal-dollar pay¬ ment for the subsequent payment period in step 210, the system then adds any unpaid amounts from previous payment periods (step 213) and any unpaid late payment penalties, if any, to obtain the total nominal- dollar payment required for the subsequent payment period (step 215).
If it is determined at step 209 that there is not a fixed constant-dollar rate of return, the processor determines if the instru¬ ment has a variable constant-dollar rate of return and a fixed amorti¬ zation schedule (steps 211). If so, the system first calculates the nominal-dollar amortization schedule for the subsequent payment period as per the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule (step 212). Then the system calculates, in step 214, the required nominal- dollar payment for the subsequent payment period, given the current loan balance, the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return for the sub¬ sequent period and the specified nominal-dollar loan amortization cal¬ culated in step 212. Next, late payment penalties, if any,, are calculated and added to the amount determined in step 214 to obtain the total amount of the nominal-dollar payment for the subsequent period (step 215).
In step 216, the system prints out, in a desired format, the fol¬ lowing items:
1. The current nominal-dollar rate of return.
2. The current interest (and penalties, if any) due.
3. The payment amount and the amount of the payment being utilized for payment of current interest (and penal¬ ties, if any).
4. The change in the amount of accrued interest from the prior payment period, if applicable, and the new level of accrued interest, if any.
5. The change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period, and the current loan balance.
6. A list of the loan terms and/or covenants, if any, with which the loan is not currently in compliance, and the supporting data therefor.
7. All current financial data required to be supplied by the borrower.
8. The equivalent nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period.
9. The required payment for the subsequent payment period.
Gains from employing the invention
As discussed in the background of the invention section, the gains from employing the invention are based on the application of the "matching principle." The inventors have established that significant gains — as compared to the utilization of conventional nominal-dollar instruments — result when the invention is used to implement constant-dollar instruments specified according to the "matching principle."
In order to highlight some of the advantages of the present invention over conventional mortgages, three spreadsheets are included in the drawings as Figures 3, 4 and 5. Each of the sample spreadsheets assumes a $10,000,000 purchase price, a $7,500,000 loan, $900,000 of net operating income (NOI) at time of purchase, a capitalization (CAP) rate at purchase of 9.00% and a market CAP rate of 9.00%. In Figure 3, a steady inflation rate of 4.00% is assumed. In Figure 4, an initial inflation rate of 4.00% is used but a drop to 2.00% is used beginning year 2. In Figure 5, an inflation rate of 4.00% initially is changed to 6, 8 and finally 10.00%.
These scenarios exemplify the advantages of the present inven¬ tion in increasing the expected rate of return for final users of funds (Figure 3, the steady inflation scenario, which is the expected scenario) and in simultaneously reducing their risk by reducing the impact of unknown future inflation on expected returns (Figures 3, 4 and 5 with steady, falling and rising inflation scenarios respectively).
The Figures also demonstrate the reduction in default risk as measured by minimum interest coverage ratios and the high "Real" (net of inflation) returns that the present invention makes possible for final providers of funds. Even after expenses of servicing the loans and managing the portfolio of investments, final providers can expect "Real" returns in excess of 4% from a portfolio of high quality 5% RealValue™ instruments.
For final providers of funds (households) and their agents (espe¬ cially pension funds), the availability of the instruments made possible by the invention would significantly increase their expected returns and lower their risks.
The invention will allow providers of funds to more than double their expected "Real" returns as compared to high quality nominal-dol¬ lar debt instruments. Providers of funds can expect "Real" (net of inflation) returns in excess of 4% from investments in high quality, low default risk Real Value™ (i.e„ equivalent nominal-dollar instruments produced by the invention) securities.
This is over twice the long-term average "Real" return achieved by investing in high quality corporate bonds as computed by Ibbotson and Sinquefield for the period 1926-1977 and extended by Ibbotson to 1985. The invention will allow providers of funds to reduce all of their components of risk at the same time that they are increasing their expected returns.
Default risk will be significantly reduced because debt coverage ratios will rise significantly (see columns h and i of the spreadsheets).
Market risk, which is largely interest rate risk in the case of high quality debt instruments, will be greatly reduced because "Real," or constant-dollar interest rates are much less variable than are nominal-dollar interest rates.
The single most important measure of risk for providers of funds — the standard deviation of the "Real" rate of return — will be reduced to less than one percent for portfolios of high quality RealValue™ instruments, making RealValue™ instruments much less risky than Treasury Bills by this key measure of risk.
Portfolio risk will be reduced because the returns on RealValue™ instruments will be uncorrelated with the returns on other investments.
Currency risk will be reduced for international investors because constant-currency instruments will eliminate the major factor in long- term currency risk — differential inflation rates.
Final users of funds will enjoy significantly higher expected returns and lower risk as a result of the availability of the instruments made possible by the invention.
The higher returns and lower risk are the result of the superior matches between debt service and income made possible by the inven¬ tion and the (related) superior match between amortization and the value of assets being financed.
Debt coverage ratios are higher and more stable (default risk is an increasing function of the lowest debt coverage ratios expected over the life of the loan), reducing default risk significantly (see columns h and i of the spreadsheets).
Users of funds are able to maintain higher average leverage (see columns u and v of the spreadsheets), increasing their expected returns, at the same time that default risk is reduced through higher debt coverage ratios. In the stable inflation scenario (Spreadsheet 1), the result is a more than 30% increase (from 11.16% to 14.60%) in the expected "Real" after-tax return to the final user of funds in the stable inflation case.
RealValue™ financing increases its expected return advantage in the case of falling inflation (Spreadsheet 2) and maintains a reduced expected return advantage in the case of sharply rising inflation (Spreadsheet 3).
RealValue™ financing reduces the inflation risk faced by final users of funds because it reduces the variation in their expected "Real" after-tax returns caused by variations in inflation (see Spreadsheets 1, 2 and 3) — this lower "Real" risk is the result of the fixed "Real" rate of interest. Variations
This invention is applicable to instruments denominated in any currency.
At any point where the word "dollar" appears, any currency name (e.g., marks, francs, pounds, etc.) may be substituted.
The invention makes possible the general utilization of constant- currency financial instruments in any country with any currency.
What has been described by the foregoing is preferred embodi¬ ment of the present invention. Various modifications can be made and will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. The inven¬ tion is limited only by the claims appended hereto.

Claims

1. An apparatus for converting a constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument comprising: input means for inputting input data to specify a constant-dollar financial instrument; converting means for converting the specified constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument; and output means for outputting output data relating to the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument.
2. The apparatus of claim l wherein said input data com¬ prises the primary components of the specified constant-dollar finan¬ cial instrument, the measure of inflation to be used, the base period and the frequency of adjustment for inflation to be used by the con¬ verting means.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising means for generating a constant-dollar payment schedule and a constant-dollar amortization schedule for the specified constant-dollar financial instrument.
4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said converting means converts the specified constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument by calculating an equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate, converting the constant-dollar payment schedule into an equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule and deter¬ mining the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate, r , is defined by the following formula: rt = (1 + Rt) " (1 + It) - l; for t = l,...,y " n; where t is the adjustment period, I. is a measure of inflation for the adjustment period t and Rt is the constant-dollar rate of return for adjustment period t.
6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein when the specified constant-dollar financial instrument has a number of payments per period equal to the number of adjustments per period, the nominal-dollar payment schedule is defined as follows: . ,y.n
Figure imgf000022_0001
where p is the equivalent nominal-dollar payment in adjustment period t; P. is the constant-dollar payment in adjustment period t; I. is the inflation rate in adjustment period i; n is number of periods to maturity of the instrument; and y equals the number of inflation adjustments per period.
7. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein when the specified constant-dollar instrument is specified to be fully amortized over n periods with equal constant-dollar payments x times per period, and the number, y, of adjustments for inflation each period is less than x, the equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule is defined as follows: B .(1+R)1 /y-1 t ,
Figure imgf000023_0001
t=1 , . . .y.n i+1 , . . . ,x/y where P *x/y-i+l, i = l,...,x/y, are the x/y equal nominal-dollar payments in adjustment period t; B is the original amount borrowed in constant-dollars: R is the fixed constant-dollar rate of return; I. is the inflation rate for period j; and r. is the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return for adjustment period t.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein the nominal-dollar amortization schedule is defined as follows: bt = bt-l ^ + rt' ~pt; for l = 1'—'x " n; where h is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate in period t; and p. is the nominal-dollar loan payment in period t; and b. . is the nominal dollar loan balance for the previous period.
9. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein when the specified constant-dollar financial instrument has a variable constant-dollar rate of return and a fixed constant-dollar amortization schedule, the con¬ verting means determines the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule before converting the constant-dollar payment schedule into an equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule is defined as follows:
bt = Bf "H (1+IT )1/X 1. - • -x.n where b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance for period t; B is the scheduled constant-dollar loan balance for period t; and I. is the inflation rate for period i; and x is the number of payments per period.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein the nominal-dollar payment schedule is defined as follows: pt = (l t) x • bt-1 - bt ; t=1 > - ■ -x-n where P is the nominal-dollar payment in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return in period t; and b. is the equivalent nominal-dollar loan balance in period t.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the output data com¬ prises the primary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar finan¬ cial instrument.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said primary compo¬ nents comprise rate of return, payment schedule, amortization sched¬ ule, terms and covenants.
14. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising determining means for determining if the specified constant-dollar instrument has a fixed rate of return.
15. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said primary compo¬ nents comprise a rate of return component, said apparatus further comprising means for transforming the rate of return component of the specified constant-dollar instrument into an effective annual rate of interest.
16. The apparatus of claim 2 further comprising means for searching the terms and covenants of the specified constant-dollar instrument for any numbers defined in constant-dollars and using said frequency of adjustment for inflation and said measure of inflation, converting said constant-dollar numbers into equivalent nominal-dollar numbers for every adjustment period.
17. The apparatus of claim l further comprising loan servic¬ ing means for servicing received loan payments and other transactions.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said loan servicing means comprises input means for inputting payment data.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein said payment data comprises information relating to payments received, the date of receipt of said payments, and further wherein said input means pro¬ vides for inputting inflation data and other data.
20. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said loan servicing means comprises means for calculating the current nominal-dollar interest rate for the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 further comprising calculation means for calculating the current amount of interest and penalties due.
22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein said calculating means further calculates the portion of received payment that is to be applied to the current interest and penalties.
23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein said calculating means further calculates a change in accrued interest from a prior payment period and a new level of accrued interest.
24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein said calculating means further calculates a change in outstanding loan balance from a prior payment period, and a new loan balance.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein said calculating means further calculates a nominal-dollar rate of return for the subsequent payment period.
26. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said loan servicing means comprises output means for outputting data comprising one or more of the following? the current nominal-dollar return; the current interest and penalties due; the payment amount and the portion of the payment to be used for payment of current interest and penalties; the change in the amount of accrued interest from the prior payment and the new level of accrued interest; the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period; the current loan balance; a list of any loan terms with which the loan is not cur¬ rently in compliance with, and the supporting data therefor; all current financial data required to be supplied by the borrower; the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period; and the required payment of the subsequent payment period.
27. A method for converting a constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument comprising the steps of: inputting input data to specify a constant-dollar financial instrument; converting the specified constant-dollar financial instru¬ ment into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument: and outputting output data relating to the equivalent nominal- dollar instrument.
28. The method of claim 27 wherein the step of inputting said input data further comprises the steps of inputting primary component data of the specified constant-dollar instrument, inputting the measure of inflation to be used, inputting the base period and inputting the fre¬ quency of adjustment for inflation to be used in the converting step.
29. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of generating a constant-dollar payment schedule and a constant-dollar amortization schedule for the specified constant-dollar financial instrument.
30. The method of claim 29 wherein the step of converting the specified constant-dollar financial instrument into an equivalent nominal-dollar instrument comprises the steps of calculating an equiv¬ alent nominal-dollar interest rate, converting the constant-dollar pay¬ ment schedule into an equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule and determining the equivalent nominal amortization schedule.
31. The method of claim 30 wherein said equivalent nominal- dollar interest rate r. is calculated by using the following formula:
rt - (l Rt) (1 . !,) - _; for t = 1 y " n; where t is the adjustment period, I is a measure of inflation for the adjustment period t and R. is the const ant -dollar rate of return for adjustment period t.
32. The method of claim 30 wherein when the specified constant-dollar financial instrument has a number of payments per period equal to the number of adjustments per period, the nominal-dol¬ lar payment schedule is calculated according to the following formula:
Pt = P;t • -TT (1+I. )1 y; t=1,. . . y.n
where pf is the equivalent nominal-dollar payment in adjustment period t; P. is the constant-dollar payment in adjustment period t; I. is the inflation rate in period i; n is number of periods to maturity of the instrument; and y equals the number of inflation adjustments per period.
33. The method of claim 30 wherein when the specified constant-dollar financial instrument is fully amortized over n periods with equal constant-dollar payments x times per period, and the num¬ ber, y, of adjustments for inflation each period less than x, the equiva¬ lent nominal-dollar payment schedule is calculated by using the follow-
Figure imgf000027_0001
t=1 , . • -y.n i=ι , . . .,x/y where P *x/y-i+l, i = l,...,x/y, are the x/y equal nominal-dollar payments in adjustment period t; B is the original amount borrowed in constant-dollars: R is the fixed constant-dollar rate of return; I. is the inflation rate for adjustment period j; and r is the equivalent nominal- dollar rate of return for adjustment period t.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein the nominal-dollar amor¬ tization schedule is calculated by using the following formula: ι l-x bt = bt-l (1 + rt' "pt; for x = 1'""x " n; where b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar interest rate in period t: and p. is the nominal-dollar loan payment in period t; and b . is the nominal dollar loan balance for the previous period.
35. The method of claim 37 wherein when the specified constant-dollar financial instrument has a variable constant-dollar rate of return and a fixed constant-dollar amortization schedule, the step of calculating the equivalent nominal-dollar amortization schedule is per¬ formed before the step of converting the constant-dollar payment schedule into an equivalent nominal-dollar payment schedule.
36. The method of claim 35 wherein the equivalent nominal- dollar amortization schedule is calculated by using the following for¬ mula: b = B ^ (1+1 )1 x ; t = 1 , . . . ,x.n τ t=1 ]
where b. is the scheduled nominal-dollar loan balance for period t; B is the scheduled constant-dollar loan balance for period t; and I. is the inflation rate for period i; and x is the number of payments per period.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein the nominal-dollar pay¬ ment schedule is calculated using the following formula:
Pt = (1 1 /X • bt-1-bt ; t=1 ,. . .,x.n where P is the nominal-dollar payment in period t; r is the equivalent nominal-dollar rate of return in period t; and b. is the equivalent nominal-dollar loan balance in period t.
38. The method of claim 27 wherein the step of outputting output data comprises the steps of outputting the primary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument.
39. The method of claim 38 wherein the step of outputting the primary components of the equivalent nominal-dollar financial instrument comprises the steps of outputting the rate of return, pay¬ ment schedule, amortization schedule, terms and covenants.
40. The method of claim 30 further comprising the steps of determining if the specified constant-dollar instrument has a fixed rate of return.
41. The method of claim 28 wherein said primary components comprise a rate of return component, further comprising the step of transforming the rate of return component of the specified constant- dollar instrument into an effective annual rate of interest.
42. The method of claim 28 further comprising the step of searching the terms and covenants of the specified constant-dollar instrument for any numbers defined in constant-dollars and using said frequency of adjustment for inflation and said measure inflation, con¬ verting said constant-dollar numbers into equivalent nominal-dollar numbers for every adjustment period.
43. The method of claim 27 further comprising the step of servicing received payments and other transactions concerning the specified financial instrument.
44. The method of claim 43 wherein the step of servicing comprises inputting payment data.
45. The method of claim 44 wherein- the step of inputting payment data further comprise the steps of inputting information related to payments received, the date of receipt of said payments, inflation data and other data.
46. The method of claim 43 further comprising the steps of calculating the current nominal-dollar interest rate for the equivalent nominal-dollar instrument.
47. The method of claim 46 further comprising the steps of calculating the portion of a received payment that is to be applied to the current interest and penalties.
48. The method of claim 47 further comprising the steps of calculating a change in accrued interest from a prior payment period and a new level of accrued interest.
49. The method of claim 48 further comprising the step of calculating a change in the outstanding loan balance from a prior pay¬ ment period, and a new loan balance.
50. The method of claim 49 further comprising the steps of calculating a nominal-dollar rate of return for the subsequent payment.
51. The method of claim 43 further comprising the steps of outputting servicing data comprising one or more of the following: the current nominal-dollar return; the current interest and penalties due; the payment amount and the portion of the payment to be used for payment of current interest and penalties; the change in the amount of accrued interest from the prior payment and the new level of accrued interest; the change in the outstanding loan balance from the prior payment period; the current loan balance; a list of any loan terms with which the loan is not cur¬ rently in compliance with, and the supporting data therefor; all current financial data required to be supplied by the borrower; the nominal-dollar return for the subsequent payment period; and the required payment of the subsequent payment period.
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