WO1991009106A1 - Toilet bar composition made with polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals - Google Patents
Toilet bar composition made with polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991009106A1 WO1991009106A1 PCT/US1990/006760 US9006760W WO9109106A1 WO 1991009106 A1 WO1991009106 A1 WO 1991009106A1 US 9006760 W US9006760 W US 9006760W WO 9109106 A1 WO9109106 A1 WO 9109106A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- bar
- polymer
- toilet bar
- liquid crystals
- toilet
- Prior art date
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- SDQFDHOLCGWZPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lilial Chemical compound O=CC(C)CC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1 SDQFDHOLCGWZPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006193 liquid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010420 locust bean gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000711 locust bean gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930007503 menthone Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229940102398 methyl anthranilate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940067137 musk ketone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DUNCVNHORHNONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N myrcenol Chemical compound CC(C)(O)CCCC(=C)C=C DUNCVNHORHNONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930008383 myrcenol Natural products 0.000 description 1
- WASNIKZYIWZQIP-AWEZNQCLSA-N nerolidol Natural products CC(=CCCC(=CCC[C@@H](O)C=C)C)C WASNIKZYIWZQIP-AWEZNQCLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HIGQPQRQIQDZMP-FLIBITNWSA-N neryl acetate Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C/COC(C)=O HIGQPQRQIQDZMP-FLIBITNWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017524 noni Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007764 o/w emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002482 oligosaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cymene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003346 palm kernel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019865 palm kernel oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-ethylbenzaldehyde Natural products CCC1=CC=C(C=O)C=C1 QNGNSVIICDLXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N para-methoxyphenyl Natural products COC1=CC=C(C=CC)C=C1 RUVINXPYWBROJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940067107 phenylethyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- SATCULPHIDQDRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperonal Chemical compound O=CC1=CC=C2OCOC2=C1 SATCULPHIDQDRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001983 poloxamer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001483 poly(ethyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000835 poly(gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003251 poly(α-methylstyrene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 108700024573 poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229920000129 polyhexylmethacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004804 polysaccharides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002335 preservative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940070687 psyllium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003252 rigid-rod polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001860 salicylate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000007127 saponification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940071089 sarcosinate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sarcosine Chemical compound C[NH2+]CC([O-])=O FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229930004725 sesquiterpene Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004354 sesquiterpene derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000000434 stratum corneum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- QJVXKWHHAMZTBY-GCPOEHJPSA-N syringin Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\CO)=CC(OC)=C1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 QJVXKWHHAMZTBY-GCPOEHJPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940104261 taurate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N taurine Chemical compound NCCS(O)(=O)=O XOAAWQZATWQOTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;2-[2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]ethyl-(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CCN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O UEUXEKPTXMALOB-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
- NPFVOOAXDOBMCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-3-hexenyl acetate Natural products CCC=CCCOC(C)=O NPFVOOAXDOBMCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJIOGJUNALELMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-isoeugenol Natural products COC1=CC(C=CC)=CC=C1O BJIOGJUNALELMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ICUTUKXCWQYESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triclocarban Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 ICUTUKXCWQYESQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001069 triethyl citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl citrate Natural products CCOC(=O)C(O)(C(=O)OCC)C(=O)OCC VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013769 triethyl citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005314 unsaturated fatty acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Chemical compound COC1=CC(C=O)=CC=C1O MWOOGOJBHIARFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanillin Natural products COC1=CC(O)=CC(C=O)=C1 FGQOOHJZONJGDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012141 vanillin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011240 wet gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010698 whale oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
- C11D3/227—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin with nitrogen-containing groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/0047—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets
- C11D17/006—Detergents in the form of bars or tablets containing mainly surfactants, but no builders, e.g. syndet bar
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/22—Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof
- C11D3/222—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin
- C11D3/225—Natural or synthetic polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, starch, gum, alginic acid or cyclodextrin etherified, e.g. CMC
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3707—Polyethers, e.g. polyalkyleneoxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/373—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3749—Polyolefins; Halogenated polyolefins; Natural or synthetic rubber; Polyarylolefins or halogenated polyarylolefins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3757—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions
- C11D3/3761—(Co)polymerised carboxylic acids, -anhydrides, -esters in solid and liquid compositions in solid compositions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3746—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/3769—(Co)polymerised monomers containing nitrogen, e.g. carbonamides, nitriles or amines
- C11D3/3776—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. lactam
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D9/00—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap
- C11D9/04—Compositions of detergents based essentially on soap containing compounding ingredients other than soaps
- C11D9/22—Organic compounds, e.g. vitamins
- C11D9/225—Polymers
Definitions
- This invention pertains to personal cleansing toilet bars comprising polymeric material and methods of making such bars with polymeric liquid crystals.
- the liquid crystalline state which is sometimes called the fourth state of matter, exists between the boundaries of the solid phase and the isotropic liquid phase. In this state some of the molecular order characteristics of the solid phase are retained in the liquid state because of the molecular structure and short range intermolecular interaction. This state of matter may be achieved either by heating or by dissolving the compounds having the proper structure. The ability, of some compounds to form a liquid crystalline mesophase has been observed nearly a century ago. Since that time many compounds exhibiting liquid crystalline properties have been synthesized.” D. Sek: Structural variations of l iquid crystal l ine polymer macromolecules; Acta Polymerica 39 (1988) Nr. 11, p.599.
- low molecular weight amphiphile liquid crystals in certain cosmetics.
- Cosmetics & Toi letries Vol. 101, Nov. 1986, pp. 113-115.
- low molecular weight organic surface active amphiphile liquid crystals are distinguished from polymeric liquid crystals.
- the polymers comprise large molecules made up of repeating units while the former are low molecular weight. Physically and chemically, these two subclasses of liquid crystals are different from each othe* *
- the addition of polymeric materials as solids, gels, or isotropic solutions results in the following processing diffi ⁇ culties.
- the toilet bars are usually more gritty when solid polymers are added.
- a rigid polymeric gel is added, the polymer tends to separate from the rest of the bar formulation and/or becomes clumps or droplets of gel in the resultant solid bar.
- a rigid gel is a 3-dimensional cross-linked material with no birefringence. Polymers added in forms (1) and (2) are characterized as being macroscopically distributed in the bar matrix.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an improved process to microscopically distribute polymers via polymeric liquid crystals in toilet bar formulations.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for making non-gritty, polymer-containing toilet bars using a simplified mixing step.
- surfactant selected from the group consisting of soap and/or synthetic detergents and from about 0.05% to about 20% by weight of polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals.
- the present invention relates to a process for making toilet bars containing one or more polymers capable of forming liquid crystals by mixing from about 0.05% to about 20% polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals (comprising polymer and solvent) into a toilet bar formulation whereby the polymers and any associated materials are microscopically and efficiently distributed into the toilet bar formulation.
- polymers in the form of liquid crystals are improved processability and/or improved in-use bar feel and improved economy.
- the poly ⁇ meric liquid crystals can also be used to improve distribution of other compounds, e.g., skin care ingredients, perfumes, etc., associated therewith in a toilet bar formulation.
- the toilet bars of this invention as compared to other toilet bars made with comparable polymeric material added in a different form, consistently exhibit superior bar properties, especially smoother feel during use. While not being bound to any theory, it is theorized that the benefits of this invention are due to microscopic adsorption of the polymer (or liquid crystals comprising said polymer) onto lipids and/or other solids in the toilet bar formulation.
- polymers in the form of rigid gels and/or solid polymers tend to be macroscopically distributed in bar formulations, which result in a gritty bar.
- polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals for incorporating polymers into a toilet bar formulation is clearly superior to such other forms for incorporating polymer into toilet bar formulations.
- Isotropic liquid solutions of polymers require too much solvent. The removal of excess solvent adds complexity and expense to the process.
- effective levels of polymers, etc. are microscopically distributed into a solid toilet bar formulation, thereby avoiding, or reducing, the drawbacks of using isotropic solutions, solid polymers, or rigid gels.
- the present invention provides an improved process for adding polymers that will form polymeric liquid crystals to a toilet bar formulation which avoids excessive evaporation or excessive grinding, milling and/or plodding. Again, only simple mixing is required.
- liquid crystals are also referred to as anisotropic fluids or mesophases. Those terms are used inter ⁇ changeably.
- liquid crystals as used herein means “polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals” unless otherwise specified.
- lyotropic means a liquid crystalline system containing a solvent. This type of liquid crystal is distinguished in the art from thermotropic, heat, and magnetically induced liquid crystals. Suitable polymers can have either a non-amphiphilic or an amphiphilic structure. However, these liquid crystals are distinguished from thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,548, Sagane et al., issued Mar. 14, 1989.
- phase behavior of a soluble polymer in a solvent is as follows: (I) The polymer dissolves in the solvent to form an isotropic polymeric solution. (II) When the concentration of the polymer increases, a mixture of polymeric isotropic solution + liquid crystals is formed. (Ill) When the level of the polymer increases further and the required mixing is applied, a homogeneous single-phase liquid crystal range is induced. (IV) When even more polymer is present, a mixture of liquid crystals and crystalline polymer forms. (V) When extremely large amounts of polymer are present a crystalline and/or par ⁇ tially crystalline phase are present.
- liquid crystals are substances that possess mechanical properties resembling those of fluids yet are capable of transmitting polarized light (birefrin ⁇ gence) under static conditions. In some cases they may show Bragg reflections characteristic of a well-defined molecular spacing. They have high degrees of orientational ' order and chain extensions.
- Polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals are subdivided into three subclasses: I. nematic, II. cholesteric, and III. smectic, which are optically anisotropic. See J.H. Wendorff, in "Scattering in Liquid Crystal l ine Polymer Systems in Liquid Crystal l ine Order in Polymers, " A. Blumstein (ed.), Academic Press, Chapter 1 (1978), incorporated herein by reference.
- I. In the nematic liquid crystalline phase the centers of gravity of the polymeric particles are arranged at random, con ⁇ sequently no positional long range order exists. Within volume elements of a macroscopic sample, the axes of all particles are oriented in a specific direction. Near the smectic-nematic transition temperature, there may be an additional ordering (positional order).
- the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase is often thought of as a modification of a nematic phase, since its molecular structure is assumed to be similar to the latter. No positional order but only an orientational order exists in the cholesteric phase.
- the cholesteric phase is characterized by the fact that the direction of the long axes of the molecules change continuously within the sample. This leads to a twist about an axis per- pendicular to the long axes of the molecules. If the pitch of the helical structure agrees with the wavelength of the visible light, selective reflection of monochromatic light can be observed. This effect leads to the iridescent colors often observed in choles ⁇ teric phases.
- the centers of gravity of the elongated molecules are arranged in equidistant planes and smectic layers are formed.
- the planes are allowed to move perpendi ularly to the layer normal and within the layers different arrangements of the molecules are possible.
- the long axes of the molecules can be parallel to the layer normal or tilted with respect to it.
- a two-dimensional short range order or a two-dimensional long range order can exist within the smectic layers.
- the smectic modifi ⁇ cations are labeled according to the arrangement " of the particles within the layers.
- a characteristic texture of the nematic phase is the "Schlieren texture,” which is caused by a nonhomogeneous orien ⁇ tation of the particles of the material. " One observes dark brushes that start from point defects.
- a nematic marbled texture consists substantially of a great number of nearly homogeneous regions with different orientation of the optical axes. In a homeotropic texture, the field of view under the polarizing microscope is black in ideal cases.
- the optical axes and, con ⁇ sequently, the long axes of the molecules are oriented perpen- dicular to the plane of the thin films.
- the optical axes of the molecules are oriented parallel to the plane of the film if the samples exhibit the homogeneous texture. Under the microscope one observes large homogeneous birefringent regions.
- Preferred are the cholesteric liquid crystals. II.
- the most characteristic texture of the cholesteric phase is the "planar" texture, which is also called the "Grandjean" tex ⁇ ture. It is characterized by the existence of a cholesteric single crystal where the direction of the helical axis is perpen ⁇ dicular to the plane of the film.
- the pitch of the helical structure which determines the optical properties of the phase, can be influenced by temperature, addi ⁇ tives, or external forces.
- a texture in which the helical axis is parallel to the plane of the cholesteric film.
- This texture has been referred to as "fingerprint” texture.
- the "focal conic” texture is usually obtained.
- Characteristic of this texture is the occurrence of an arrangement of fine dark lines. The lines form ellipses and hyperbolas or parts of ellipses and hyperbolas.
- the specific pattern is caused by the existence of a lamellar structure that can be deformed in such a way that the distance between the lamellar planes stays constant. In the case of the cholesteric phase the lamellar structure is due to the helical structure; it is thus a super olecular structure.
- Certain smectic (A and C) modifications also exhibit a focal conic texture.
- the lamellar structure is due to the smectic layers, thus it is a molecular structure.
- Focal conic textures can differ in their appearance. One distinguishes the fan-shaped, the broken fan-shaped, and the polygon textures. No focal conic textures are expected for one smectic (B) modification since the layers cannot be deformed.
- the smectic (C) modification can exhibit a Schlieren texture since the amount of the tilt of the long axes of the molecules is fixed at fixed temperatures, whereas the direction of the tilt may still vary.
- the smectic (B) modification and also the other modifications can show a "mosaic" texture, where homogeneous regions with nonregular boundaries are observed under the polarizing micro ⁇ scope.
- the optical axes of all particles within one region are parallel; different regions have different orientations. The optical pattern agrees with that described earlier.
- Homeotropic and homogeneous textures are also observed for smectic phases. Focusing on the polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals of the present invention, in general, they are prepared by mixing the polymer with a suitable amount of a suitable solvent. When within the critical concentration and temperature ranges, the mixture forms lyotropic liquid crystals.
- the polymeric liquid crystalline phase flows under shear and is characterized by a viscosity that is significantly different from the viscosity of its isotropic solution phase.
- a viscosity that is significantly different from the viscosity of its isotropic solution phase.
- the concen ⁇ tration increases, their viscosities increase until they reach viscosity peaks. Then their viscosities decrease dramatically with further increases of their concentrations.
- the presence of such viscosity peaks signifies the onset of, or the presence of, a polymeric lyotropic liquid crystalline order.
- liquid crystals are distinguishable from polymeric systems which are isotropic solutions, pure solids, simple mixtures of solids and liquids and rigid isotropic polymeric gels. Rigid gels do not flow under shear like liquid crystals.
- liquid crystals show birefringence, whereas when isotropic solutions and rigid gels are viewed under polarized light, both show dark fields.
- the formation of the liquid crystal state is accelerated by agitation and therefore agitation is preferred.
- Mixing can be performed either by hand or by mechanical equipment, e.g., an electric dough kneader.
- a simple empirical technique can be used to determine the onset of liquid crystals for a particular poly ⁇ mer/solvent system.
- polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals are dependent upon a variety of factors. They include the specific polymer and solvent mix, the temperature, the concentration of the polymer in the solvent, etc. Some polymers which form liquid crystals, such as peptides, have rigid backbones; others such as polysaccharides have semi-rigid backbones, and yet other polymers which also form liquid crystals, e.g., block copolymers, have flexible backbones. See, for example, P. Weigel et al., incor- porated herein by reference above, and F. Fried and P. Sixou, "Lyotropic Mesophases of Hydroxypropylcellulose in Pure Acetic Acid, in Water, and in Mixed Solvents," J. of Polymer Science & Polymer Chemistry Edition, Vol. 22, 239-247 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1984).
- the determination of the liquid crystal phase begins with the selection of the polymer.
- a polymer in general, is selected based upon what its role is in the toilet bar formulation. If it is one of the classes of polymers described hereinbefore that will tend to form a liquid crystal phase, then a suitable solvent that is compatible with the toilet bar formulation is selected that is also suitable for making a liquid crystal. A series of concen- trations of the selected polymer in the selected solvent are prepared.
- the domain of the liquid crystal is readily determined by either viscosity measurements and/or polarized light or other techniques as described hereinbefore. The particular temperature range is determined to a great extent by the temperature range that is feasible in the process used to form the toilet bar.
- the polymer concentration series described hereinbefore is run of both the top and the bottom of the temperature range set by the toilet bar process.
- the concentration within the liquid crystal domain and the temperature are selected based upon both con- venience in preparation of the liquid crystal phase and the toilet bar. There is only a limited amount of simple experimentation required to determine the limits within which liquid crystals can be formed for a given polymer/solvent combination.
- liquid crystal formation for any particular polymer and solvent combination is readily identified using one or more of several identification techniques.
- the onset of liquid crystal formation and the occurrence of a substantially one-phase liquid crystal state for a particular polymer and solvent system can be identified by: (1) visual obser- vation with the naked eye, (2) birefringent optical activity observed by light microscopy; and/or (3) measurement of the polymer/solvent system NMR spectra.
- the single phase is a preferred form to mix into a toilet bar formulation as discussed hereinafter.
- a single-phase polymeric liquid crystal composition is distin ⁇ guished from an isotropic solution, a solid crystalline polymer or a rigid gel containing polymer and solvent.
- liquid crystals mixed with some isotropic solution or some gel can be used. Again, the formation of liquid crystal phase is dependent upon several empirical factors. The selection of polymeric/- solvent system, the concentration, agitation level and the te - perature are some of those factors.
- any polymer useful in, and/or compatible with, personal cleansing toilet bars and which forms lyotropic liquid crystals can be used.
- Classes of polymers that contain materials capable of forming lyotropic liquid crystals include: polypeptides, poly- saccharides, block-copolymers, polysiloxanes, and mixtures thereof.
- the liquid crystals of the individual polymers must be compatible with other variables, e.g., concentration, the solvent, temperature, etc.
- suitable polymers which form liquid crystals can have both polar and nonpolar groups.
- non-amphiphilic rigid and semi-rigid rod polymers do not have both polar and nonpolar groups.
- amphiphilic polymers such as block copolymers and polysurfactants have both polar and nonpolar groups.
- nonpolar (lyo- philic, hydrophobic, oleophilic) groups are straight or branched; saturated or unsaturated; cyclic or aromatic: hydrocarbon, poly- oxypropylene, polysiloxane, and fluorocarbon chains.
- polar (lyophobic, hydrophilic, oleophobic) groups are: -C00M, -OH; -NH2 -CONR2; -SH; -SO3M; etc.; wherein M can be, for example, H alkali metal, e.g., Na, K, etc., or other compatible cation.
- the groups can be located in the polymeric unit, either centrally or terminally, or both.
- Suitable polymers are at least partially soluble in the solvent system described hereinafter.
- "at least partially soluble” means that the polymer is sufficiently soluble in the solvent system to form lyotropic liquid crystals.
- Minimum solubility required will depend upon the particular polymer- solvent system used. E.g., from about 43 grams to about 60 grams of Klucel ® E, a hydroxypropyl cellulose, available from Hercules, Inc., forms a single-phase liquid crystalline order in 100 ml of water at about 30 ⁇ C. (See Table 2.)
- the existence of the lyo ⁇ tropic polymeric liquid crystalline order is readily determined by testing for the existence of birefringence. Alternative methods of testing include NMR spectra and/or viscosity profile measure ⁇ ments as described herein and in the literature.
- Useful polymers are the cationic, nonionic, amphoteric, and anionic polymers.
- Preferred liquid crystals are made with cati ⁇ onic, or nonionic polymers, or mixtures thereof.
- Some preferred polymers have molecular weights (MW) of: from about 500 to about 1,000,000, preferably from about 750 to about 200,000, and more preferably from about 1,000 to about 60,000.
- Examples of polypeptides include lipopeptides and glycopep- tides.
- the polymers can be natural or synthetic.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,526, Gallot et al., issued July 15, 1986 discloses the preparation of lyotropic liquid crystals from lipoproteins, said patent being incorporated herein by reference.
- Nonionic polymers include some guar gums, and Pluronic® block copolymers of ethylene oxide - propylene oxide. Examples of suitable block copolymers are set out in Table 1.
- Polysaccharides useful for the present invention include a variety of non-eellulosic, cellulosic and cellulose-derivative polymers.
- Useful polysaccharides include nonionic, anionic and cationic polysaccharides.
- suitable cellulose derivatives include methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose; ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydroxypropyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; and ethylmethyl cellulose.
- suitable cellulose derivatives include methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose; ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose; hydroxypropyl cellulose; sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; and ethylmethyl cellulose.
- cellulose for these polysaccharide cellulosic materials is not critical to the inven ⁇ tion, and any of the conventional sources can be utilized. These include vegetative plants; including hemp, flax, jute, cotton, and wood.
- Preferred nonionic polymers include hydroxypropyl cellulose such as that available commercially under the trademarks Klucel E or G marketed by Hercules, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware 19899, and certain guar gum derivatives made by Hi-Tek Polymers of Louis- ville, Ky.
- Polysaccharides that have an average degree of polymerization of at least about 100 anhydroglucose monomer units per polymeric chain are preferred. They must be sufficiently soluble in the solvent to form liquid crystals at the temperature at which soap bars are made.
- a preferred polysaccharide is hydroxypropyl cellulose which typically has a molecular weight range of from about 2,000 to about 1 million.
- Other polysaccharides useful for the present invention include guar gum, psyllium gum, alginate, carrageenan, xanthan, and locust bean gum. Such polysaccharides can be obtained from the conventional sources, which are well known to those skilled in the art. Non-cellulosic extra-cellular polysaccharides, e.g., xanthan, seaweed extracts, e.g., alginates, carrageenan can also be used.
- Some preferred cationic polymers are Chitosan and Chitin from Protan, Inc., Redmond, Washington 98052. Specific examples of cationic polysaccharides are JR-125 and JR-400, made by Union Carbide Corporation. B. The Solvent
- the solvents useful for the liquid crystals of the present invention are too numerous to list. They include any suitable solvent or mixture of solvents. Suitable solvents include: water; carboxylic acids, such as oleic acid; alcohols, such as ethanol ; polyols, such as propylene glycol and glycerin; perfume and other suitable organic solvents; and mixtures thereof. The most pre ⁇ ferred solvents are water and glycerin, and especially water. Other suitable organic solvents include perfume ingredients known in that art. They are just too numerous to list. The selection of one or a mixture is based on aesthetic and polymer compati ⁇ bility. Suitable perfume solvents are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,145,184, Brain and Cummins, issued Mar.
- the art recognized perfume compositions are relatively substantive as described hereinafter to maximize their odor effect on the skin or hair.
- perfume delivery via the perfume/polymer liquid crystal in surfactant/soap compo ⁇ sitions Perfume stability can be enhanced.
- a substantive perfume is one that contains a sufficient percentage of substantive perfume materials so that when the perfume is used at normal levels in cleansing products, it deposits a desired odor on the skin.
- the degree of substantivity of a perfume is roughly proportional to the per- centages of substantive perfume material used.
- Relatively sub ⁇ stantive perfumes contain at least about 1%, preferably at least about 10%, substantive perfume materials.
- Substantive perfume materials are those odorous compounds that deposit on the skin or hair via the personal cleansing process and are detectable by people with normal olfactory acuity. Such materials typically have vapor pressures lower than that of the average perfume material. Also, they typically have molecular weights of about 200 or above, and are detectable at levels below those of the average perfume material. However, if used as the sole solvent system, the perfume must be a liquid.
- Perfumes can also be classified according to their volatil ⁇ ity, as mentioned hereinbefore.
- the highly volatile, low boiling, perfume ingredients typically have boiling points of about 250 ⁇ C or lower. Many of the more moderately volatile perfume ingre- pro-hs are also lost substantially in the washing process.
- the moderately volatile perfume ingredients are those having boiling points of from about 250 ⁇ C to about 300 ⁇ C.
- the less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingredients referred to hereinbefore are those having boiling points of about 300 ⁇ C or higher.
- a signifi- cant portion of even these high boiling perfume ingredients, considered to be skin substantive, is lost during the washing process, and it is desirable to have means to retain more of these ingredients on the dried skin.
- perfume ingredients along with their odor character, and their physical and chemical properties, such as boiling point and molecular weight, are given in "Perfume and Flavor Chemicals (Aroma Chemicals),” Steffen Arctander, published by the author, 1969, incorporated herein by reference.
- Examples of the highly volatile, low boiling, perfume ingre ⁇ washers are: anethole, benzaldehyde, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl formate, iso-bornyl acetate, ca phene, cis-citral (neral), citronellal, citronellol, citronellyl acetate, para- cymene, decanal, dihydro!inalool , dihydromyrcenol, dimethyl phenyl carbinol, eucalyptol, geranial, geraniol, geranyl acetate, geranyl nitrile, cis-3-hexenyl acetate, hydroxycitronellj.1 , d-limonene, linalool, linalool oxide, linalyl acetate, linalyl propionate, methyl anthranilate, alpha-methyl ion
- Some natural oils also contain large per ⁇ centages of highly volatile perfume ingredients.
- lavandin contains as major components: linalool; linalyl acetate; geraniol; and citronellol.
- Lemon oil and orange terpenes both contain about 95% of d-limonene.
- moderately volatile perfume ingredients are: a yl cinna ic aldehyde, iso-amyl salicylate, beta-caryophyllene, cedrene, cinnamic alcohol, coumarin, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, ethyl vanillin, eugenol , iso-eugenol, flor acetate, heliotropine, 3-cis-hexenyl salicylate, hexyl salicylate, lilial (para-tertiarybutyl-alpha-methyl hydrocinnamic aldehyde), gamma- methyl ionone, nerolidol, patchouli alcohol, phenyl hexanol , beta- selinene, trichloromethyl phenyl carbinyl acetate, triethyl citrate, vanillin, and veratraldehyde.
- Examples of the less volatile, high boiling, perfume ingre ⁇ prophys are: benzophenone, benzyl salicylate, ethylene brassy!ate, galaxolide (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethyl-cyclo- penta-gama-2-benzopyran), hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, lyral (4-(4- hydroxy-4-methyl pentyl )-3-cyclohexene-10-carboxaldehyde) , methyl cedrylone, methyl dihydro jasmonate, methyl-beta-naphthyl ketone, musk indanone, musk ketone, musk tibetene, and phenylethyl phenyl acetate.
- the perfume/polymeric liquid crystals (perfume/polymer), as described hereinafter, of the high boiling, the moderately vola ⁇ tile, and the low boiling perfume ingredients are stable (a) throughout the mixing of the perfume/polymeric liquid crystals with the toilet bar mixes, (b) during the personal washing and drying of the wet skin, and (c) after drying.
- the solvents utilized to form liquid crystals can optionally carry other soluble additives, including: salts, e.g., sodium chloride and potassium chloride; mono-, di-, and oligo- saccharides, e.g., honey and fructose; perfumes; skin care agents; or other components in amounts safe for human skin treatment.
- the preferred solvent level of polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals ranges from about 93% to about 40%, preferably from about 80% to about 50%, and more preferably from about 70% to about 60%.
- the solvent level can, however, be from about 25% to about 35%, so long as it is associated with the polymers in a liquid crystalline state.
- Typical solid toilet bars contain from about 3% to about 30% of water, based upon the total weight of the toilet bar, more typically, from about 4% to about 25%, but can contain more or less of water. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,207,198, to Kenkare, issued June 10, 1980; 4,328,131, to Carson, Jr., et al., issued May 4,1982; 4,606,838, to Harding, issued Aug. 19, 1986; and 4,767,560, to Gervasio, issued Aug. 30, 1988; incorporated herein by reference.
- liquid crystals in toilet bar manufacturing provides microscopic distribution of the polymer and any asso ⁇ ciated material while introducing only relatively small amounts of solvent. However, in some cases, larger amounts of solvent are desirable toilet bar components.
- JR-400 and a solvent selected from glycerin or PPG also form liquid crystals.
- Polymer JR-400 and water also form liquid crystals when a minor amount of a surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate is present.
- a minor, but an effective amount of a suitable surfactant e.g., from about 0.2%-0.6% sodium dodecyl sulfate, can be used to enhance or induce polymeric liquid lyotropic crystal formation for some polymers with certain solvents.
- Tables 2 and 3 show some approximate lyotropic liquid crystal single-phase ranges for some exemplary polymers discussed herein ⁇ before and hereinafter and some solvents. The ranges are illus ⁇ trative and would vary depending on: (1) the purity of the poly- mer, (2) its molecular weight distribution, (3) its degree of substitution, (4) the temperature, (5) the type of polymer/solvent mix, and (6) the presence of additives, such as surfactants, salts, etc.
- the approximate percentage range of the Liquid Crystal Phase of sodium carboxymethylcellulose in water at 30 ⁇ C is 40-60% (ratio range about 2:3 to 3:2).
- the range for Klucel G and water is 30-50% (3:5 to 1:1).
- the approximate liquid crystal phase percentage ranges of the polymer in Table 3 can vary ⁇ 2-5%.
- Keltrol F xanthan, shown in Table 3, is a polysaccharide made by Kelco, San Diego, California. It has a molecular weight of about 1,000,000. It is in a Liquid Crystal Phase in water at about 10-20%. Klucel E is in a liquid crystal in propylene glycol at 35-60% and in water at 43-60%.
- the lyotropic liquid crystals described in the above tables can be microscopically distributed into any suitable toilet bar formulation with minimal mixing or milling.
- the liquid crystals are mixed well with the other components of the bar formulation with a minimal effort, a marked advantage over the prior art.
- Personal cleansing toilet bars are based on a "surfactant” selected from soaps (alkali metal salts, etc., of fatty acids) and synthetic surfactants and mixtures thereof which are the primary active for cleansing the skin, etc.
- the term "toilet bar” as used herein means a solid cake comprising soap or synthetic surfactant or mixtures thereof designed and formulated for personal cleans- ing.
- the soap and/or synthetic surfactant are present at an effective level, preferably from about 5% to about 95%, more preferably from about 10% to about 90%, more preferably from about 20% to about 80%, by weight of the bar.
- Alkali metal soap is a preferred ingredient.
- An alkali metal (e.g., sodium or potassium) soap or mixture of soaps of fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24, preferably from about 10 to about 20, more preferably from about 12 to about 18, carbon atoms is preferred.
- the fatty acid, or acids, used in making the soaps can be obtained from natural sources such as, for instance, plant or animal-derived glycerides (e.g., palm oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, soybean oil, castor oil, whale oil, fish oil, tallow, grease, etc., and mix- tures thereof.
- the fatty acids can also be synthetically prepared (e.g., by oxidation of petroleum stocks by the Fischer-Tropsch process) .
- Alkali metal soaps can be made by direct saponification of the fats and oils or by the neutralization of the free fatty acids which are prepared in a separate manufacturing process.
- Par ⁇ ticularly useful are the sodium and potassium salts of the mix ⁇ tures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., sodium and potassium tallow and coconut soaps.
- the term "tallow” is used herein in connection with fatty acid mixtures which typically have an approximate carbon chain length distribution of 2.5% Ci4, 29% Ci ⁇ , 23% Ci8, 2% palmitoleic, 41.5% oleic and 3% linoleic.
- the first three fatty acids listed are saturated.
- the tallow can also be, and preferably is, hardened (i.e., hydrogenated) to convert part or all of the unsaturated fatty acid moieties to saturated fatty acid moieties.
- coconut oil and “coconut fatty acid” (CnFA) are used herein, they refer to fatty acid mixtures which typically have an approximate alkyl carbon chain length distribution of about 8% C7, 7% C10, 48% C12, 17% C14, 9% Ci6, 2% C ⁇ 8, 7% oleic, and 2% lino- leic.
- the soap component is preferably either sodium soap or a mixture of sodium and potassium soap wherein the mixture contains no more than about 25% by weight potassium soap.
- Some preferred mild synthetic detergent surfactants useful in this invention include alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS), anionic acyl sarcosinate, methyl acyl taurate, N-acyl glutamate, alkyl glucoside, acyl isethionate, alkyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl phosphate ester, ethoxylated alkyl phosphate ester, alkyl ether sulfate, methyl glucose ester, protein condensate, mixtures of alkyl ether sulfate and alkyl amine oxide, betaine, sultaine, and mixtures thereof.
- AGS alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate
- anionic acyl sarcosinate methyl acyl taurate
- N-acyl glutamate alkyl glutamate
- alkyl glutamate alkyl glutamate
- acyl isethionate alkyl
- any cations present are, typically, sodium, ammonium, potassium, and mixtures thereof.
- the detergent surfactants include alkyl ether sulfates with 1 to 12 ethoxy groups, especially ammonium and sodium lauryl ether sulfates.
- the most preferred mild surfactant is sodium AGS.
- Alkyl chain lengths for these surfactants are Cs-C22» typically C ⁇ o-Ci8-
- Synthetic detergent can be the major surfactant in the toilet bar compositions of the present invention.
- Preferred types of synthetic detergent are of the anionic or nonionic types.
- Some soap/synthetic bars of this invention are preferably prepared with mostly soap and up to 20% of a synthetic detergent. If a syn ⁇ thetic detergent is included, a mild one is preferred.
- a mild synthetic surfactant is defined herein as one which does rela ⁇ tively little damage to the barrier function' of the stratum corneum.
- the mild surfac ⁇ tant is preferably used at a level of from about 1% to about 20%, preferably from about 2% to about 15%. In the primary synthetic toilet bar formulation, the levels are reversed.
- a preferred toilet bar of this invention comprises from about 5% to about 95%, preferably from about 40% to about 90%, soap or synthetic surfactant. It also contains as an essential ingredient a skin conditioning amount of polymer that has been added as polymeric liquid crystals.
- the polymers when added in their liquid crystalline state are uniformly distributed on a micro ⁇ scopic level in the soap bar matrix without adversely affecting the smooth feel of the dry or wet bar. They improve the skin feel of the bar when compared to a comparably processed soap bar made with a comparable polymer that is in solid or solid-gel form.
- Another preferred bar is prepared with a fatty acid soap and mild surfactant mixture preferably having a ratio of about 2.5:1 to about 37:1, more preferably from about 2.5:1 to about 14:1, and most preferably from about 6.5:1 to about 14:1 (soap:synthetic).
- Some preferred toilet bars comprising primarily mild synthetic surfactants are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,525, Small et al . , supra, and toilet bars which are pri ⁇ marily soap are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,447, Medcalf et al., issued Apr. 11, 1989, both incorporated herein by reference. 3.
- Other Toilet Bar Ingredients are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,673,525, Small et al . , supra, and toilet bars which are pri ⁇ marily soap.
- Insoluble alkaline earth metal soaps such as calcium stearate and magnesium stearate can also be incorporated into compositions of the present invention. These materials are particularly useful in toilet bars in which synthetic detergents are present in that they tend to reduce the relatively high solubility which such bars normally have. These alkaline earth metal soaps are not included within the term “soap” as otherwise used in this specification.
- the term “soap” as used herein refers to the alkali metal soaps unless otherwise specified.
- toilet bars A wide variety of other materials can be included in toilet bars. Some are included to enhance the physical properties of the bar (hardness, wear rate, resistance to water). Others enhance the in-use properties of the toilet bar (lather characteristics such as volume and texture), and some impact on the impression the bar has on the skin both during washing (bar feel) and afterwards.
- the toilet bars can contain other components conventionally found in toilet bars. E.g., conventional antibacterial agents can be included in the present compositions at levels of from about 0.1% to about 4%.
- Typical antibacterial agents which are suitable for use herein are 3,4-di- and 3,4' ,5-tribromosalicylanildes; 4,4'-dichloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)carbanilide; 3,4,4'-trichloro- carbanilide and mixtures of these materials.
- Conventional noni ⁇ onic emollients can be included as additional skin conditioning agents in the compositions of the present invention at levels up to about 40%, preferably at levels of from about 1% to about 25%.
- Such materials include, for example, mineral oils, paraffin wax having a melting point of from about 100'F, fatty sorbitan esters (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,988,255, Seiden, issued Oct.
- compositions herein can be added to the compositions herein to improve the volume and quality (creaminess) of the lather produced by the compositions herein.
- Conventional perfumes, dyes and pigments, chelating agents, etc. can also be incorporated into compositions of the invention at levels up to about 5%. Perfumes are preferably used at levels of from about 0.5% to 3% and dyes and pigments are preferably used at levels of from about 0.001% to about 0.5%.
- a preferred soap bar of this invention is also prepared with from about 2% to about 17% moisturizer, preferably one selected from glycerin and free fatty acid or mixtures thereof.
- the more preferred bar of this invention contains at least about 4% moisturizer.
- E. Toilet Bar Preparation The toilet bars of this invention are prepared in any con ⁇ ventional manner. For example, the polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals are added to noodles of a base surfactant and/or soap mixture in an amalgamator. Any optionals such as perfumes, dyes, etc., can also be added to the amalgamator.
- the " toilet bar formu ⁇ lation mixture is then be processed in an amalgamator and milled in a conventional manner under conventional conditions. It can then be extruded (plodded) into logs for cutting and stamping into toilet bars.
- the liquid crystals are preformed and then added to a soap noodle mix in a soap mixing step of a conventional soap bar making process.
- the incorporation of the polymeric liquid crystals into the soap matrix is fast.
- the polymeric liquid crystals go into the soap mixture readily and the polymer is adsorbed by the the soap and is distributed microscopically * uniformly and without polymer chunks.
- the microscopic distri ⁇ bution of the polymeric liquid crystals into the soap matrix provides a highly acceptable soap bar feel in-use characteristic.
- the process of the present invention uses from about 0.05% to about 20%, preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, more prefer ⁇ ably from about 0.2% to about 5%, of polymeric liquid crystals by weight of the toilet bar.
- the goal is to microscopically dis- tribute the polymer in the toilet bar formulation at a level of at least about 0.03%, and preferably from about 0.1% to about 10%, and from about 0.2% to about 8%, and more preferably at a level of from about 1% to about 5% by solid weight of the toilet bar formulation.
- the liquid crystals can be added at any convenient step of a toilet bar making process.
- the hands may become insensitive to bar feel after lengthy immersion in 70 ⁇ F (21°C) water, so the number of bars tested at one time should be limited to 15. After an interval of perhaps 30 minutes, testing can be resumed.
- Grade Description of Bar Surface 10 Perfectly smooth (like CAMAY ® bar soap). 9 Practically smooth or 1 tactile speck per bar. 8 Barely detectable sandiness, roughness, dragginess, or 2-3 specks. 7 Slight sandiness, roughness, dragginess, or 4-5 specks. 6 Moderate overall sandiness, roughness, dragginess, or 6-10 specks.
- Petri dishes 90 mm inside diameter, 22 mm deep. Standard plastic perch. graduated cylinder or dispensing flask.
- Rubber spatula (Rubbermaid plate and bowl scraper). Steps
- Suitable dyes used to trace polymers incorporated into a toilet bar formulation are, e.g., methylene blue or "Graff C
- Methylene Blue or Graff C dye will color cellulosic based poly ⁇ mers.
- methylene blue will form blue spots all over the soap and Graff C yellow spots. This reveals aggregates of polymer distributed in the bar on a macroscopic or an aggregate level.
- substantially no blue or yellow spots are observed in toilet bars made using liquid crystal, which indicates that the polymers are adsorbed to the soap and microscopically distributed in the bars and are essentially free of macroscopically distributed polymer aggregates.
- Bars 1-7 are prepared as follows:
- Soap noodles are conveyed to an amalgamator mixer where 4 parts of the polymer (8.9 parts of polymeric liquid crystals) are introduced, mixed, and plodded with the soap noodles. 1.1 parts of perfume, 0.13 part Na EDTA (sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate) solution, 0.0 to 0.50 part of color solution, and 0.2-0.5 part Ti ⁇ 2 are added and mixed.
- the polymer/soap noodles (generic noodles) are conveyed to plodding.
- the generic noodles go through three passes through a three-roll soap mill (feed, middle, outfeed rolls) which is used in this step. Efficient milling is needed in this intimate mixing step.
- This finished soap formula mixture is then plodded into soap noodles and conveyed via a transport plodder to a final milling step.
- the mixture is plodded, and then stamped into toilet bars.
- the resulting bars are tested for physical properties, particularly bar feel properties and smear.
- a All formulas are 80% tallow/20% coconut sodium soap with 8% coconut fatty acid, 11% water, 1.1% perfume, pre- servatives and color.
- b Bar feel grades range from worse to best with grades of 1-10, respectively. Grades below 7.5 are clearly noticeable by the consumer and are less acceptable to a majority of consumers.
- c Klucel E molecular weight -60,000
- d Klucel E - HPC liquid crystals made with about 45% HPC in water at room temperature by mixing by hand until formed.
- Optical Microscopy Dye Tracer also shows a benefit of adding HPC polymers as liquid crystals. Visible specks of polymer are seen in a Bars 1 and 2.
- Bars 4-7 each contain about 4% nonionic guar gum polymer.
- Low molecular weight guar gum and low molecular weight derivatized guar gum supplied by HiTek Polymers, Inc., Louisville, KY 40202, are used.
- the polymers in Toilet Bars 5 and 7 are added as liquid crystals.
- the same polymers are respectively added dry to Com- parative Bars 4 and 6.
- the liquid crystals are made by mixing the particular polymer with water at room temperature. See Table 5 for details. Birefringent optical activity is observed by light microscopy. See Table 5 for the results.
- e Low molecular weight (MW) T-4406 Guar Gum (Galacto- Mamman Blend) having a MW of from about 31,000 to about 60,000.
- f Low MW T-4406 Guar Gum liquid crystals made with 55.5% guar to 44.5% water.
- About 7.2 parts are used.
- 9 Low MW derivatized nonionic 4413 Guar Gum having a MW of from about 20,000 to about 38,000.
- the bar is soaked in 100 ml of water. In this test, the weight of the soap gel on the bar is measured and the gel quality is graded.
- Bars 1 and 3 through 7 Bars 1, 4, and 6 are Comparative Bars.
- the bars with polymeric liquid crystals (PLC) show: improved polymer distribution; improved bar feel; and improved in-use economy.
- PLC polymeric liquid crystals
- the incorporation of polymeric liquid crystals in toilet bars permit better (microscopic) distribution of desir ⁇ able ingredients (e.g., guar polymers, cellulosic polymers, perfume, etc.) into toilet bar formulations.
- Other materials incorporated into the bar formulation via polymeric liquid crystals exhibit improved properties since microscopic distri ⁇ bution permits better delivery and increased substantivity of the polymer associated materials on the skin.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US45070389A | 1989-12-14 | 1989-12-14 | |
US450,703 | 1989-12-14 |
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WO1991009106A1 true WO1991009106A1 (en) | 1991-06-27 |
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Cited By (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0578481A2 (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-01-12 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Cleansing bar to condition skin and/or hair |
WO1997034992A1 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 1997-09-25 | Unilever Plc | Bar composition comprising copolymer mildness actives |
WO1997040132A1 (en) * | 1996-04-24 | 1997-10-30 | Unilever Plc | Bar composition comprising nonionic polymeric surfactants as mildness enhancement agents |
WO1999028429A1 (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 1999-06-10 | Bush Boake Allen Corporation | Cleansing composition containing polymeric gellant |
WO2000040684A1 (en) * | 1999-01-05 | 2000-07-13 | Unilever Plc | Treatment for fabrics |
US6192790B1 (en) | 1997-02-14 | 2001-02-27 | Seb S.A. | Electric appliance for grilling or heating a flat slice of food |
WO2003024267A2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2003-03-27 | Unilever Plc | Method of treating hair with heat and a cap which provides a signal regarding treatment |
US8362077B2 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2013-01-29 | Pibed Limited | Chemical compositions for skin care emulsions and heavy duty hand cleansers |
US8563494B2 (en) | 2007-09-04 | 2013-10-22 | Conopco, Inc. | Iridescent soap bars containing ethoxylated alcohols |
US8580861B2 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2013-11-12 | Pibed Limited | Chemical composition for skin care formulations |
RU2575014C1 (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2016-02-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Кубанский государственный технологический университет" (ФГБОУ ВПО "КубГТУ") | Solid toilet soap |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4812253A (en) * | 1985-05-13 | 1989-03-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Ultra mild skin cleansing composition |
US4820447A (en) * | 1985-12-02 | 1989-04-11 | The Proctor & Gamble Company | Mild skin cleansing soap bar with hydrated cationic polymer skin conditioner |
-
1990
- 1990-11-16 EP EP19910901064 patent/EP0505435A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-11-16 CA CA 2068423 patent/CA2068423A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-11-16 WO PCT/US1990/006760 patent/WO1991009106A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4812253A (en) * | 1985-05-13 | 1989-03-14 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Ultra mild skin cleansing composition |
US4820447A (en) * | 1985-12-02 | 1989-04-11 | The Proctor & Gamble Company | Mild skin cleansing soap bar with hydrated cationic polymer skin conditioner |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
G. DAHMS, "Properties of O/W Emulsions With Anisotropic Lamellar Phases" Cosmetics & Toiletries, Vol, 101, p. 113-115 November, 1986. * |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0578481A3 (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1996-04-17 | Colgate Palmolive Co | Cleansing bar to condition skin and/or hair |
EP0578481A2 (en) * | 1992-07-08 | 1994-01-12 | Colgate-Palmolive Company | Cleansing bar to condition skin and/or hair |
WO1997034992A1 (en) * | 1996-03-18 | 1997-09-25 | Unilever Plc | Bar composition comprising copolymer mildness actives |
WO1997040132A1 (en) * | 1996-04-24 | 1997-10-30 | Unilever Plc | Bar composition comprising nonionic polymeric surfactants as mildness enhancement agents |
US5795852A (en) * | 1996-04-24 | 1998-08-18 | Lever Brothers Company, Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Bar composition comprising nonionic polymeric surfacing as mildness enhancement agents |
US6192790B1 (en) | 1997-02-14 | 2001-02-27 | Seb S.A. | Electric appliance for grilling or heating a flat slice of food |
WO1999028429A1 (en) * | 1997-12-02 | 1999-06-10 | Bush Boake Allen Corporation | Cleansing composition containing polymeric gellant |
WO2000040684A1 (en) * | 1999-01-05 | 2000-07-13 | Unilever Plc | Treatment for fabrics |
US6911053B1 (en) | 1999-01-05 | 2005-06-28 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa, A Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Treatment for fabrics |
WO2003024267A2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2003-03-27 | Unilever Plc | Method of treating hair with heat and a cap which provides a signal regarding treatment |
US7033581B2 (en) | 2001-09-14 | 2006-04-25 | Unilever Home & Personal Care Usa Division Of Conopco, Inc. | Method of treating hair with heat and a cap which provides a signal regarding treatment |
US8563494B2 (en) | 2007-09-04 | 2013-10-22 | Conopco, Inc. | Iridescent soap bars containing ethoxylated alcohols |
US8362077B2 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2013-01-29 | Pibed Limited | Chemical compositions for skin care emulsions and heavy duty hand cleansers |
US8580861B2 (en) * | 2008-08-15 | 2013-11-12 | Pibed Limited | Chemical composition for skin care formulations |
RU2575014C1 (en) * | 2015-04-07 | 2016-02-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Кубанский государственный технологический университет" (ФГБОУ ВПО "КубГТУ") | Solid toilet soap |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2068423A1 (en) | 1991-06-15 |
EP0505435A1 (en) | 1992-09-30 |
EP0505435A4 (en) | 1993-10-20 |
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