WO1985002112A1 - Dental masking method - Google Patents
Dental masking method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1985002112A1 WO1985002112A1 PCT/US1984/001838 US8401838W WO8502112A1 WO 1985002112 A1 WO1985002112 A1 WO 1985002112A1 US 8401838 W US8401838 W US 8401838W WO 8502112 A1 WO8502112 A1 WO 8502112A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- liner
- cavity
- tooth
- amalgam
- walls
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K6/00—Preparations for dentistry
- A61K6/80—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth
- A61K6/884—Preparations for artificial teeth, for filling teeth or for capping teeth comprising natural or synthetic resins
- A61K6/887—Compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
Definitions
- Dental amalgam is the most widely used material for permanent restoration of teeth because of its well-established properties of durability and resistance to physical, chemical and biochemical breakdown in the oral cavity, in addition to its ease of manipulation by the dentist and its relatively low cost (when compared to gold, for example) .
- a major disadvantage of the material is its unesthetic dark or metallic color which usually limits its use to posterior teeth. Even in posterior teeth in which fillings are not directly visible in speaking, smiling, etc., the material often has the effect of darkening or shadowing the surrounding tooth structure to the detriment of appearance.
- a material which can eliminate or markedly diminish the darkening or shadowing effects on tooth structure of amalgam fillings would enhance their esthetic acceptability and there ⁇ fore the utility of amalgam.
- the instant invention pertains to a material and a method of application of such material to prepared tooth cavity ' walls.
- the material is a liner containing pigments or dyes to prevent penetration of the dentin by components of the amalgam filling and to mask or conceal the dark shadow of amalgam at and beyond the interface of amalgam with enamel.
- the instant invention comprises a material and a meth ⁇ od of application of said material for the purpose of preventing discoloration of surrounding tooth structure, which is a common accompaniment of amalgam fillings placed within the tooth.
- the material is a cavity-liner of viscous composition, containing pigments and/or dyes, which seals the dentin walls of the pre ⁇ pared tooth cavity, coats the enamel walls and blocks transmis ⁇ sion of the dark amalgam color or shadow through the enamel.
- the material is supplied in a selection of shades to permit matching the natural color of the enamel.
- the method of appli ⁇ cation is direct placement upon the prepared tooth cavity sur ⁇ faces by means of- brush, cotton pellet, metal loop or other in ⁇ strument.
- It can constitute a sole cavity liner or be applied over a base as a secondary liner. It is applied as a coating which quickly dries at mouth temperature, or can be assisted to dry by application of the dentist's air syringe. It is to be applied on all walls of the prepared cavity, excluding the outer ⁇ most margins.
- Deep or extensive cavities are additionally protected by placement of a base, usually containing calcium hydroxide or eugenol as the active ingredient. Liners are applied to the tooth structure and onto the set base, when a base is used.
- liner refers to materials applied to protect the prepared den- tinal surface, including varnishes and dental cements.
- a basic liner formula as illustrated in U. S. 3,367,788 consists of calcium hydroxide, methyl cellulose and water.
- liner consists of solutions of synthe ⁇ tic resins in a volatile organic solvent wherein calcium hydrox ⁇ ide and/or zinc oxide are suspended.
- An example of the resin used in the lining material as disclosed in U. S. 3,243,411 is a prepolymer of tolylene di-iso-cyanate and propylene glycol polymer which is cured in the tooth cavity by addition of a
- OMPI curing catalyst such as triethylene diamine dissolved in a vol ⁇ atile solvent, such as acetone, chloroform or cellosolve acetate (2-methoxyethyl acetate) .
- Another liner composition consists of a polymer which is described in U. S. 2,794,016. It is prepared by mixing methyl-methacrylate or other ester of methacryiic acid with polyme hy1-methacr late powder and allowing the monomer to polymerize in situ in the presence of a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide.
- liner compositions are iso- phthalate and terphthalate polyesters as well as polysiloxanes.
- Another available resin liner is bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA) which can be polymerized chemically or by ultraviolet or visible light radiation in the presence of a catalyst.
- BIS-GMA bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate
- Commercial liner compositions generally contain some quantity of pigment to aid visibility in placement and control.
- Cavity varnishes general ⁇ ly consist of solutions of one or more resins, derived from nat ⁇ ural gums or rosin or synthetic resins in an organic solvent such as acetone, benzene, toluene, alcohol, ethyl acetate or amyl acetate.
- Eugenol, thymol and chlorobutanol may be added as potential thereaputic agents.
- Dental cements may be either inorganic, containing zinc phosphate or zinc silicophosphate, or organic, for example, zinc oxide eugenol or eugenol in combination with polymers such as bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylates (BIS-GMA) resin, poly- meth l-methacrylate, cyanoacrylate resins, polyacrylate, glass
- polymers such as bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylates (BIS-GMA) resin, poly- meth l-methacrylate, cyanoacrylate resins, polyacrylate, glass
- any of the above- mentioned liner compositions may be a carrier for the pigments and dyes.
- the pigment may consist of finely ground particles of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, barium sulfate or other commer ⁇ cially available pigments or a mixture thereof.
- the dye may be ferric chloride or commercially available dyes known to dentis ⁇ try.
- the pigment acts as an opacifying or opaquing agent. It masks the enamel against the dark color of the amalgam restor ⁇ ation.
- the pigment and/or dye is blended into the liner mater ⁇ ial in sufficient quantity to prevent the color of the amalgam from being visible through the enamel.
- the amounts of pigment and dye in the liner material are adjusted to yield a liner color closely matching the color of enamel of the tooth being restored.
- the liner material can be prepared in any one of a number of shades, including tan, light yellow, dark yellow, light cream and ivory white, by varying the amount of pigments and dyes added to the other liner ingredients.
- a liquid thin ⁇ ner such as acetone or methylethyl ketone or other organic sol ⁇ vent dictated by the polymer may be used to modify the visco ⁇ sity of the liner material, thereby affecting the film thick ⁇ ness, the desired opacity, and chromatic appearance of the liner material.
- the liner mat ⁇ erial is a thin cavity liner containing a pigment and/or dye capable of reducing or eliminating the transmission of dark shadow from an amalgam restoration.
- AMALGA MASK is also effective against transmission of metal casting and the color of other filling materials.
- the AMALGA MASK is intended for use in conjunction with all amalgam fillings inserted against the facial (buccal or labial), mesial-facial, mesio-occlusal and occlusal walls of the cavity. It can be placed in any area that would otherwise dis ⁇ play the gray discoloration characteristic of an amalgam res ⁇ toration, such as the inner aspect cavity-side of the visible walls of the cavity.
- Typical sites for application include large or " small restorations on the distal surface of the upper canine teeth (proximal or labial walls) , extensive lingual res ⁇ torations in anterior teeth (maxillary and mandibular) , and the mesio-occlusal and/or proximal surfaces, and mesial buccal sur ⁇ faces in upper and lower molars and premolars.
- the AMALGA MASK can also be used in lieu of conven ⁇ tional cavity liners since it exhibits all teh desirable proper ⁇ ties of a cavity liner in addition to the capabilities for re ⁇ ducing the transmission of a shadow or dark color from amalgam filling through the adjacent enamel.
- This invention is innovative in that tooth cavity liners as herein defined containing pigment and dye have never been employed to block out shadow in the tooth being filled amalgam.
- the use of AMALGA MASK is simple and economical. In practicing this invention, the dentist selects one of the
- OMPI AMALGA MASK preparations which most nearly matches the color of the patient's tooth being filled.
- the liner which has a viscous consistency is applied to the wall of the cavity and is allowed to dry. This procedure may be repeated where necessary to in ⁇ crease opacity.
- the tooth cavity is then filled with amalgam.
- An example of the liner composition in accordance to the inven ⁇ tion is as follows:
- Methyl methacrylate polymer 8-15% by wt. Titanium dioxide 4-8%,
- the above components can be substituted by, or com ⁇ bined with, other resins, pigments or dyes and other chemical additives with varying percentages for each.
- the AMALGA MASK products have been laboratory tested by Franklin Research Center of The Franklin Institute and have been found to be practical for the uses intended and effective in shielding or masking the enamel from shadowing associated with amalgam fillings.
Abstract
A method for reducing or preventing the transmission of a visible dark color or shadow through the enamel of the tooth attendant on the placement of an amalgam filling, said method consisting of coating the walls of the prepared cavity with a lining composition containing pigment or dye in addition to the components found effective in cavity liners in accepted use.
Description
Dental Masking Method
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Dental amalgam is the most widely used material for permanent restoration of teeth because of its well-established properties of durability and resistance to physical, chemical and biochemical breakdown in the oral cavity, in addition to its ease of manipulation by the dentist and its relatively low cost (when compared to gold, for example) . A major disadvantage of the material is its unesthetic dark or metallic color which usually limits its use to posterior teeth. Even in posterior teeth in which fillings are not directly visible in speaking, smiling, etc., the material often has the effect of darkening or shadowing the surrounding tooth structure to the detriment of appearance.
A material which can eliminate or markedly diminish the darkening or shadowing effects on tooth structure of amalgam fillings would enhance their esthetic acceptability and there¬ fore the utility of amalgam.
The instant invention pertains to a material and a method of application of such material to prepared tooth cavity' walls. The material is a liner containing pigments or dyes to prevent penetration of the dentin by components of the amalgam filling and to mask or conceal the dark shadow of amalgam at
and beyond the interface of amalgam with enamel.
The pertinent areas of classification are believed to be U. S. Classes 32, 106 and 433; Sub-Classes 35, 217 and 266. The applicant, in his review of these areas and other art areas of which he is aware, has been unable to find or to uncover any prior art which would unfavorably bear upon the question of nov¬ elty of the method herein disclosed.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The instant invention comprises a material and a meth¬ od of application of said material for the purpose of preventing discoloration of surrounding tooth structure, which is a common accompaniment of amalgam fillings placed within the tooth. The material is a cavity-liner of viscous composition, containing pigments and/or dyes, which seals the dentin walls of the pre¬ pared tooth cavity, coats the enamel walls and blocks transmis¬ sion of the dark amalgam color or shadow through the enamel. The material is supplied in a selection of shades to permit matching the natural color of the enamel. The method of appli¬ cation is direct placement upon the prepared tooth cavity sur¬ faces by means of- brush, cotton pellet, metal loop or other in¬ strument. It can constitute a sole cavity liner or be applied over a base as a secondary liner. It is applied as a coating which quickly dries at mouth temperature, or can be assisted to dry by application of the dentist's air syringe. It is to be applied on all walls of the prepared cavity, excluding the outer¬ most margins.
Further objects of the invention will become apparent
_TH
from the hereinafter set forth detailed description of the in¬ vention and the claims affixed hereto.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
It is well accepted procedure in reparative dentistry that a lining material be applied to deep or moderately deep prepared cavities in teeth to insulate against thermal and elec¬ trical conductivity and help to seal against the ingress of sa¬ liva and micro-organisms. The usual procedure is to complete the preparation, clean and dry the prepared cavity surfaces, apply the lining material, and allow it to set.
Deep or extensive cavities are additionally protected by placement of a base, usually containing calcium hydroxide or eugenol as the active ingredient. Liners are applied to the tooth structure and onto the set base, when a base is used.
It is to be understood that the term "liner" as used herein, refers to materials applied to protect the prepared den- tinal surface, including varnishes and dental cements.
Many formulations have been used for tooth cavity liners. A basic liner formula as illustrated in U. S. 3,367,788 consists of calcium hydroxide, methyl cellulose and water.
Another type of liner consists of solutions of synthe¬ tic resins in a volatile organic solvent wherein calcium hydrox¬ ide and/or zinc oxide are suspended. An example of the resin used in the lining material as disclosed in U. S. 3,243,411 is a prepolymer of tolylene di-iso-cyanate and propylene glycol polymer which is cured in the tooth cavity by addition of a
OMPI
curing catalyst, such as triethylene diamine dissolved in a vol¬ atile solvent, such as acetone, chloroform or cellosolve acetate (2-methoxyethyl acetate) .
Another liner composition consists of a polymer which is described in U. S. 2,794,016. It is prepared by mixing methyl-methacrylate or other ester of methacryiic acid with polyme hy1-methacr late powder and allowing the monomer to polymerize in situ in the presence of a catalyst such as benzoyl peroxide.
Additional examples of liner compositions are iso- phthalate and terphthalate polyesters as well as polysiloxanes.
Another available resin liner is bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate (BIS-GMA) which can be polymerized chemically or by ultraviolet or visible light radiation in the presence of a catalyst.
Commercial liner compositions generally contain some quantity of pigment to aid visibility in placement and control.
Another class of liners are varnishes which dry as thin films and provide marginal seal. Cavity varnishes general¬ ly consist of solutions of one or more resins, derived from nat¬ ural gums or rosin or synthetic resins in an organic solvent such as acetone, benzene, toluene, alcohol, ethyl acetate or amyl acetate. Eugenol, thymol and chlorobutanol may be added as potential thereaputic agents.
Dental cements may be either inorganic, containing zinc phosphate or zinc silicophosphate, or organic, for example, zinc oxide eugenol or eugenol in combination with polymers such as bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylates (BIS-GMA) resin, poly- meth l-methacrylate, cyanoacrylate resins, polyacrylate, glass
OMPI
ionomer cements.
All of the above mentioned materials have overlapping uses as sealers and therapeutic agents.
It is understood that the liner compositions are well known in the art and form no part of the present invention.
In accordance with this invention, any of the above- mentioned liner compositions, including other possible composi¬ tions not mentioned, may be a carrier for the pigments and dyes. The pigment may consist of finely ground particles of titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, iron oxide, barium sulfate or other commer¬ cially available pigments or a mixture thereof. The dye may be ferric chloride or commercially available dyes known to dentis¬ try. The pigment acts as an opacifying or opaquing agent. It masks the enamel against the dark color of the amalgam restor¬ ation. The pigment and/or dye is blended into the liner mater¬ ial in sufficient quantity to prevent the color of the amalgam from being visible through the enamel. The amounts of pigment and dye in the liner material are adjusted to yield a liner color closely matching the color of enamel of the tooth being restored. The liner material can be prepared in any one of a number of shades, including tan, light yellow, dark yellow, light cream and ivory white, by varying the amount of pigments and dyes added to the other liner ingredients. A liquid thin¬ ner such as acetone or methylethyl ketone or other organic sol¬ vent dictated by the polymer may be used to modify the visco¬ sity of the liner material, thereby affecting the film thick¬ ness, the desired opacity, and chromatic appearance of the liner material.
In general, it may be appreciated that the liner mat¬ erial according to the present invention known as AMALGA MASK, is a thin cavity liner containing a pigment and/or dye capable of reducing or eliminating the transmission of dark shadow from an amalgam restoration. AMALGA MASK is also effective against transmission of metal casting and the color of other filling materials. The AMALGA MASK is intended for use in conjunction with all amalgam fillings inserted against the facial (buccal or labial), mesial-facial, mesio-occlusal and occlusal walls of the cavity. It can be placed in any area that would otherwise dis¬ play the gray discoloration characteristic of an amalgam res¬ toration, such as the inner aspect cavity-side of the visible walls of the cavity. Typical sites for application include large or"small restorations on the distal surface of the upper canine teeth (proximal or labial walls) , extensive lingual res¬ torations in anterior teeth (maxillary and mandibular) , and the mesio-occlusal and/or proximal surfaces, and mesial buccal sur¬ faces in upper and lower molars and premolars.
The AMALGA MASK can also be used in lieu of conven¬ tional cavity liners since it exhibits all teh desirable proper¬ ties of a cavity liner in addition to the capabilities for re¬ ducing the transmission of a shadow or dark color from amalgam filling through the adjacent enamel.
This invention is innovative in that tooth cavity liners as herein defined containing pigment and dye have never been employed to block out shadow in the tooth being filled amalgam. The use of AMALGA MASK is simple and economical. In practicing this invention, the dentist selects one of the
OMPI
AMALGA MASK preparations which most nearly matches the color of the patient's tooth being filled. The liner which has a viscous consistency is applied to the wall of the cavity and is allowed to dry. This procedure may be repeated where necessary to in¬ crease opacity. The tooth cavity is then filled with amalgam. An example of the liner composition in accordance to the inven¬ tion is as follows:
Methyl methacrylate polymer 8-15% by wt. Titanium dioxide 4-8%,
Metallic oxide 0.1-0.5%
Calcium hydroxide 0.5-3.5%
Methylethyl ketone 73-87%
Inerts remainder
The above components can be substituted by, or com¬ bined with, other resins, pigments or dyes and other chemical additives with varying percentages for each.
The AMALGA MASK products have been laboratory tested by Franklin Research Center of The Franklin Institute and have been found to be practical for the uses intended and effective in shielding or masking the enamel from shadowing associated with amalgam fillings.
While there have been shown examples, and the embodi¬ ment of the present invention described, it will be understood that numerous modifications or alterations equivalent thereto are within the spirit or scope of this invention as set forth in the appended claims.
OMPI
Claims
1. A method for preserving and protecting the nat¬ ural chromatic properties of a tooth from discoloration im¬ parted by an amalgam filling, metal casting and other filling materials placed therein, comprising:
(a) applying a liner material comprising sufficient pigment and other materials to the walls of a prepared tooth cavity, thereby preventing transmission of discoloration through said walls, said liner material being generally matched in color to that of the natural tooth; and
(b) permitting the liner material to dry prior to inserting the amalgam restoration into the cavity.
2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the pigment is sel¬ ected from the group consisting of titanium dioxide, zinc ox¬ ide, iron oxide, barium sulfate or a mixture thereof.
3. The method of Claim 1 wherein the lining material further comprises a dye.
4. The method of Claim 3 wherein the dye is ferric chloride.
5. The method of Claim 1 wherein the liner material is a solution of a film-forming polymer.
6. The method of Claim 1, in which said liner mater¬ ial is applied on a previous coating of another liner, or base.
7. A method of Claim 6 wherein the liner is used to seal the cavity walls.
8. A liner composition capable of protecting prepared
OMPI dental cavity walls for receiving amalgam fillings comprising sufficient amount of pigment so as to prevent transmission of discoloration imparted by such filling.
9. A liner composition of Claim 8 further comprising a dye.
10. A liner composition of Claim 8 wherein the pig¬ ment generally matches the natural dental color of a tooth.
- REACT
OMPI
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US55134283A | 1983-11-14 | 1983-11-14 | |
| US551,342 | 1983-11-14 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1985002112A1 true WO1985002112A1 (en) | 1985-05-23 |
Family
ID=24200879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/US1984/001838 WO1985002112A1 (en) | 1983-11-14 | 1984-11-14 | Dental masking method |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0161309A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1985002112A1 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4983381A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1991-01-08 | Futura Medical S.A. | Method and device for producing the whitening of live teeth with pathological and normal colorations |
| US5645429A (en) * | 1994-08-22 | 1997-07-08 | Dentsply Research & Development Corp. | Method for adhering to tooth structure |
| US6313191B1 (en) | 1994-08-22 | 2001-11-06 | Dentsply Gmbh | Method and composition for priming and adhering to tooth structure |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2516438A (en) * | 1947-05-26 | 1950-07-25 | Norton L Wheeler | Dental pulp capping preparation |
| US3254411A (en) * | 1962-11-05 | 1966-06-07 | Johnson & Johnson | Tooth cavity filling and method of filling teeth |
| US3367788A (en) * | 1963-09-23 | 1968-02-06 | Univ Georgetown | Substantially radiopaque tooth lining composition |
| US3629187A (en) * | 1969-06-25 | 1971-12-21 | Dentsply Int Inc | Dental compositions containing adduct of 2 2' - propane bis 3-(4-phenoxy)-1 2-hydroxy propane - 1 - methacrylate and isocyanate |
-
1984
- 1984-11-14 EP EP84904292A patent/EP0161309A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1984-11-14 WO PCT/US1984/001838 patent/WO1985002112A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2516438A (en) * | 1947-05-26 | 1950-07-25 | Norton L Wheeler | Dental pulp capping preparation |
| US3254411A (en) * | 1962-11-05 | 1966-06-07 | Johnson & Johnson | Tooth cavity filling and method of filling teeth |
| US3367788A (en) * | 1963-09-23 | 1968-02-06 | Univ Georgetown | Substantially radiopaque tooth lining composition |
| US3629187A (en) * | 1969-06-25 | 1971-12-21 | Dentsply Int Inc | Dental compositions containing adduct of 2 2' - propane bis 3-(4-phenoxy)-1 2-hydroxy propane - 1 - methacrylate and isocyanate |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4983381A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1991-01-08 | Futura Medical S.A. | Method and device for producing the whitening of live teeth with pathological and normal colorations |
| US5645429A (en) * | 1994-08-22 | 1997-07-08 | Dentsply Research & Development Corp. | Method for adhering to tooth structure |
| US6313191B1 (en) | 1994-08-22 | 2001-11-06 | Dentsply Gmbh | Method and composition for priming and adhering to tooth structure |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0161309A1 (en) | 1985-11-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Ferracane | Materials in dentistry: principles and applications | |
| Eakle et al. | Effect of insertion technique on microleakage in mesio-occlusodistal composite resin restorations. | |
| Dietschi et al. | Influence of the restorative technique and new adhesives on the dentin marginal seal and adaptation of resin composite Class II restorations: an in vitro evaluation. | |
| Çiftçi et al. | Coronal microleakage of four endodontic temporary restorative materials: an in vitro study | |
| DE60133174T2 (en) | POLYMERIZABLE DENTAL MATERIAL FOR DENTAL USE | |
| Fogel | A comparative study of five materials for use in filling root canal spaces | |
| Puckett et al. | Microleakage and thermal properties of hybrid ionomer restoratives. | |
| Coli et al. | The marginal adaptation of four different bonding agents in Class II composite resin restorations applied in bulk or in two increments. | |
| MAGNE et al. | Natural and restorative oral esthetics Part II: Esthetic treatment modalities | |
| Qin et al. | Clinical evaluation of a flowable resin composite and flowable compomer for preventive resin restorations | |
| Knight | The benefits and limitations of glass-ionomer cements and their use in contemporary dentistry | |
| Mathis et al. | Marginal leakage in class V composite resin restorations with glass ionomer liners in vitro | |
| Browning et al. | Postoperative pain following bonded amalgam restorations | |
| WO1985002112A1 (en) | Dental masking method | |
| US20040054027A1 (en) | Dental adhesive compositions with desensitizing agents | |
| Miranda et al. | Fluoride release from restorative materials coated with an adhesive | |
| Yu et al. | Experimental use of a bonding agent to reduce marginal microleakage in amalgam restorations. | |
| US5548002A (en) | Provisional luting materials | |
| Caiafa et al. | Restorative dentistry | |
| Weng et al. | Compressive strength of lithium disilicate inlay cementation on three different composite resins | |
| DAHL | Some biological considerations in crown and bridge prosthetics | |
| Bakshi et al. | Luting agents used in dentistry: A review of literature | |
| SWARTZ | Dental cements and restorative resins | |
| Sharafeddin et al. | Microleakage of class II combined Amalgam-Composite restorations using different composites and bonding agents | |
| Shern et al. | Evaluation of an autopolymerizing fissure sealant as a vehicle for slow release of fluoride |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AK | Designated states |
Designated state(s): JP |
|
| AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE FR GB LU NL SE |