WO1982003464A1

WO1982003464A1 - Motion discontinuance detection system and method

Info

Publication number: WO1982003464A1
Application number: PCT/US1982/000376
Authority: WO
Inventors: Optical Sensor Partners Ltd Bio; Jacob Fraden
Original assignee: Bio Optical Sensor Partners Lt
Priority date: 1981-03-30
Filing date: 1982-03-29
Publication date: 1982-10-14
Also published as: EP0075590A1

Abstract

A motion detection system which utilizes a lens (21) or other imaging device (21A or 21B) to be responsive to motion in a particular field of view (20) in a room, for example, and pass illumination to a photocell (13). The photocell (13) or a screen (24) in front thereof establishes image distortion so that there is a nonuniform electrical output from the photocell (13) upon motion of objects in the given field of view (20). The nonuniform electrical output establishes pulses which are passed to a timer (15) and continually resets the timer (15) so long as there is motion detected. Upon discontinuance of any motion in the field of view (20), no further pulses are passed to reset the timer (15), and the timer times out to de-energize an electrical load (19). This may be an electrical lamp (19) illuminating the field of view (20), or it may be an electrical soldering iron or typewriter which is de-energized when the person has left the room.

Description

MOTION DISCONTINUANCE DETECTION SYSTEM AND METHOD

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to electrical systems controlled by motions of objects, for instance, electrical load switches, traffic lights, etc.

Various systems are already known in the prior art for detection of motion in a particular field of view. These systems include optical, ultrasonic, electromagnetic, and electrostatic, among other methods. All of these differ by the accuracy, reliability of detection, and cost of manufac¬ ture and installation. All of these systems are intended to detect motion and, determined by such detection of motion, to control appropriate electrical devices. However, up to the present time, no adequate equipment has been proposed for electrical switches.. One of the reasons for this is the relatively complicated construction of known motion detec¬ tors, and a common purpose among all of these prior art systems is that they are used to detect the presence of motion.

U.S. patent 2,016,036, for example, disclosed a photoelectric system which utilized a grating disposed in front of each of two photoelectric cells so that the two photoelectric cells were affected differently by the motion of an object in the field of view, and hence, even though there was considerable ambient light, the motion of objects could be detected.

U.S. patent 2,142,378 utilized two photoelectric tubes with the light from a given field of view falling alternately on the two tubes by means of apertured light intercepting screens. By this means, the speed and direction of movement of an object could be determined.

U.S. patent 2,774,961 discloses a moving object indicator which utilizes two optical density wedges having continuous density gradations. Light from a field of view passes through these wedges to two separate photocells, which are connected in a bridge circuit. ^' The bridge is normally balanced so that if there is no movement of the objects, there is no output from the moving object indicator, hen a moving object is detected, this unbalances the bridge to pro¬ vide an electrical output.

U.S. patent 3,972,021 discloses a field of view scanned by a pair of lenses and a beam splitter to illuminate a plurality of photoelectric detectors. The system detects the presence of motion within the field of view.

All of these known systems are relatively compli¬ cated, and are systems having a construction which detects the presence of motion of objects within the field of view.

The problem to be solved, therefore, is how to construct a system and the method of operation of a system which will determine when a person has left a room, thus de-energizing the lights in the room or some electrical appliance such as an electric soldering iron or an electric typewriter within the room.

Further, all known photodetectors and adjustable switches require a power supply independent of the power line to the load. This makes wiring more complicated and in¬ creases production and installation costs. The problem to be solved, therefore, includes how to establish a photodetector system which does not require any independent power supply.

/ O.V.PI SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This problem is solved by a detection system for determining the discontinuation of motion, comprising in com¬ bination an electrical circuit having a detector and photo¬ sensitive means, imaging means to establish illumination on said photosensitive means from a given field of view, image distortion means included in one of said imaging means and said photosensitive means to establish nonuniform electrical output of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view effecting a change in illumination on said photosensitive means, timer means connected to close load switch means and having an input from said detector, said timer means having a given time period at the expiration of which said load switch means are opened unless said timer means is reactivated during said given time period, and means connecting the output of said photosensitive means to said detector to detect a change in illumination on said photo¬ sensitive means to reactivate said timer means.

The problem is further solved by a motion detection system, comprising, in combination, an electrical circuit having a detector connected to the output of photosensitive means, imaging means to establish illumination on said photo¬ sensitive means from a given field of view, image distortion means included in one of said imaging means and said photo¬ sensitive means to establish nonuniform electrical output of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view, a housing for said electrical circuit, shield means in said housing establishing at least a part of said given field of view and shielding said photosensitive means from direct illumination from electrical illuminating means of said field of view, and timer means connected to the output of said detector adapted to maintain energization of the terminals of the illuminating means upon motion of y objects in said given field of view and de-energization of the terminals of the illumination means upon passage of a given time period subsequent to discontinuance of motion of objects in said given field of view.

The problem is further solved by the method of utilizing imaging means, photosensitive means, and a timer for determining an appropriate time to de-energize an elec¬ trical load usable in the presence of humans in a room, said method comprising the steps of establishing the light re¬ flected by objects in a given field of view in the room to be directed by the imaging means to illuminate the photosensi¬ tive means, providing image distortion means to establish nonuniform illumination of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view, and connecting the timer to the photosensitive means and to terminals of the electrical load to establish continued energization to the electrical load terminals upon detection of motion in said given field of view and to establish de-energization of the electrical load terminals upon the passing of a given period of time subsequent to the discontinuation of motion in said given field of view.

An object of the invention, therefore, is to detect the discontinuance of motion within a room in order to turn off the lights in the room.

Another object of the invention is to provide a motion discontinuance detector which will control, through a timer, an electrical load.

A further object of the invention is to provide a photosensitive system which supplies its own power from the voltage supply terminals.

A still further object of the invention is to pro¬ vide an apparatus which will function with at least the same accuracy in detecting motion as heretofore obtainable in the prior art devices, but which has simpler circuitry which does

not require tuning and which can be easily manufactured and installed at an appreciably lower cost.

Another object of the invention is to provide a motion detector combined with an electrical switch in order to control power flow by detecting motions of the objects.

Another object of the invention is to provide a cir¬ cuit which obtains power for the motion detector and switch directly from the load power supply terminals in order to use the proposed system instead of a conventional electromechani¬ cal switch without requiring an additional power line for the operation of the motion detector system.

Accordingly, the present system is characterized by a motion detector of any desired construction, with the out¬ put thereof being connected directly or indirectly to the restarting input of a timing circuit. An output of the tim¬ ing circuit is used to control various systems utilizing the fact of discontinuance of motion. The timing circuit mea¬ sures a given time interval, and it is returned to the start of such interval by every output signal of the motion detec¬ tor. Upon the timing circuit's timing out, an output signal is given which indicates that there has been a discontinuance of motion detected in the motion detector's field of view during a predetermined time interval. This means the present system produces an output signal change upon the discontin¬ uance of motion, not by the presence of motion.

A feature of the present invention is to provide - simple and inexpensive motion detectors which can be effec¬ tively utilized even in such common devices as wall switches for electric lights in a room.

The system described in the present application utilizes a solid state switch, such as a thyristor, a reverse blocking triode thyristor, or bidirectional triode thy¬ ristor. Therefore, the load is connected in series with such thyristor. Each such thyristor has a voltage drop across the main terminals while the power is on. This drop in voltage may be enhanced by an additional threshold device, for example, a Zener diode, in series with the gate, and the voltage developed by such voltage drop is sufficient to sup¬ ply energy to the motion detector electrical circuit. In such a case, the control system and solid state switches are both connected in series with respect to the load, and con¬ sume energy only when the load is energized. The series con¬ nection does not require an additional power line to the electrical motion detector circuit, as it would if it were connected in parallel, and therefore the motion-controlled switch can be used as a direct replacement for any conven¬ tional switch, e.g., a wall switch, etc. The present inven¬ tion is therefore applicable in a broad field of energy con¬ servation, for example, turning off the lights in a nonoccu- pied room of a dwelling.

Other objects and a fuller understanding of the invention may be had by referring to the following descrip¬ tion and claims, taken in conjunction with the acompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an electrical circuit diagram of the motion-controlled switch;

FIG. 2 is a voltage-versus-time diagram of the voltages available in the circuit;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a modifica¬ tion of the invention;

FIG. 4 is an elevationai view of a screen having . pinholes;

FIG. 5 is an isometric view of the housing for a wall switch and photosensitive detector; and

FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a housing for a desk-mounted motion discontinuance controlled switch;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the preferred embodiment of the main portion of the electrical circuit;

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of FIG, 7 connected in a wall switch assembly; and

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of FIG. 7 connected in a desk-top switch assembly. -

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to a motion discontinuance detector system and method utilizing a motion detector 11. This detector 11 has an output signal which is present so long as moving objects are present in the field of view. As an example, in a living room, people cannot remain without any motion for any substantial period of time, for example five minutes. The motion detector 11, combined with a timer, can produce in this case an output signal, for example when no motion has been detected during a five-minute period, and thus, presumably, the room is unoccupied. This signal can be used to turn off the lights in the room.

FIG. 1 illustrates the electrical circuit diagram of this motion detector 11. The detector 11 includes an elec¬ trical, circuit 12 having photosensitive means illustrated as a photocell 13, which may be one of many types such as photo- emissive, phototransistive or photoresistive. The output of the photocell is connected to a detector 14, and the detector in turn is connected to a timer 15. The timer 15 has an out¬ put at 16 which is connected to load switch means 17, which in turn is connected to load terminals 18, 18A of an elec¬ trical load 19. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, this electrical load 19 is illustrated as an electrical lamp which may illu¬ minate a given area, including a field of view 20. Illumina¬ tion from this field o^"f view, including the illumination reflected from the lamp 19, is directed by imaging means 21 to the photosensitive means 13. Image distortion means 24 may be provided in the photocell 13 or, as shown, may be part of the imaging means 13 by a separate element positioned between the imaging means 21 and the photocell 13. The imag¬ ing means in this embodiment is shown as a single lens to pass radiation or illumination from the field of view to the photocell 13.

The load switch means 17 includes, in this embodi¬ ment, a set of timer contacts 26 and a solid state switch 27. An optically isolated Triac driver, for instance, may be used as a timer contact means 26. The solid state switch may be a reverse blocking triode thyristor or may be, as shown, a bidirectional triode thyristor such as a Triac. This Triac has the two main terminals thereof connected in series with the load terminals 18 and in series with voltage supply ter¬ minals 28 and 29. These supply terminals may be energized with an alternating voltage supply, for example, 117 volts

A.C. suppl . A power supply 30 is provided to supply operating voltages to the electrical circuit 12, and this includes a breakdown diode such as a Zener diode 31, a diode rectifier 32, and a filter capacitor 33. The Zener diode is connected between the gate of the Triac 27 and a control terminal 34. The normally open timer contacts 26 are connected between this control terminal 34 and a main terminal 35 of the Triac 27. The other main terminal 36 of the Triac 27 is connected to a common line 37 connecting one terminal 29 of the voltage supply source and the power supply 30. A momentary contact ON switch 39 is connected between the Triac terminal 35 and the control terminal 34. A momentary contact OFF switch 40 is connected across the filter capacitor 33, which supplies an operating voltage at a power supply output terminal 41. This power supply output terminal 41 is connected to a line 42, supplying an operating voltage to the electrical circuit 12, which may include the photocell 13, detector 14, and timer 15. The common or ground line 37 is also connected to these same electrical components for a return circuit.

A manual or- automatic switch 43 is connected in the timer output line, and an indicating LED diode 44 is con¬ nected to the output of the detector 14.

Operation

The lamp 19 may be used to illuminate a field of view 20 and to provide general illumination in a room (not shown). To establish this illumination, the ON switch 39 may be momentarily pressed. This supplies voltage available at the Triac terminal 35 through the Zener diode 31 to the gate of this Triac, to fire the Triac. Prior to starting, there is a voltage V₁ as shown in FIG. 2, which is impressed across the terminals 35 and 36 of the Triac. At the time 45, shown in FIG. 2, when the ON switch 39 is depressed, this voltage V. is impressed on the gate to fire the Triac. When the Triac conducts, this illuminates the lamp 19, illu¬ minating the field of view 20. The illumination from this field of view is passed by the lens 21 through the image dis¬ tortion means 24 to the photocell 13 which has an output detected by detector 14 and energizing the timer 15.^* This timer 15 is energized at a reset or restarting terminal, and hence the timer 15 has an electrical output to close the timer contacts 26. These are in parallel with the momentar¬ ily closed ON switch terminals, and the closing of the timer contacts 26 means that the ON switch may be released. The timer contact 26 will remain closed, thus continuing to pro¬ vide voltage to the gate of the Triac 27. The Zener diode 31 might have a breakdown voltage, for example, of 10 volts, as shown by the voltage V₂ in FIG. 2. This momentary spike of voltage 46 is passed by the diode 32 to charge the capacitor 33. This supplies a unidirectional operating voltage to the electrical circuit 12. This electrical circuit may have minimal drain current, and hence the operating voltage may be as shown by the dotted line 47, which will supply a satisfac¬ tory operating voltage to power the'electrical circuit 12. By this means, the Triac is fired once each half-cycle to keep the lamp 19 energized, and the small spikes of voltage 46 once each cycle provide the operating voltage for the electrical circuit 12.

The image distortion means 24 may be a grating of alternate transparent and opaque bands to cause the image of the objects which falls on the photocell to be broken into a series of light and dark bands. By this means, any motion of objects within the field of view 20 will cause a variation in the illumination falling on the photocell, and hence a varia¬ tion in the output of such photocell. Accordingly, the

_ o,yp photocell will have pulses of electrical output, and these pulses are passed by the detector 14 to reset the timer 15 each time there is motion of objects within the field of view. The timer may have a long time period, for example two minutes, or preferably five minutes, because it has been determined that human beings do not remain motionless for such a long time period. The load terminals 18, 18A may control such things as an electric soldering iron or an electric typewriter, for example, which may be de-energized after the given time period of two to five minutes after a person leaves the room, so that there is no more motion detected within the field of view 20.

FIG. 3 illustrates a modification of the invention, wherein the imaging means 21A includes three lenses 52. These three lenses supply different images from the field of view 20 onto the photocell 13A. This photocell is one which is provided with a sinuous photosensitive surface so as to provide inherently the image distortion means within the photocell 13A. Any motion detected in the field of view is passed by the plural lenses 52 to provide nonuniform illumi¬ nation of the photosensitive surface of the photocell 13A. The nonuniform illumination provides nonuniform electrical output, which is supplied to the differential inputs of an amplifier 53 within the electrical circuit 12A. These pulses are amplified by the amplifier 53 and passed to a threshold circuit 54, with the output thereof at 55 being passed to the timer 15 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the inven¬ tion which includes an opaque screen 60 having a plurality of pinholes 61. These plural pinholes may provide the imaging means 21B to replace the imaging means 21 of FIG. 1 or 21A of FIG. 3. Such pinholes do not provide as great a degree of illumination on the photocell as the lenses of FIG. 3; how¬ ever, they provide a very good image because of the great depth of field. FIG. 5 illustrates a housing 65 for the motion detector 11. This housing 65 may take many different forms and, in the embodiment of FIG. 5, the housing consists of a body 66 which can be fastened into the usual electrical out¬ let wall box (not shown) with holding screws 67. The motion detector 11, including the lens and the _.photosensitive means, may be positioned in the rotatable cylinder 68, and this cylinder has a blind or shield 69 to define the field of view of the imaging means 21. The cylinder 68 may be rotated to the desired field of view and then the cylinder may be clamped by a clamping screw 70.

The electrical circuit 12 may be located in the com¬ partment 72 which is attached to the body 66 and which will fit within the electrical outlet box (not shown) . The body 66 carries the push buttons for the momentary close ON switch 39 and OFF switch 40. The indicator LED diode 44 may be provided in the body 6 and, optionally, the manual-automatic switch 43 may be located on the body 66 in any convenient location, such as on the lower surface thereof.

Another embodiment is shown in FIG. 6 for a desk-top housing 78 or the like which has a curved neck 79 at the end of which is a blind or shield 80 to shield the imaging means 21. In the base of the housing 78 there may be contained the electrical circuit 12 and electrical outlets 81 into which a lamp or appliance may be plugged for control of such lamp or appliance. A flexible cord and plug 82 may be plugged into the usual convenience outlet to provide power to the appli¬ ance plugged into the outlet 81 and also to provide power to the electrical circuit 12, as set forth above. The ON and OFF switches 39 and 40 may be provided in a convenient loca¬ tion on the housing 78, and also the LED indicator diode 44 may be provided, for example, near the imaging means 21.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the complete electrical circuit and many miniaturized components are utilized so that the entire circuit 11A of^' FIG. 7 may be pro¬ vided on a printed circuit board, with the exception of some peripheral components such as the indicator diode 44, the manual/automatic switch 43, the photocell 13, and the ON/OFF switches 39, 40. Many reference numerals on FIG. 7 are the same as in FIG. 1 to show the correspondence between the two circuits.

Power supply operating voltages are obtained across the lines 42 and 37, and a voltage divider is provided there- across including resistors 90, 91, 92, and 93. A resistor 94 and capacitor 95 are also connected across these power supply lines, with the photocell 13 (in this embodiment a photore- sistor) connected across the capacitor 95. A capacitor 96 is connected between the junction of resistor 94 and capacitor 95, and the junction between resistors 92 and 93. This same junction is connected to the noninverting input of the ampli¬ fier 53, which is one of a package of four such amplifiers in a group, packaged for convenience, for example, in a DIP package 89. The next op amp in the package is connected as the threshold circuit 54, as in FIG. 3. An op amp 97 is con¬ nected as a part of the timer 15, which includes a resistor 98 and a capacitor 99. The last op amp 100 in the package is connected as an amplifier to drive the indicator LED diode 44 through a resistor 101 to the power supply terminal 41. A resistor 102 connects this power supply terminal 41 to the positive supply line 42.

The output of the timer amplifier 97 is connected through a resistor 103 to the Triac driver 26, which includes an opto-isolator device, namely, a light-emitting diode 104 and a photodiac 105. This Triac driver 26 may be considered an equivalent of the timer contacts 26 in FIG. 1, and is con¬ nected between terminals 18 and 34.

The output of the timer amplifier 97 is also con¬ nected through a diode 108 to a terminal 109, which is connected to the inverting input of amplifier 53. Terminal 109 is connected through a resistor 110 and a capacitor 111 to the negative power supply line 37. A resistor 112 and capacitor 113 are connected in parallel from the output of amplifier 53 to the terminal 109. A capacitor 114 is con¬ nected from the output of amplifier 53 to the negative supply line 37. A diode 115 is connected from the junction of resistor 110 and capacitor 111 to a terminal 116, which is connected to the positive supply line 42. A transistor 118, with base left open, is connected between the terminal 116 and the negative supply line 37.

The power supply 30 is connected, as in FIG. 1, to supply a positive DC operating potential at terminal 41. The OFF switch 40 is connected between terminals 34 and 41, and the ON switch 39 is connected between terminals 18 and 34. The main terminals 35 and 36 of the Triac 27 are connected across terminals 18 and 29. A small series inductance 120 is connected between terminals 18 and 28, and a parallel capaci¬ tor 121 is connected across terminals 28 and 29. This induc¬ tance and capacitance is for surge current protection to the Triac 27. The gate of the Triac 27 is connected through a resistor 122, and the Zener diode 31 to the terminal 34. Terminals 124 and 125 are connected by an optional jumper 126 in order to interconnect terminal 29 with a negative supply line 37. The manual-automatic switch 43 has the wiper of the switch connected to the inverting input of the timer ampli¬ fier 97, and the automatic terminal 128 connected to a junc¬ tion 129 between resistors 90 and 91 in the voltage divider. The manual terminal 130 of the switch 43 is connected to the positive supply line 42. A junction 132 between resistors 91 and 92 on the voltage divider is_.connected to the noninvert- ing input of amplifiers 54 and 100. The inverting inputs of these amplifiers 54 and 100 are connected to a line 133, which is connected through a resistor 134 to the terminal

O PI 116. The diode 32 may be connected to conduct from terminal 34 to terminal 41 or, alternatively, may be connected to con¬ duct between a terminal 135 and the terminal 41.

Operation

FIG. 7 illustrates one practical circuit which will put into practice the objects of the invention. The circuit 11A of FIG. 7 may be connected in either the wall switch assembly of FIG. 5 or the desk-top assembly of FIG. 6. FIG. 8 illustrates how this circuit 11A might be connected in the wall switch assembly of FIG. 5 to control the lamp load 19 from the voltage source connected at terminals 28 and 29. In this circuit, jumper 126 connects terminals 124 and 125. In this connection, the circuit 11A controls the room illumina¬ tion and a major portion of the room, or a portion selected by rotating cylinder 68, would be the field of view 20. When a person enters the room, he depresses the ON switch 39 for a short period of time, for example one-half second. In the circuit of FIG. 7, it will be noted that this interconnects terminals 18 and 34 to energize the gate of the Triac 27 and cause it to fire, thus establishing a closed circuit between terminals 28 and 29. This will illuminate the lamp 19. The small spikes of voltage 46 shown in FIG. 2 are those estab¬ lished by the Zener diode 31, and these are passed to the power supply 30 to establish a d.c. operating voltage at the terminal 41 and through resistor 102 on the positive d.c. conductor 42. The capacitor 33 may be large for a large filtering capacity, so that an essentially d.c. voltage is applied to the conductor 42. The transistor 118, with an open base connection, is connected to operate in the Zener mode for a regulating function of maintaining a substantially constant voltage on the conductor 42, e.g.^', 7 volts. This voltage is applied to the voltage divider 91, 92, 93, to establish the operating conditions of the four op amps in the package 89. The resistors 90 and 91 may be of relatively large value compared to the resistance value of resistors 92 and^" 93. Thus, the potential at terminal 136 may be low, for example, only about 2 volts. The photocell 13 in this embod¬ iment is a photoresistor having a high impedance when dark and a considerably lower impedance when light strikes the photocell. Initial application of light on this photocell is passed as a pulse of light through the capacitor 96 to the amplifier 53. The feedback resistor 112 may be of a very large resistance value for a high gain of this amplifier. The light pulse is therefore amplified as a voltage a.c. pulse on the output of the amplifier 53. The amplifier 54 is used as a threshold detector and the potential of terminal 132 might be a low voltage, for example, 2 to 3 volts. The capacitor 99 may be of large value and resistor 98 may be of large value for establishing an RC time constant of two to five minutes.

Upon closing the ON switch 39 and conduction of Triac 27, the capacitor 99 immediately starts to charge at terminal 137, slowly, through resistor 98 from terminal 116. This initially is a lower positive voltage on the noninvert- ing input of op amp 97 than on the inverting input from ter¬ minal 129 of the voltage divider. Consequently, op amp 97 has a negative output on line 55 to turn on the LED 104 and turn on the photodiac 105, which keeps the Triac 27 turned on. All this occurs within a few cycles of the 60 Hertz applied power and then the person entering the room may remove his finger from the momentary close ON switch 39 and the room lights will stay energized.

The motion being detected within the room will cause variations of impedance on the photoresistor 13. The normal

" variations on this resistor caused by changes of illumina¬ tion, for example, the 120 Hertz variations from fluorescent lamps on a 60 Hertz power supply, will be filtered out by the capacitor 95, so they will not be passed by capacitor 96. However, motion changes within the room through the imaging means 21 and image distortion means 24 will cause voltage changes to be passed by the capacitor 96 to the amplifier 53. These motion changes are therefore transformed into an alternating voltage wave on the output of this amplifier 53. Since the feedback resistor 112 is a very large resistance, for example, 10 megohms, the amplifier 53 has a very high gain. Consequently, the alternating voltage output of the amplifier 53 will be applied to the threshold detector 54 on the inverting input thereof, and these alternating voltage waves will have portions exceeding the threshold established by the potential at voltage divider terminal 132.

When such threshold is exceeded, the output transis¬ tor of the threshold detector op amp 54 will be saturated, and hence have an impedance of only 2 or 3 ohms, which will immediately discharge the capacitor 99. This is a resetting or restarting of the timer 15 by the discharge of the capaci¬ tor 99. By this means, the noninverting input -of the timer op amp 97 will normally, with room illumination and movement within the room, be at a positive potential less than that established on the inverting input from the voltage divider terminal 129. This potential might be 5 to 6 volts posi¬ tive. This positive voltage on the inverting input estab¬ lishes a large negative voltage on the output of op amp 97 to maintain the LED 104 illuminated, the photodiac 105 conduct¬ ing, and Triac 27 conducting. As each movement within the room is detected, this again discharges the capacitor 99, or in effect restarts or resets the timer 15. Thus, as long as the room is occupied, the slight movements of the occupants or movements made by objects moved by the occupants will be detected by the circuit 11A to keep capacitor 99 discharged and the Triac 27 energized for continued room illumination.

When the occupant leaves the room and does not turn off the lights by means of the OFF switch 40, then no further motion will be detected within the room. This discontinuance of motion will be detected by the circuit 11A because there will no longer be any a.c. variations to amplifier 53 and no longer any discharging of capacitor 99 through the threshold detector 54. This means that through the large value resis¬ tance 98, the capacitor 99 will slowly charge. When the potential across this capacitor 99 reaches the 5 or 6-volt value of terminal 129 of the voltage divider, then the timer op amp 97 will time out by switching^" from a negative output to a positive output. This turns off the LED 104 and turns off the photodiac 105 and Triac 27.

The initial turnoff of the room lights is a change of illumination which will be detected by the circuit 11A because the large capacitor 33 is still charged as a part of the power supply. The lights might turn on again except for the circuit established by diodes 108 and 115. Initial posi¬ tive output of the timer op amp 97 on the output line 55, for turn-off, is passed by diode 108 and this voltage at the d.c. supply voltage of seven volts, for example, will drive the amplifier 53 heavily negative at its output on line 133. This helps to discharge the capacitor 33 through resistors 134 and 102. The positive voltage supplied through diode 108 also starts to charge capacitor 111 and so diode 115 will discharge this capacitor 111 through transistor 118. This diode 115 also has the function of permitting the circuit to be turned on quickly by the manual switch 39, once it has been turned off. -It establishes the discharge of capacitor 99, so it is below its threshold value, and hence the circuit may be turned on quickly.

-^URE

OaVPI FIG. 9 shows how the circuit 11A of FIG. 7 may be used in the desk-top switch assembly such as that shown in FIG. 6. The cord and plug assembly 82 is connected between terminal 29 and one terminal of the electrical outlet 81. The other terminal of this outlet 81 is connected to terminal 18. An external capacitor 139 may be connected between this terminal 18 and terminal 135, with the diode 32 connected between this terminal 135 and terminal 41.

The capacitor 139 may have a 120-volt rating for a 117-volt a.c. input, although if it is a 230-volt a.c. input ' this capacitor 139 is rated accordingly at 250 volts, for example. This capacitor supplies energy to the circuit 11A in parallel with the outlet 81, and does so through the diode 32.

This desk-top assembly of FIG. 6 may be used to con¬ trol a desk lamp, for example, or some appliance such as an electric typewriter, with such lamp or appliance plugged into the outlet 81. Assume that the desk-top unit of FIG. 6 is not controlling any illumination within the room, i.e., not controlling a desk-lamp, but is controlling only an electric typewriter. Also assume that there is sufficient illumina¬ tion in the room for the occupants. Then when the typewriter is turned on, this establishes an electrical circuit through the outlet 81 so that a potential is applied on terminal 18, and from this terminal, through capacitor 139 and diode 32, the circuit 11A is energized so that this circuit will be responsive to movement within the room and will also be responsive to discontinuance of this movement, so that two to five minutes later, the Triac 27 will cease conduction and turn off the electric typewriter.

It will be noted that the indicating LED diode 44 will be flashing each time motion has been detected to provide an indication of proper operation of the circuit 11.

O Pl The manual-automatic switch 130 is an option which may be provided if desired. The circuit has been described with this switch 43 in the automatic position, but when the switch is changed to the manual position, the circuit is operable manually merely by pressing the ON or OFF switches 39 or 40, respectively.

The motion detector 11 has contained therein the timer 15 so that an output signal is produced when no motion has been detected for a given period of time after the last detected motion. This signal is used to turn off the lights in a room, for example, or to turn off some electrical appli¬ ance. Each time motion is detected, the timer 15 is restart¬ ed or reset and begins to count time again from time zero. The output signal from the timer will occur only if the intervals between motions of the objects within the field of view are greater-than the preset time interval. This may be two to five minutes, for example. Since this motion detector 11 utilizes only "yes" or "no" type information corresponding to the presence or discontinuance of motion, this detector can utilize the simple and inexpensive motion detector shown in FIGS. 1 and 7. Motion detectors known from the prior art can detect motion as well as direction, speed, etc., and therefore often are relatively complicated. The present invention, therefore, utilizes a circuit which is relatively simple and reliable, yet inexpensive and requiring no tuning, and one which can be made relatively sensitive to detect small amounts of motion within the field of view. Addition¬ ally, the shields or blinds 69 and 80 can select the desired field of view and, at the same time, can shield the photosen¬ sitive means 13 from ambient light, such as light from a window or overhead room illumination lights. This means that the photosensitive means 13 is responsive primarily to reflected light from objects within the field of view 20. The image distortion means 24, 21A and 13A, or 21B and 13B is one which breaks the image into several different areas which affect the photosensitive means 13. The imaging means can include one or several lenses or one or several pinholes, so that any objects or subjects moving within the field of view establish light modulations on the surface of the photosensitive means 13 and, consequently, a pulse is produced by the detector 14.

The power supply 30 establishes an operating voltage for the operation of -the electrical circuit or any part thereof without the necessity for supplying a separate pair of conductors to this power supply. This power supply 30 obtains its energy from the motion detector circuit 11 it¬ self, so that only connections of the detector circuit to the voltage supply terminals 28 and to the load terminals 18 are required. Accordingly, the motion detector of FIGS. 1, 3 and 7 is powered while the load 19 is powered and the motion detector circuit 11 does not consume any energy during the OFF condition. The motion detector 11 is turned on manually by the ON switch 39, and thereby the load 19 is energized from the voltage supply terminals 28. While people are in the vicinity of the switch and these people are moving, their every motion produces the output signals from the motion de¬ tector 14, which returns the timer 15 to the starting posi¬ tion. Once the person has left the room or the field of view 20, then when the timer times out, the load 19 is de- energized and also the power supply 30 is de-energized so it does not consume any power. FIG. 5 shows how the motion detector may be built into the ordinary wall switch and FIG. 6 illustrates how the motion detector may be housed in a desk-top type of housing to monitor the motion of a person at the desk or at a workbench. Also, the motion detector 11 may be built directly into the electrical appliance, such as the electric typewriter, electric desk lamp, or electric solder¬ ing iron used at a workbench, and thus can become a part of these electrical appliances, thus making them not only more energy-efficient, but also safer in terms of fire, etc.

The circuit of the motion detector of FIG. 1 may be constructed in several ways, with FIG. 7 illustrating one practical circuit which has been constructed and satisfactor¬ ily operated. As an example, the values of the circuit com¬ ponents in FIG. 7 may be as follows:

Ref. No. Component Value Type

13 photoresistor Cl 700

26 opto-coupler MOC 3020

27 Triac 1R 106 Bl

31 Zener diode IN 714 A

32 diode IN 4001

89 quad op amp 2M 339

108 diode IN 914

115 diode IN 914

118 transistor 2N 4916

120 inductance 100 H

23

Ref. No. Component Value Type

33 filter capacitor 50 fd 15V

95 capacitor .2 mfd 10V

96 capacitor 1.0 mfd

99 capacitor 50 mfd aluminum

111 capacitor 10 mfd

113 capacitor .01 mfd

114 capacitor .1 mfd

121 capacitor .1 mfd 200V

139 capacitor .1 mfd •120V or 250V

90 resistor 1 megohm

91 resistor 1.5 megohm

92 resistor 220 K ohm

93 resistor 550 K ohm

94 resistor 68 K ohm

98 resistor 4.7 megohm

101 resistor 3.3 K ohm

102 resistor 1.2 K ohm

103 resistor 3.3 K ohm

110 resistor 10 K ohm

112 resistor 10 megohm

122 resistor 100 ohms

134 resistor 47 K ohm

The present disclosure includes that contained in the appended claims, as well as that of the foregoing de¬ scription. Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form

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_07__P1__ has been made only by way of example and that numerous changes in the details of the circuit and the combination and arrangement of circuit elements may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A detection system for determining the discon¬ tinuation of motion, comprising, in combination: an electrical circuit having a detector and photo¬ sensitive means; imaging means to establish illumination on said photosensitive means from a given field of view; image^•distortion means included in one of said imaging means and said photosensitive means to establish nonuniform electrical output of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view effecting a change in illumination on said photosensitive means; timer means connected to close load switch means and having an input from said detector; said timer means having a given time period at the expiration of which said load switch means are opened unless said timer means is reactivated during said given time period; and means connecting the output of said photosensitive means to said detector to detect a change in illumination on said photosensitive means to reactivate said timer means.

2. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, including means to supply an operating voltage to at least part of said electrical circuit from said load switch means.

3. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said image distortion means includes a device having alternate transparent and opaque bands and positioned between said photosensitive means and said imaging means.

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4. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said image distortion means includes at least one lens.

5. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said image distortion means includes a plurality of lenses.

6. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said image distortion means includes a nonuniform photosensitive means.

7. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said image distortion means includes at least one pinhole aperture positioned between said photosensitive means and said field of view.

8. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, including means in said timer to establish an energized out¬ put during said given time period, and said detector is connected to reset said timer for continued energized output upon detection of motion in said field of view.

9. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, including power supply^' means connected to receive a voltage in accordance with said load switch means in the closed con¬ dition, and means to supply an operating voltage to said electrical circuit from said power supply means.

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10. A detection system as set forth in claim 9, including a circuit element energized by the closing of said load switch means, and said power supply means connected to be ener¬ gized from said circuit element..

11. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said load switch means includes a semiconductor switch.

12. A detection system as set forth in claim 11, wherein said semiconductor switch has main terminals and a control terminal, and means for connecting said main terminals in series with load terminals and alternating voltage source terminals.

13. A detection system as set forth in claim 12, including a Zener diode connected between said control elec¬ trode and a control terminal, and a power supply having an input connected between said control terminal and a main terminal of said semiconduc¬ tor switch to energize said power supply with a maximum voltage corresponding to the breakdown voltage of said Zener diode.

14. A detection system as set forth in claim 1, wherein said load switch means includes a Triac.

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15. A detection system as set forth in claim 14, including a Zener diode connected between the gate of said Triac and a control terminal, and a power supply connected between said control terminal and a terminal of said Triac.

16. A detection system as set forth in claim 15, including a normally-open, momentary close-start switch con¬ nected from the other terminal of said Triac and said control terminal.

17. A detection system as set forth in claim 16, including normally open contacts of a Triac driver con¬ nected in parallel with said start switch.

18. A detection system as set forth in claim 17, including a normally open, momentary close-stop switch con¬ nected across the output of said power supply.

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19. A motion detection system, comprising, in com¬ bination: an electrical circuit having a detector connected to the output of photosensitive means; imaging means to establish illumination on said photosensitive means from a given field of view; image distortion means included in one of said imaging means and said photosensitive means to establish nonuniform electrical output of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view; a housing for said electrical circuit; shield means in said housing establishing at least a part of said given field of view and shielding said photosen¬ sitive means from direct illumination from electrical illumi¬ nating means of said field of view; and timer means connected to the output of said detector adapted to maintain energization of the terminals of the illuminating means upon motion of objects in said given field of view and de-energization of the terminals of the illumina¬ tion means upon passage of a given time period subsequent to discontinuance of motion of objects in said given field of view.

20. A motion detection system as set forth in claim 19, wherein said shield means includes a recessed mounting for said photosensitive means to shield said photosensitive means from ambient and overhead light.

21. A motion detection system as set forth in claim 19, including means to movably mount said shield means in said housing.

22. A motion detection system as set forth in claim 21, including means to clamp said movable mount in said hous¬ ing at a desired orientation.

23. The method of utilizing imaging means, photo¬ sensitive means, and a timer for determining an appropriate time to de-energize an electrical load usable in the presence of humans in a room, said method comprising the steps of: establishing the light reflected by objects in a given field of view in the room to be directed by the imaging means to illuminate the photosensitive means; providing image distortion means to establish nonuniform illumination of said photosensitive means upon motion of objects in said given field of view; and connecting the timer to the photosensitive means and to terminals of the electrical load to establish continued energization to the electrical load terminals upon detection of motion in said given field of view and to establish de- energization of the electrical load terminals upon the pass¬ ing of a given period of time subsequent to the discontinua¬ tion of motion in said given field of view.

24. The method as set forth in claim 23, including controlling the connection of voltage supply terminals to the electrical load terminals by the timer.

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25. The method as set forth in claim 23, including supplying electrical power to the electrical circuit, includ¬ ing the photosensitive means and the timer, in accordance with the energization of the load terminals.

26. The method as set forth in claim 25, including terminating the supply of electrical power to the electrical circuit in accordance with de-energization of the electrical load terminals.