WO1985002465A1 - Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide - Google Patents
Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1985002465A1 WO1985002465A1 PCT/US1984/001954 US8401954W WO8502465A1 WO 1985002465 A1 WO1985002465 A1 WO 1985002465A1 US 8401954 W US8401954 W US 8401954W WO 8502465 A1 WO8502465 A1 WO 8502465A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- electrolyte
- cell means
- solvent
- electrode
- Prior art date
Links
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 23
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 23
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 22
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 12
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- WGHUNMFFLAMBJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;perchlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O.CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC WGHUNMFFLAMBJD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2,2-diethylpropanedioate Chemical compound CCC(CC)(C([O-])=O)C([O-])=O LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VONWDASPFIQPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl methylphosphonate Chemical compound COP(C)(=O)OC VONWDASPFIQPDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000835 electrochemical detection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009972 noncorrosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/404—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors
- G01N27/4045—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors for gases other than oxygen
Definitions
- Aprotic Organic Electrolyte Solution involves an el ectrochemical cell utilizing nonaqueous electrolyte solutions with aprotic solvents. An electrochemical oxidation process at the platinum electrode is imployed for the detection of small amounts of chemical agent simulants such as dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) and diethyl malonate (DEM) in the electrolyte solution.
- Electrolyte solutions include propylene carbonate or ⁇ -butyrolactone containing lithium perchlorate or tetraethylammonium perchlorate.
- the present invention involves the detection of carbon monoxide (CO) electrochemically using a gelled electrolyte containing an amount of polyethylene oxide.
- An electrolyte solution of approximately 1.0M lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ) in y-butyrolactone or approximately 0.75M LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate when gelled with polyethylene oxide has been found to be especially suited to the detection of CO by oxidation at the platinum electrode.
- BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electrochemical reactions based on oxidation or reduction (redox) of metals and compounds at an electrode are highly selective because of the characteristic redox potential at which oxidation or reduction of the electroactive species occurs. With electrochemical sensing, selection of the electrode material and electrolyte solution has been very important in determining sensitivity and selectivity. A detailed description of the theoretical considerations is contained in the above cross-referenced application and is incorporated by reference in this application to the extent required.
- an electrochemical detection system has been developedwhich is extremely sensitive to the presence of CO and can also be used to detect other toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides (N 2 O 4 , NO x ) SO 2 , H 2 S and the like.
- the system includes a nonaqueous, aprotic electrolyte system of approximately 1.0M LiClO4 in ⁇ -butyrolactone or approximately 0.75M LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate gelled with a small amount of polyethylene oxide (about 1% by weight based on the other constituents).
- a platinum electrode is used on the oxidation site for the gas detection.
- the polymer containing electrolyte solutions have high electrolytic conductivity, low vapor pressure, high solubility for carbon monoxide and high chemical and electrochemical stability.
- the electrolyte solution and electrodes can be packaged into a low-cost electrochemical cell for detecting carbon monoxide or other gases using a semipermeable membrane coated on one side with platinum metal film as the sensing electrode.
- the polymer based electrolyte solution can be easily contained in the cell assuring long shelf life.
- FIGURES 1 and la are schematic diagrams of an electrochemical cell for demonstrating the invention.
- FIGURE 2 is a graphical presentation of specific conductance vs. concentraction (25°C) of several electrolytes in nonaqueous solvents.
- FIGURE 3 is a graphical presentation of potential ranges available in nonaqueous vs. aqueous electrolyte solutions.
- FIGURES 4 and 5 show graphical plots of the sensor response to CO.
- FIGURE 1 generally illustrates an electrochemical cell 10 consisting of a chamber 11 having a semipermeable membrane 12 across an opening.
- the chamber 11 contains a film of platinum working or sensing electrode 14, a counter electrode 15 of platinum film and a Ag/Ag+ reference electrode 16.
- An adjustable potential source 20 is connected across the sensing and counter electrode and the current is measured. A voltage exists but no current flows from the reference electrode to the sensing electrode.
- a preferred form of this energizing circuit may include an operational amplifier as shown in Figure 1a wherein no current flows in the feedback loop from the reference electrode to the negative input of the operational amplifier.
- the three electrodes are internally separated by a material which also acts as a wicking material for the electrolyte.
- a gelled nonaqueous electrolyte solution 17 permeates and fills the chamber.
- This solution utilizes an aprotic organic solvent such as propylene carbonate or y-butyrolactone and an active electrolyte such as LiClO 4 which has a wide potential window so that gases sought to be detected can be oxidized or reduced without decomposing the electrolyte solution.
- the electrolyte solvent should be aprotic (no replaceable hydrogen atoms) and it should have a high boiling point, low freezing point to provide a wide operating temperature range between boiling point and freezing point, and low vapor pressure so that it is stable.
- the solvent should have a fairly high dielectric constant and low viscosity so that the solutes are easily soluble, giving solutions with fairly high conductivity.
- the solvent and electrolyte solutions from such solvents should be electrochemically stable to oxidation and reduction, giving a wide voltage window to carry out electrochemical redox reactions at an electrode surface.
- the solvent should be low cost, should be easily purified, and should be nontoxic.
- the following solvents have been chosen for the electrolyte system of the invention. Propylene
- the electrochemical method for the quantitative determination of materials is based on the principle of limiting current density measured at the electrode surface.
- Limiting current density is defined as the current density resulting from the oxidation or reduction of every molecule of the electroactive material or chemical agent reaching the electrode surface.
- a linear relationship between the limiting current density (i L ) and the bulk concentration (C b ) of the electroactive material or chemical agent can beobtained using Fick's law of diffusion
- D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive molecules in the electrolyte
- n is the number of electrons involved
- F is the Faraday constant
- ⁇ is the diffusion layer thickness.
- FIGURE 3 shows graphically a sample comparison of potential ranges available in nonaqueous vs. aqueous electrolyte solutions.
- Aqueous electrolytes are limited to a voltage range of about 1.5 volts of redox potential as shown in the figure. The presence of protons in aqueous based electrolytes interferes with redox processes of organic molecules, even within this range.
- Aprotic electrolytes (nonaqueous) contain no protons and can achieve three times the voltage range of aqueous electrolytes, or about 4.5 volts as shown.
- Nonaqueous organic electrolytes are preferable for the analysis of CO and organic compounds such as chemical agents which are more soluble in organic electrolyte solutions compared to aqueous electrolyte solutions.
- Electrochemical experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of nonaqueous electrochemical redox techniques for the detection and identification of simulants for chemical agents.
- Concentrated solutions of supporting electrolytes such as 0.5M lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ) and 0.1M tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP) in propylene carbonate (PC) or ⁇ -butyrolactone were prepared and used in a conventional electrochemical setup.
- the sensing and counter electrodes were platinum and the reference electrode was Ag/Ag+.
- the preferred solvent was y-butyrolactone.
- the preferred electrolyte/solvent system is 1M LiClO 4 in ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- the electrochemical instrumentation consisted of a Princeton Applied Research Model 173 potentiostat/galvanostat with a Model 175 Universal Programmer, Model 179 digital Coulometer, and Hewlett-Packard Model 7040A x-y recorder.
- the gelled nonaqueous electrolyte solution is prepared by dissolving 1% (by wt.) of the polymer, polyethylene oxide (Molecular weight approximately 100,000) in 1.0M LiClO 4 in ⁇ -butyrolactone or 0.75M LiClO 4 in propylene carbonate.
- the solution in ⁇ -butyrolactone has specific conductivity of 9 ⁇ 89x10 -3 ohm -1 cm -1 whereas the solution in propylene carbonate has specific conductivity of 5.389x10 -3 ohm -1 cm -1 at 25°C.
- These solutions can be used as media for the dissolution of carbon monoxide gas and the carbon monoxide gas can be oxidized at the platinum electrode surface at a known potential.
- electrolyte solutions are stable to electrochemical oxidation and reduction within the potential range of interest to carbon monoxide detection.
- the gelled electrolyte solutions do not flow through, semipermeable membranes like PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) that are used in low cost carbon monoxide sensors and, therefore, the cells can be made to last longer.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the polymer containing electrolyte solutions can be packaged easily for sensing CO.
- H 2 S should produce distinct results also.
- the three electrode configuration cell structure shown in Figure 1 is set up with a small amount of the electrolyte solution ( ⁇ 1cc) with arrangement to apply a known potential and measuring the current generated.
- the carbon monoxide gas is allowed to enter the cell through the semipermeable membrane and establish equilibrium state.
- the electroactive species namely CO around the sensing anode is completely oxidized and the current-concentration relationship can be established according to the relationship.
Abstract
Apparatus and method for an electrochemical sensor for carbon monoxide detection in a gelled aprotic organic nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
Description
ELECTROCHEMICAL SEN SING OF CARBON MONOXIDE
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
Cross reference is made to application Serial Number 557,037, filed of even date, entitled "An Electrochemical Sensor for Multiagent Detection in
Aprotic Organic Electrolyte Solution". That application also is by H. V. Venkatasetty, the inventor in this application and is assigned to the same assignee as the present application. That invention involves an el ectrochemical cell utilizing nonaqueous electrolyte solutions with aprotic solvents. An electrochemical oxidation process at the platinum electrode is imployed for the detection of small amounts of chemical agent simulants such as dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP) and diethyl malonate (DEM) in the electrolyte solution. Electrolyte solutions include propylene carbonate or γ-butyrolactone containing lithium perchlorate or tetraethylammonium perchlorate. The present invention, on the other hand, involves the detection of carbon monoxide (CO) electrochemically using a gelled electrolyte containing an amount of polyethylene oxide. An electrolyte solution of approximately 1.0M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) in y-butyrolactone or approximately 0.75M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate when gelled with polyethylene oxide has been found to be especially suited to the detection of CO by oxidation at the platinum electrode.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electrochemical reactions based on oxidation or reduction (redox) of metals and compounds at an electrode are highly selective because of the characteristic redox potential at which oxidation or reduction of the electroactive species occurs. With electrochemical sensing, selection of the electrode material and electrolyte solution has been very important in determining sensitivity and selectivity. A detailed description of the theoretical considerations is contained in the above cross-referenced application and is incorporated by reference in this application to the extent required.
One limitation of the prior art is that the presence of hydrogen ions, either in the solvent or in the additive (electrolyte), will interfere with the oxidation and reduction of chemical agents sought to be detected. This has lead to the necessity for developing aprotic (free of replaceable hydrogen ions) electrolyte systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION By means of the present invention, an electrochemical detection system has been developedwhich is extremely sensitive to the presence of CO and can also be used to detect other toxic gases such as nitrogen oxides (N2O4, NOx) SO2, H2S and the like. The system includes a nonaqueous, aprotic electrolyte system of approximately 1.0M LiClO4 in γ-butyrolactone or approximately 0.75M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate gelled with a small amount of
polyethylene oxide (about 1% by weight based on the other constituents). A platinum electrode is used on the oxidation site for the gas detection. The polymer containing electrolyte solutions have high electrolytic conductivity, low vapor pressure, high solubility for carbon monoxide and high chemical and electrochemical stability. The electrolyte solution and electrodes can be packaged into a low-cost electrochemical cell for detecting carbon monoxide or other gases using a semipermeable membrane coated on one side with platinum metal film as the sensing electrode. The polymer based electrolyte solution can be easily contained in the cell assuring long shelf life.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURES 1 and la are schematic diagrams of an electrochemical cell for demonstrating the invention.
FIGURE 2 is a graphical presentation of specific conductance vs. concentraction (25°C) of several electrolytes in nonaqueous solvents. FIGURE 3 is a graphical presentation of potential ranges available in nonaqueous vs. aqueous electrolyte solutions.
FIGURES 4 and 5 show graphical plots of the sensor response to CO.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
FIGURE 1 generally illustrates an electrochemical cell 10 consisting of a chamber 11 having a semipermeable membrane 12 across an opening. The chamber 11 contains a film of platinum working or sensing electrode 14, a counter electrode 15 of platinum film and a Ag/Ag+ reference electrode 16. An adjustable potential source 20 is connected across the sensing and
counter electrode and the current is measured. A voltage exists but no current flows from the reference electrode to the sensing electrode. A preferred form of this energizing circuit may include an operational amplifier as shown in Figure 1a wherein no current flows in the feedback loop from the reference electrode to the negative input of the operational amplifier. The three electrodes are internally separated by a material which also acts as a wicking material for the electrolyte. A gelled nonaqueous electrolyte solution 17 permeates and fills the chamber. This solution utilizes an aprotic organic solvent such as propylene carbonate or y-butyrolactone and an active electrolyte such as LiClO4 which has a wide potential window so that gases sought to be detected can be oxidized or reduced without decomposing the electrolyte solution.
A previously stated, the electrolyte solvent should be aprotic (no replaceable hydrogen atoms) and it should have a high boiling point, low freezing point to provide a wide operating temperature range between boiling point and freezing point, and low vapor pressure so that it is stable. The solvent should have a fairly high dielectric constant and low viscosity so that the solutes are easily soluble, giving solutions with fairly high conductivity. The solvent and electrolyte solutions from such solvents should be electrochemically stable to oxidation and reduction, giving a wide voltage window to carry out electrochemical redox reactions at an electrode surface. The solvent should be low cost, should be easily purified, and should be nontoxic. The following solvents have been chosen for the electrolyte system of the invention.
Propylene
Properties Carbonate y-Butyrolactons
Boiling point (°C) 241 202
Freezing point (ºC) -49 -43
Dielectric constant 64.4(25ºC) 39(20°C)
Viscosity mP (25ºC) 25.3 17.5
Density (25°C) g/ml 1.19 1.13
The conductivity concentration studies carried out using lithium perchlorate solute as the supporting electrolyte in propylene carbonate show a maximum conductivity at about 0.75M (Figure 2, curve A) whereas similar studies in the preferred y-butyrolactone show a much higher maximum conductivity at about 1M (Figure 2, curve B). As seen from the above, solvents such as propylene carbonate or y-butyrolactone have a high boiling point, low melting point, and very low vapor pressure. They are also non-corrosive so that the electrochemical cell can operate over a wide temperature range for an extended period. Gases such as CO are highly soluble in these nonaqueous organic solvents making for high sensitivity of detection.
With the wide range of potential window available for oxidation and reduction, many gases can be oxidized or reduced in the same cell so that the electrochemical cell can be used for different gases of interest.
The electrochemical method for the quantitative determination of materials is based on the principle of limiting current density measured at the electrode surface. Limiting current density is defined as the current density resulting from the oxidation or reduction of every molecule of the electroactive
material or chemical agent reaching the electrode surface. A linear relationship between the limiting current density (iL) and the bulk concentration (Cb) of the electroactive material or chemical agent can beobtained using Fick's law of diffusion
where D is the diffusion coefficient of the electroactive molecules in the electrolyte, n is the number of electrons involved, F is the Faraday constant, andδis the diffusion layer thickness. Thus, the limiting current density provides the quantitative measure of the concentration, while the characteristic redox potential identifies the molecules.
FIGURE 3 shows graphically a sample comparison of potential ranges available in nonaqueous vs. aqueous electrolyte solutions. Aqueous electrolytes are limited to a voltage range of about 1.5 volts of redox potential as shown in the figure. The presence of protons in aqueous based electrolytes interferes with redox processes of organic molecules, even within this range. Aprotic electrolytes (nonaqueous) contain no protons and can achieve three times the voltage range of aqueous electrolytes, or about 4.5 volts as shown. Nonaqueous organic electrolytes are preferable for the analysis of CO and organic compounds such as chemical agents which are more soluble in organic electrolyte solutions compared to aqueous electrolyte solutions. Electrochemical experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of nonaqueous electrochemical redox techniques for the detection and
identification of simulants for chemical agents. Concentrated solutions of supporting electrolytes such as 0.5M lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and 0.1M tetraethylammonium perchlorate (TEAP) in propylene carbonate (PC) or γ-butyrolactone were prepared and used in a conventional electrochemical setup. The sensing and counter electrodes were platinum and the reference electrode was Ag/Ag+. The preferred solvent was y-butyrolactone. The preferred electrolyte/solvent system is 1M LiClO4 in γ-butyrolactone. The electrochemical instrumentation consisted of a Princeton Applied Research Model 173 potentiostat/galvanostat with a Model 175 Universal Programmer, Model 179 digital Coulometer, and Hewlett-Packard Model 7040A x-y recorder.
The gelled nonaqueous electrolyte solution is prepared by dissolving 1% (by wt.) of the polymer, polyethylene oxide (Molecular weight approximately 100,000) in 1.0M LiClO4 in γ-butyrolactone or 0.75M LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. The solution in γ-butyrolactone has specific conductivity of 9·89x10-3ohm-1cm-1 whereas the solution in propylene carbonate has specific conductivity of 5.389x10-3ohm-1cm-1 at 25°C. These solutions can be used as media for the dissolution of carbon monoxide gas and the carbon monoxide gas can be oxidized at the platinum electrode surface at a known potential. In the caes of propylene carbonate solution, carbon monoxide can be oxidized at +1.25 to +1.30V VsAg/Ag+ whereas in γ-butyrolactone solution, carbon monoxide can be oxidized at +1.20V VsAg/Ag+. This is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. The oxidation shown beyond 1.3V (curve f of Figure 4) and 1.2V (curve g of
Figure 5) are due to oxidation of other components at higher potentials. The very sharp, distinct change in current is very accurate and repeatable. The current generated at these oxidation potential (s) is proportional to the concentration of carbon monoxide in the electrolyte solution. These electrolyte solutions are stable to electrochemical oxidation and reduction within the potential range of interest to carbon monoxide detection. The gelled electrolyte solutions do not flow through, semipermeable membranes like PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) that are used in low cost carbon monoxide sensors and, therefore, the cells can be made to last longer. The polymer containing electrolyte solutions can be packaged easily for sensing CO.
While the invention has been particularly described with reference to CO, other gases such as oxide of nitrogen (N2O4, NOx) and gases such as SO2 and
H2S should produce distinct results also. The three electrode configuration cell structure shown in Figure 1 is set up with a small amount of the electrolyte solution (~1cc) with arrangement to apply a known potential and measuring the current generated. The carbon monoxide gas is allowed to enter the cell through the semipermeable membrane and establish equilibrium state. By applying a potential slightly higher than the oxidation value, the electroactive species, namely CO around the sensing anode is completely oxidized and the current-concentration relationship can be established according to the relationship.
Claims
1. An electrochemical sensor for toxic gas detection comprising: electrochemical cell means having therein an electrode configuration comprising a plurality of noble metal electrodes including sensing electrode and a platinum counter electrode and an Ag/Ag+ reference electrode; a nonaqueous gelled electrolyte solution in said cell means, said solution comprising an aprotic organic solvent based solution wherein said solvent is selected from the group consisting of γ-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate the solution also containing an amount of lithium perchlorate electrolyte, the gelled solution also containing an amount of polyethylene oxide as the gelling agent; and adjustable potential electrical source means, to energize said electroch emical cell means at desired potentials, connected across said working and counter electrodes.
2. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte solvent is y-butyrolactone and said electrolyte is lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) having a concentrate of about 1.0M based on the solvent.
3. The apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the nonaqueous electrolyte solvent is propylene carbonate and said electrolyte is LiClO4 having a concentration of about 0.75M.
4. The apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the amount of said polyethylene oxide is about 1% by weight based on the weight of the solution.
5. The apparatus according to claim 3 wherein the amount of said polyethylene oxide is about 1% by weight based on the weight of the solution.
6. A method for detecting the presence of a plurality of toxic agents comprising the steps of: providing electrochemical cell means having an electrode configuration comprising a plurality of electrodes; providing a nonaqueous gelled electrolyte solution in the electrochemical cell means, said solution comprising an aprotic organic solvent selected from the group consisting of γ-butyrolactone and propylene carbonate, the solution also containing an amount of lithium perchlorate electrolyte and polyethylene oxide gelling agent; exposing the electrochemical cell means to an atmosphere suspected of containing the gas sought to be detected; providing electrical source means and connecting the source means to the electrode configuration to energize the cell means.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP60500129A JPS61500566A (en) | 1983-12-01 | 1984-11-28 | Electrochemical detection of carbon monoxide |
DE8585900346T DE3478954D1 (en) | 1983-12-01 | 1984-11-28 | Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide |
DK350085A DK350085D0 (en) | 1983-12-01 | 1985-08-01 | ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US06/557,072 US4522690A (en) | 1983-12-01 | 1983-12-01 | Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide |
US557,072 | 1983-12-01 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1985002465A1 true WO1985002465A1 (en) | 1985-06-06 |
Family
ID=24223948
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1984/001954 WO1985002465A1 (en) | 1983-12-01 | 1984-11-28 | Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4522690A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0163728B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPS61500566A (en) |
CA (1) | CA1220522A (en) |
DE (1) | DE3478954D1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK350085D0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO852873L (en) |
WO (1) | WO1985002465A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0237914A2 (en) * | 1986-03-20 | 1987-09-23 | Bayer Diagnostic GmbH | Method of producing electrochemical gas sensors |
GB2277378A (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 1994-10-26 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical membrane gas sensor |
EP0740149A1 (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1996-10-30 | ProMinent Dosiertechnik GmbH | Electrochemical sensor |
GB2303710A (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 1997-02-26 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical toxic gas sensor with gas permeable membrane |
Families Citing this family (107)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4591414A (en) * | 1984-08-27 | 1986-05-27 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of determining methane and electrochemical sensor therefor |
EP0218694A1 (en) * | 1985-04-19 | 1987-04-22 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Transparent multi-oxygen sensor array |
US4781798A (en) * | 1985-04-19 | 1988-11-01 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Transparent multi-oxygen sensor array and method of using same |
US4662996A (en) * | 1985-12-20 | 1987-05-05 | Honeywell Inc. | Method and electrochemical sensor for sensing chemical agents using a sensing elctrode coated with electrically conductive polymers |
US4744954A (en) * | 1986-07-11 | 1988-05-17 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Amperometric gas sensor containing a solid electrolyte |
US4851088A (en) * | 1987-03-05 | 1989-07-25 | Honeywell Inc. | Electrochemical detection of carbon dioxide |
US4948490A (en) * | 1988-02-19 | 1990-08-14 | Honeywell Inc. | Tetraalkylammonium ion solid electrolytes |
US5173166A (en) * | 1990-04-16 | 1992-12-22 | Minitech Co. | Electrochemical gas sensor cells |
US5302274A (en) * | 1990-04-16 | 1994-04-12 | Minitech Co. | Electrochemical gas sensor cells using three dimensional sensing electrodes |
CA2050057A1 (en) | 1991-03-04 | 1992-09-05 | Adam Heller | Interferant eliminating biosensors |
US5593852A (en) | 1993-12-02 | 1997-01-14 | Heller; Adam | Subcutaneous glucose electrode |
US5497772A (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 1996-03-12 | Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research | Glucose monitoring system |
US5791344A (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 1998-08-11 | Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research | Patient monitoring system |
WO1995014226A1 (en) * | 1993-11-19 | 1995-05-26 | Ceramatec, Inc. | Multi-functional sensor for combustion systems |
US6051123A (en) * | 1995-06-15 | 2000-04-18 | Gas Research Institute | Multi-functional and NOx sensor for combustion systems |
US5591896A (en) * | 1995-11-02 | 1997-01-07 | Lin; Gang | Solid-state gas sensors |
US5746900A (en) * | 1996-03-07 | 1998-05-05 | H.V. Setty Enterprises, Inc. | Non-aqueous amperometric multi-gas sensor |
GB2323673B (en) * | 1996-03-15 | 2000-01-12 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical sensor with a non-aqueous electrolyte system |
US6488826B2 (en) * | 1996-12-09 | 2002-12-03 | Patrick Altmeier | Fluid electrode system for resistive slope sensors |
JP3394262B2 (en) * | 1997-02-06 | 2003-04-07 | セラセンス、インク. | Small volume in vitro analyte sensor |
US6001240A (en) * | 1997-07-02 | 1999-12-14 | Mine Safety Appliances Company | Electrochemical detection of hydrogen cyanide |
US6098523A (en) * | 1997-07-10 | 2000-08-08 | Draeger Safety, Inc. | Testing apparatus for gas sensors |
CA2215108C (en) * | 1997-09-11 | 1999-10-26 | Senco Sensors Inc. | Electrochemical gas sensor |
CA2245050C (en) * | 1997-09-11 | 2000-09-05 | Kehoe Component Sales Inc. Dba Pace Electronic Products Inc. | Three-electrode electrochemical gas sensor |
US6103033A (en) | 1998-03-04 | 2000-08-15 | Therasense, Inc. | Process for producing an electrochemical biosensor |
US6134461A (en) * | 1998-03-04 | 2000-10-17 | E. Heller & Company | Electrochemical analyte |
US8480580B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2013-07-09 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US8974386B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2015-03-10 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US8688188B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2014-04-01 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US8465425B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2013-06-18 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US6175752B1 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2001-01-16 | Therasense, Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US8346337B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2013-01-01 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US9066695B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 | 2015-06-30 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
US6949816B2 (en) | 2003-04-21 | 2005-09-27 | Motorola, Inc. | Semiconductor component having first surface area for electrically coupling to a semiconductor chip and second surface area for electrically coupling to a substrate, and method of manufacturing same |
US6251260B1 (en) | 1998-08-24 | 2001-06-26 | Therasense, Inc. | Potentiometric sensors for analytic determination |
US6591125B1 (en) | 2000-06-27 | 2003-07-08 | Therasense, Inc. | Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator |
US6338790B1 (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2002-01-15 | Therasense, Inc. | Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator |
EP2322645A1 (en) | 1999-06-18 | 2011-05-18 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Mass transport limited in vivo analyte sensor |
US6616819B1 (en) | 1999-11-04 | 2003-09-09 | Therasense, Inc. | Small volume in vitro analyte sensor and methods |
US6560471B1 (en) | 2001-01-02 | 2003-05-06 | Therasense, Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods of use |
JP3718467B2 (en) * | 2001-03-28 | 2005-11-24 | 株式会社東芝 | Non-aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
WO2002078512A2 (en) | 2001-04-02 | 2002-10-10 | Therasense, Inc. | Blood glucose tracking apparatus and methods |
US7381184B2 (en) | 2002-11-05 | 2008-06-03 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Sensor inserter assembly |
EP2305813A3 (en) * | 2002-11-14 | 2012-03-28 | Dharmacon, Inc. | Fuctional and hyperfunctional sirna |
US7811231B2 (en) | 2002-12-31 | 2010-10-12 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Continuous glucose monitoring system and methods of use |
US8066639B2 (en) | 2003-06-10 | 2011-11-29 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Glucose measuring device for use in personal area network |
USD914881S1 (en) | 2003-11-05 | 2021-03-30 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor electronic mount |
WO2005089103A2 (en) | 2004-02-17 | 2005-09-29 | Therasense, Inc. | Method and system for providing data communication in continuous glucose monitoring and management system |
US9788771B2 (en) | 2006-10-23 | 2017-10-17 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Variable speed sensor insertion devices and methods of use |
US8512243B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2013-08-20 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Integrated introducer and transmitter assembly and methods of use |
US9572534B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2017-02-21 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Devices, systems and methods for on-skin or on-body mounting of medical devices |
US9743862B2 (en) | 2011-03-31 | 2017-08-29 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Systems and methods for transcutaneously implanting medical devices |
US8333714B2 (en) | 2006-09-10 | 2012-12-18 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and system for providing an integrated analyte sensor insertion device and data processing unit |
US7883464B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2011-02-08 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Integrated transmitter unit and sensor introducer mechanism and methods of use |
US8613703B2 (en) | 2007-05-31 | 2013-12-24 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Insertion devices and methods |
US20090105569A1 (en) | 2006-04-28 | 2009-04-23 | Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. | Introducer Assembly and Methods of Use |
US7697967B2 (en) | 2005-12-28 | 2010-04-13 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing analyte sensor insertion |
US9351669B2 (en) | 2009-09-30 | 2016-05-31 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Interconnect for on-body analyte monitoring device |
US10226207B2 (en) | 2004-12-29 | 2019-03-12 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Sensor inserter having introducer |
US7731657B2 (en) | 2005-08-30 | 2010-06-08 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor introducer and methods of use |
US8571624B2 (en) | 2004-12-29 | 2013-10-29 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for mounting a data transmission device in a communication system |
US9398882B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2016-07-26 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing analyte sensor and data processing device |
US9259175B2 (en) | 2006-10-23 | 2016-02-16 | Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. | Flexible patch for fluid delivery and monitoring body analytes |
US8112240B2 (en) | 2005-04-29 | 2012-02-07 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing leak detection in data monitoring and management systems |
US20060278536A1 (en) * | 2005-06-10 | 2006-12-14 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Sensor comprising supported aprotic ionic liquid |
WO2007020410A1 (en) * | 2005-08-12 | 2007-02-22 | Isis Innovation Limited | Detection of ammonia by electrodes comprising glassy carbon or boron-doped diamond |
US9521968B2 (en) | 2005-09-30 | 2016-12-20 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor retention mechanism and methods of use |
US7766829B2 (en) | 2005-11-04 | 2010-08-03 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and system for providing basal profile modification in analyte monitoring and management systems |
EP1968432A4 (en) | 2005-12-28 | 2009-10-21 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc | Medical device insertion |
US11298058B2 (en) | 2005-12-28 | 2022-04-12 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing analyte sensor insertion |
US7885698B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2011-02-08 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and system for providing continuous calibration of implantable analyte sensors |
DE102006014714B3 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-05-16 | Draegerwerk Ag | Electrochemical sensor for gas detection has aromatic or alphatic acid carbonic acids in alkali electrolyte solution |
DE102006014715B3 (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-06-06 | Drägerwerk AG | Electrochemical gas sensor for detecting analyte, has mediator that is dissolved in saturated form in electrolytes and is available as precipitate in electrolyte space, and protection electrode arranged at rear of measuring electrode |
US7620438B2 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2009-11-17 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and system for powering an electronic device |
US8226891B2 (en) | 2006-03-31 | 2012-07-24 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring devices and methods therefor |
US20080071158A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 | 2008-03-20 | Abbott Diabetes Care, Inc. | Analyte monitoring system and method |
US8732188B2 (en) | 2007-02-18 | 2014-05-20 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and system for providing contextual based medication dosage determination |
US8930203B2 (en) | 2007-02-18 | 2015-01-06 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Multi-function analyte test device and methods therefor |
US8123686B2 (en) | 2007-03-01 | 2012-02-28 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing rolling data in communication systems |
US8665091B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2014-03-04 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and device for determining elapsed sensor life |
US7928850B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2011-04-19 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring system and methods |
US8461985B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2013-06-11 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring system and methods |
US8456301B2 (en) | 2007-05-08 | 2013-06-04 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring system and methods |
US8103456B2 (en) | 2009-01-29 | 2012-01-24 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and device for early signal attenuation detection using blood glucose measurements |
US9402544B2 (en) | 2009-02-03 | 2016-08-02 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor and apparatus for insertion of the sensor |
US20100213057A1 (en) | 2009-02-26 | 2010-08-26 | Benjamin Feldman | Self-Powered Analyte Sensor |
WO2010127050A1 (en) | 2009-04-28 | 2010-11-04 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Error detection in critical repeating data in a wireless sensor system |
WO2010138856A1 (en) | 2009-05-29 | 2010-12-02 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Medical device antenna systems having external antenna configurations |
US9314195B2 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2016-04-19 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte signal processing device and methods |
EP2473099A4 (en) | 2009-08-31 | 2015-01-14 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc | Analyte monitoring system and methods for managing power and noise |
WO2011041469A1 (en) | 2009-09-29 | 2011-04-07 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Method and apparatus for providing notification function in analyte monitoring systems |
USD924406S1 (en) | 2010-02-01 | 2021-07-06 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor inserter |
JP5904500B2 (en) | 2010-03-24 | 2016-04-13 | アボット ダイアベティス ケア インコーポレイテッドAbbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Apparatus and system for inserting sharp member under skin surface |
US11064921B2 (en) | 2010-06-29 | 2021-07-20 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Devices, systems and methods for on-skin or on-body mounting of medical devices |
US20120193229A1 (en) * | 2011-01-27 | 2012-08-02 | Life Safety Distribution Ag | Electrochemical Oxygen Sensor with Internal Barrier to Oxygen Diffusion |
WO2013070794A2 (en) | 2011-11-07 | 2013-05-16 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte monitoring device and methods |
US9402570B2 (en) | 2011-12-11 | 2016-08-02 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Analyte sensor devices, connections, and methods |
US9459233B2 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2016-10-04 | Steris Corporation | Amperometric gas sensor |
US9968306B2 (en) | 2012-09-17 | 2018-05-15 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Methods and apparatuses for providing adverse condition notification with enhanced wireless communication range in analyte monitoring systems |
GB2516932B (en) | 2013-08-07 | 2018-12-26 | Nokia Technologies Oy | An apparatus and associated methods for water detection |
US9983164B1 (en) * | 2015-03-18 | 2018-05-29 | Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. | Mobile electrochemical air quality meter |
US10213139B2 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2019-02-26 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Systems, devices, and methods for assembling an applicator and sensor control device |
US10674944B2 (en) | 2015-05-14 | 2020-06-09 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Compact medical device inserters and related systems and methods |
US11071478B2 (en) | 2017-01-23 | 2021-07-27 | Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. | Systems, devices and methods for analyte sensor insertion |
US10876144B2 (en) | 2017-07-14 | 2020-12-29 | American Sterilizer Company | Process for determining viability of test microorganisms of biological indicator and sterilization detection device for determining same |
US10889848B2 (en) | 2017-07-14 | 2021-01-12 | American Sterilizer Company | Process for determining viability of test microorganisms of biological indicator and sterilization detection device for determining same |
US10900062B2 (en) | 2017-07-14 | 2021-01-26 | American Sterilizer Company | Process for determining viability of test microorganisms of biological indicator and sterilization detection device for determining same |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3260656A (en) * | 1962-09-27 | 1966-07-12 | Corning Glass Works | Method and apparatus for electrolytically determining a species in a fluid |
US3833495A (en) * | 1970-09-28 | 1974-09-03 | Gen Electric | Reference electrode half cell |
US4049503A (en) * | 1974-07-27 | 1977-09-20 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical gas detection |
US4141800A (en) * | 1976-05-15 | 1979-02-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical gas detector and method of using same |
US4149948A (en) * | 1976-12-18 | 1979-04-17 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell for detecting hydrogen sulphide in a gaseous mixture |
US4169779A (en) * | 1978-12-26 | 1979-10-02 | Catalyst Research Corporation | Electrochemical cell for the detection of hydrogen sulfide |
US4197176A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1980-04-08 | Minas Ensanian | Apparatus for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids |
US4394239A (en) * | 1980-09-09 | 1983-07-19 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electro-chemical sensor for the detection of reducing gases, in particular carbon monoxide, hydrazine and hydrogen in air |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4720939U (en) * | 1971-04-05 | 1972-11-09 | ||
JPS4829631U (en) * | 1971-08-13 | 1973-04-11 | ||
JPS52116652A (en) * | 1976-03-26 | 1977-09-30 | Japan Electronic Control Syst | Dish washer |
-
1983
- 1983-12-01 US US06/557,072 patent/US4522690A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1984
- 1984-11-28 WO PCT/US1984/001954 patent/WO1985002465A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1984-11-28 EP EP85900346A patent/EP0163728B1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-11-28 DE DE8585900346T patent/DE3478954D1/en not_active Expired
- 1984-11-28 JP JP60500129A patent/JPS61500566A/en active Pending
- 1984-11-30 CA CA000469013A patent/CA1220522A/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-07-18 NO NO852873A patent/NO852873L/en unknown
- 1985-08-01 DK DK350085A patent/DK350085D0/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3260656A (en) * | 1962-09-27 | 1966-07-12 | Corning Glass Works | Method and apparatus for electrolytically determining a species in a fluid |
US3833495A (en) * | 1970-09-28 | 1974-09-03 | Gen Electric | Reference electrode half cell |
US4049503A (en) * | 1974-07-27 | 1977-09-20 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical gas detection |
US4141800A (en) * | 1976-05-15 | 1979-02-27 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical gas detector and method of using same |
US4149948A (en) * | 1976-12-18 | 1979-04-17 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electrochemical cell for detecting hydrogen sulphide in a gaseous mixture |
US4197176A (en) * | 1976-12-27 | 1980-04-08 | Minas Ensanian | Apparatus for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids |
US4169779A (en) * | 1978-12-26 | 1979-10-02 | Catalyst Research Corporation | Electrochemical cell for the detection of hydrogen sulfide |
US4394239A (en) * | 1980-09-09 | 1983-07-19 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Electro-chemical sensor for the detection of reducing gases, in particular carbon monoxide, hydrazine and hydrogen in air |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0237914A2 (en) * | 1986-03-20 | 1987-09-23 | Bayer Diagnostic GmbH | Method of producing electrochemical gas sensors |
EP0237914A3 (en) * | 1986-03-20 | 1988-05-04 | Bayer Diagnostic + Electronic Gmbh | Method of producing electrochemical gas sensors |
GB2277378A (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 1994-10-26 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical membrane gas sensor |
GB2303710A (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 1997-02-26 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical toxic gas sensor with gas permeable membrane |
GB2277378B (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 1997-04-30 | Mine Safety Appliances Co | Electrochemical toxic gas sensor |
DE4407328B4 (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 2008-11-06 | Mine Safety Appliances Co. | Electrochemical sensor for toxic gases |
DE4407328B8 (en) * | 1993-03-05 | 2009-03-26 | Mine Safety Appliances Co. | Electrochemical sensor for toxic gases |
EP0740149A1 (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1996-10-30 | ProMinent Dosiertechnik GmbH | Electrochemical sensor |
US5725747A (en) * | 1995-04-26 | 1998-03-10 | Prominent Dosiertechnik Gmbh | Electrochemical measurement cell |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS61500566A (en) | 1986-03-27 |
EP0163728A1 (en) | 1985-12-11 |
US4522690A (en) | 1985-06-11 |
DK350085A (en) | 1985-08-01 |
DK350085D0 (en) | 1985-08-01 |
DE3478954D1 (en) | 1989-08-17 |
EP0163728A4 (en) | 1986-06-05 |
CA1220522A (en) | 1987-04-14 |
NO852873L (en) | 1985-07-18 |
EP0163728B1 (en) | 1989-07-12 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US4522690A (en) | Electrochemical sensing of carbon monoxide | |
Cao et al. | The properties and applications of amperometric gas sensors | |
Osborne et al. | Micro-hole interface for the amperometric determination of ionic species in aqueous solutions | |
US4662996A (en) | Method and electrochemical sensor for sensing chemical agents using a sensing elctrode coated with electrically conductive polymers | |
US4521290A (en) | Thin layer electrochemical cell for rapid detection of toxic chemicals | |
WO1999001757A1 (en) | Electrochemical sensor for the detection of hydrogen cyanide and method of use thereof | |
US4591414A (en) | Method of determining methane and electrochemical sensor therefor | |
US5346605A (en) | Apparatus for quantitative determination of chemical oxidizing or reducing agents in a fluid environment | |
LaConti et al. | Electrochemical detection of H2, CO, and hydrocarbons in inert or oxygen atmospheres | |
Silva et al. | Electrochemical study of aqueous-organic gel micro-interfaces | |
EP0929804B1 (en) | Analytic cell | |
Alegret et al. | Response characteristics of conductive polymer composite substrate all-solid-state poly (vinyl chloride) matrix membrane ion-selective electrodes in aerated and nitrogen-saturated solutions | |
US4595486A (en) | Electrochemical gas sensor | |
EP0704054B1 (en) | Determining gas concentration | |
Alva et al. | Ag/AgCl reference electrode based on thin film of arabic gum membrane | |
US5403452A (en) | Method for determining gas concentrations and gas sensor with a solid electrolyte | |
US5746900A (en) | Non-aqueous amperometric multi-gas sensor | |
US4235689A (en) | Apparatus for detecting traces of a gas | |
Lyu et al. | Coulometric ion sensing with Li+-selective LiMn2O4 electrodes | |
US3743589A (en) | Electrochemical vapor detector | |
EP0221381B1 (en) | Electrochemical gas sensor | |
US6176989B1 (en) | Electrochemical gas sensor | |
Lee | Electrochemical sensing of oxygen gas in ionic liquids on screen printed electrodes | |
USRE31299E (en) | Ion-selective electrode device for polarographic measurement of oxygen | |
Gibbs et al. | The electrochemistry of gases at metallized membrane electrodes |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Designated state(s): DK JP NO |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB LU NL SE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1985900346 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1985900346 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWG | Wipo information: grant in national office |
Ref document number: 1985900346 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1985900346 Country of ref document: EP |