USRE43747E1 - Method and system for image processing - Google Patents
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- USRE43747E1 USRE43747E1 US11/487,579 US48757906A USRE43747E US RE43747 E1 USRE43747 E1 US RE43747E1 US 48757906 A US48757906 A US 48757906A US RE43747 E USRE43747 E US RE43747E
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Definitions
- the present invention was created in response to the shortcomings of the current generation of image retouching systems.
- Other retouching systems use one of two methods for handling images: (1) high resolution/low resolution (high, res/low res), and (2) virtual image.
- high resolution/low resolution high, res/low res
- virtual image virtual image
- the complete scanned image (referred to as the “high res” image) is subsampled to yield a much smaller image (referred to as the “low res” image).
- the low res image Because previous image retouching systems did not yield “real time” performance when handling large images (over 10M or 10 million bytes), it was necessary to invent an approach to allow the retouching system work on a smaller, i.e. low res image that would yield acceptable response times for the operator. Using this approach, retouching actions are stored in a script.
- the script When retouching is complete, the script is typically passed to a more powerful, and expensive, server and “executed.” That is, the actions contained in the script are applied to the high res image, which results in a high quality final image.
- the disadvantage of this approach is that the operator does not work with the actual image or at highly detailed levels (particularly for a magnified “close-up” of a portion). As a result, it is not always possible to perform highly detailed retouching actions such as silhouetting and masking. Moreover, unpleasant surprises may occur upon execution.
- the virtual image approach commonly used by desktop image editing packages (e.g. MacIntosh or Windows types), manipulates a copy of the actual image held in memory. In some cases, one or more copies or intermediate drafts are held, enabling the user to revert to a previous copy if an error is introduced.
- the image itself is transformed as retouching effects are applied.
- the virtual image approach suffers two important shortcomings: first, large amounts of memory are required; and second, each effect is applied immediately to the entire image so that complex manipulation, such as large airbrushing, scaling and rotation, incur long processing delays.
- a second and perhaps equally important disadvantage of known image processing techniques is that the image editing effects are applied sequentially, i.e. step-by-step. This incurs a severe degradation in the quality of the original image if many image editing effects are applied to the same portion of an image.
- the subject invention advantageously uses what I call a Functional Interpolating Transfer System (FITS) to greatly speed editing of an image on standard microcomputers, thus eliminating the need for expensive workstations or special hardware.
- FITS breaks down image processing into three steps: preprocessing, image editing and FITS raster image processing. This results in a virtually instantaneous response and eliminates waiting for file saving or processing updates. With this technique, limits on file size and resolution disappear.
- Preprocessing in the invention involves creating a specially formatted version of an image which allows image editing to progress at rapid speed.
- Image editing refers to the process of retouching, combining or otherwise modifying images, to create the final desired image.
- Image editing involves, in the broadest sense, all processing operations performed on an original image. This includes the combining of images, effects such as sharpening, blurring, brightening, darkening, distortion, and include modifications to the color or appearance of all or part of a original image.
- Color changes may be achieved in a variety of ways including global changes to the chromatic range of the image, or selective change to individual colors, e.g. changing blue to red.
- Raster image processing (“RIP”) is performed in two instances: (1) each time a new screen view is generated for display on a monitor, and (2) when an output page is generated for the purpose of printing or incorporated into another system such as a desktop publishing system.
- FITS raster image processing combines the input images with the modifications generated in the second stage (image editing) to create either a screen or print image.
- the output image generated by the FITS RIP can have any resolution; thus it is said to be resolution independent.
- FITS raster image processing (“FITS RIP”) involves taking the ensemble of image manipulations (the various steps or “layers” of changes) that are performed during the image editing process and computing a single image for purposes of printing or display on a monitor. Modifications to the image, made during image editing, are characterized in a manner that is independent of the resolution of the input images or final output image.
- layers are first combined mathematically for each pixel or selected pixels in the desired image, rather than by applying each layer successively to the original images. For each final pixel, a single mathematical function is generated that describes the color, in an arbitrary color space, at that point.
- the color values of intermediate pixels are computed by averaging the mathematical functions of the neighboring pixels and applying that function average to the original pixel's color, rather than simply averaging the color values of the surrounding pixels. This approach results in a time savings in overall image handling and a higher quality resulting image.
- the image editing actions are characterized by parameters to mathematical functions and these are stored layer-by-layer in a file separate from the original image(s).
- Each intermediate modification to the image is effectively saved in a layer and each layer can be independently modified, deleted or reordered.
- the parameters can be stored for points in a grid that is itself independent of the “dots-per-inch” resolution (dpi) of either the original imported images, or the final output images.
- dpi dots-per-inch resolution
- the subject invention provides a computerized image processing procedure which enables the operator to rapidly carry out advanced graphic operations, and to reverse decisions as required—without in any way affecting the definition or precision of the final image.
- the invention provides an image processing system for the creating and editing images that are resolution independent and characterized by a series of layers, or image objects, that can be combined together to yield an output image, at any resolution, for display or print.
- the new method of image processing in a computerized system creates a high performance image representation, that yields much faster image processing by supplying data defining an original image into the system and reorganizing the original image data.
- One aspect of this method comprises the following steps: (1) supplying data defining the original image into the system, (2) assigning pixels from the original image to pixels in the new image format in such a way that the new image is organized in groups (preferably rectangles and most preferably squares), each of which can be individually compressed (using JPEG or another compression algorithm) to yield reduced image size and faster access over a network, (3) creating a second, lower resolution, image by averaging groups of pixels falling within a first predetermined area (or neighborhood) into an averaged pixel, and performing this computation across the entire original image; this second image is also organized in groups, e.g.
- the invention may use a method of image processing in a computerized system, comprising: (a) supplying data defining an original image into the system, (b) assigning pixels from the original image to pixels in a new first image format so that the first image is organized into groups of pixels, each of the groups being individually compressible to yield a reduced size image, and (c) reducing the number of assigned pixels to form a reduced resolution image by averaging (preferably using a Gaussian function to weight the average for pixel proximity) a particular number of adjacent pixels falling within a first (preferably predetermined) area into a first averaged pixel, organized by the groups of pixels, and performing this computation across the entire first image format, to form a reduced definition image.
- averaging preferably using a Gaussian function to weight the average for pixel proximity
- This method may (and preferably does) further comprise reducing the number of the first averaged pixels by averaging groups of pixels falling within a second predetermined area into a second averaged pixel, organized by the groups of pixels, performing this computation across the entire second image format, and (preferably) repeating this step until a preselected or lower number of pixels remain, the remaining pixels forming a reduced definition image.
- Data defining the reduced definition image may be modified by a user to obtain a desired result and the system or user may save a copy of the data or mathematical functions defining the pixels that form the desired result.
- the data defining the original image may be added to the data defining the pixels forming the desired result, and forming an image from the added data.
- the invention may also include a method of raster image processing which includes: (a) adding data defining an original image to data defining modifications to a reduced definition image, and (b) forming an image from the added data.
- a computerized system which comprises: (a) means for adding data defining pixels forming an original image to data defining modifications to a reduced definition image, and (b) means for forming an image from the added data.
- the invention may also include a computerized system for image processing, comprises: (a) means for assigning pixels from an original image to pixels in a new first image format so that the first image is organized into compressible groups of pixels, and (b) means for reducing the number of assigned pixels to form a reduced resolution image by averaging a particular number of adjacent pixels falling within a first (preferably predetermined) area into a first averaged pixel, organized across the entire first image format, to form a reduced definition image.
- means are provided for reducing the number of the first averaged pixels by averaging groups of pixels falling within a second predetermined area into a second averaged pixel, organized by the groups of pixels, performing this computation across the entire image format, and repeating this step until a preselected number of pixels remain, the remaining pixels forming a final reduced definition image.
- FIG. 2 A schematic representation of interconnections between system hardware.
- FIG. 3 A schematic representation of software architecture.
- FIG. 4 A A numerical/graphic illustration of a pixel reduction grid.
- FIG. 4 B A schematic illustration of a pixel reduction grid.
- FIG. 5 A schematic illustration of the IVUE format.
- FIG. 6 A schematic illustration of the FITS reduction.
- FIG. 7 A schematic illustration of 2 i ⁇ 2 j density functions.
- FIGS. 8 A-F Depictions of computer monitors showing the invention in use.
- the subject invention was created in response to the shortcomings of the current generation of image retouching systems.
- the current common personal computer approach often referred to as virtual image, manipulates a copy of the actual image, which is held in memory.
- FIG. 1 shows an overview of the FITS model
- FIG. 2 depicts the interaction of hardware involved
- FIGS. 8A-F show the system in use.
- FITS raster image processing RIP
- Postscript raster image processing a system for generating the raster image that corresponds to pages of printed information described using the Postscript language
- FITS operates in high-resolution, i.e., the operator may at any time access any information contained in the original image(s) without being limited by the FITS processing approach.
- the new image processing system is for creating and editing images that are resolution independent where the images are characterized by a series of layers that can be combined together to yield an output image, at any resolution, for display or print.
- layers can also refer to image objects that are managed independently and combined in pixel format for purposes of output.
- External image may be any external image.
- FITS FITS
- these images are preferably transformed into Input format for fast processing.
- the images may be in any format.
- Position independent terms these are modifications which do not depend on the position of the image element. For example, a color applied in a layer to the entire image.
- Position dependent terms these are geometric transforms, color modifications, etc. supplied selectively to different regions of the image.
- f n ⁇ 1 (x,y) the function that describes the color in the preceding layer.
- the color value of a point (x,y) in layer n may be defined by a single mathematical function which combines an external image or images, position dependent terms, position independent terms, and the function defining the point (x,y) for the preceding layer.
- FITS comprises three independent processes: preprocessing, image editing, and FITS raster image processing (FITS RIP). FITS is overviewed in FIGS. 1 and 6 .
- FIG. 3 illustrates the software architecture.
- the input image in TIFF or another standard format (such as Postscript) is reorganized to create a specially formatted new file, termed IVUE.
- the IVUE file is used during image editing and also during the FITS RIP. It is reorganized in such a way that a new screen full of image data may be quickly constructed. The screen's best resolution can be used, both for the full image and for close-up details.
- a second IVUE file may be created that is compressed using conventional methods, such as JPEG, or by other methods
- the IVUE file contains all of the original image data.
- the image is divided into squares.
- Each of the squares in each of the various image representations within the IVUE file may be individually compressed (see FIG. 5 ). This is a unique approach since other image processing systems compress the entire image.
- the resulting file termed .IVUE/C, is considerably smaller than the original file.
- the actual size of the file depends on the compression level used to generate the IVUE file. Average compression will yield an 8 to 1 average reduction in the size of the image.
- three compression levels may be selected when creating the IVUE file.
- FIG. 4A shows a 10 ⁇ 10 pixel box in which each of the pixels are identified by a column, row number.
- the smaller enclosed box is a 4 ⁇ 4 matrix which is reduced to a single point.
- One way to complete the reduction, or apply the FITS layer to do the RIP, is to select an origin point (in this case, 1 , 1 , is selected).
- Two points are then selected outside of the box along the column and row, as depicted, point 1 , 5 and 5 , 1 .
- each of the pixels in the box can be identified by a simple division by two. For example, pixel 1 , 3 can be determined by averaging 1 , 1 and 1 , 5 .
- each of the pixels can be identified and reconstructed.
- Another advantage to this system of picking two points outside of the 4 ⁇ 4 pixel square is that a redundancy exists.
- pixel 1 , 5 acts as the origin for the 4 ⁇ 4 box above the initial box described. Again, the 5 , 1 pixels serves as the origin for the next 4 ⁇ 4 pixel box.
- this 16 ⁇ 16 square will after the first set of reductions, be a 4 pixel square which can be handled in much the manner described above.
- the IVUE sampling to make a lower resolution image can average 4 pixels to make 1, or sample a large group using weighting (e.g. Gaussian) to achieve any desired ratio or compression.
- a compressed image can be stored either on the operator's workstation or on a network file server. This approach greatly reduces the disk requirement.
- the IVUE/C file is held on a file server, network delay in accessing the image is minimized since FITS accesses the IVUE file one screen at a time.
- JPEG (or the like) compressed image is used only during the screen editing step, where the quality of the compressed image is perfectly acceptable.
- the full image also in IVUE format, is used during the FITS RIP, in order to obtain the highest quality image. So while JPEG may be used to improve a speed and memory, it does not lessen the quality of image. This last point is key because many people incorrectly assume that the use of JPEG will degrade image quality.
- Preprocessing to IVUE format is fast; for example an A 4 image takes approximately 11 ⁇ 2 minutes on a Mac Quadra.
- a TIFF image is reprocessed at the rate of 1 ⁇ 2 megabyte per second.
- the following method may be used to generate an IVUE image, which comprises a succession of reduced resolution images each of which is stored as a rectangle.
- f n+1 (i,j) ⁇ (x,y) ⁇ f n (x,y)dxdy in which:
- the presently preferred weighting function is a Gaussian density function. However, other functions may be used as well.
- the neighboring weighted average has been implemented on a computer as depicted in FIG. 7 .
- f n+1 (i,j) 1 ⁇ 2(f n (2i,2j))+1 ⁇ 8(f n (2i ⁇ 1,2j))+1 ⁇ 8(f n (2i,+1,2j))+1 ⁇ 8(f n (2i,2j ⁇ 1))+1 ⁇ 8(f n (2i,2j+1))
- f n+1 (i,j) ⁇ 2i2j (x,y) ⁇ f n (x,y)dxdy
- ij (x,y) is the probability density function for pixel (i,j) at point (x,y).
- (x,y) is near to the origin point (i,j), that is in the “neighborhood.”
- E is the weight (such as 50% for near points, 20% for more distant points) of any particular neighbor point x,y relative to the “home base” or origin of i,j.
- the weights are set up to total 100%, and so that E is positive (not zero) in the defined radius of the neighborhood (which can but need not include the whole image). Once E goes to zero, there goes the neighborhood, that is, points at or beyond that distance are not weighted in.
- 1 ⁇ ij (x,y)dxdy for all (i,j) and 0 ⁇ ij (x,y) ⁇ 1 for all (x,y)
- This new, reduced image may be stored in rectangles of p ⁇ q pixels as well.
- Image editing refers to the process of retouching, creation and composition of images. The operator successively applies effects such as blur, smooth, and transformations such as rotation and scaling. Additional images can be inserted at any time and, if desired, with transparency and masking.
- the .FITS file can be considered as a database of commands or layers, and is a very compact representation.
- FITS implements types of layers, referred to as FITS modes. For each mode a set of actions are available and can be freely applied. In Live Picture, the operator will be able opt to initiate a new layer at any time, and when a new mode is selected, a new layer is automatically created and all subsequent actions are contained within this new layer (until a new layer is created).
- FITS modes include: image insertion (insertion of a scanned image), painting, pattern, filters, lighting effects, mirror, linework and plug-in (i.e. a layer defined by an arbitrary application). Text is treated as a special case of linework, since it can be composed of Bezier curves.
- image insertion modes standard and advanced. The advanced mode offers the opportunity to distort the image at the price of additional processing and a slight decrease in response time.
- each image editing action is represented by a mathematical function.
- the parameters of these functions are recorded in a file named FITS. Only the resulting aggregate modifications to the underlying image are recorded. If, for example, the operator applies an effect and then erases it then nothing is stored. Or, an artist may use hundreds of brush strokes to create a complex painting, yet the FITS representation describes the resulting painting and not the sequence of brush strokes used to create it.
- FITS typically only records the final effect and not necessarily each image editing action. This saves processing time and also results in a very compact representation of the image editing session within a FITS file. For example, if an A 4 image, stored in a 35 Mbyte file is heavily retouched, in (ten or more layers), the .FITS file will only grow about 2-5 MB.
- the FITS retouching file may be saved at any time, and may later be reused or modified. At any time, either during the image editing session, each layer can be accessed and re-edited.
- the invention provides a computerized procedure for creating a raster image. This procedure is used both to create a new view of the image on a computer monitor and to create a high resolution output image.
- the procedure preferably has the following characteristics:
- the elementary operations are broken down in turn into three stages and when combined a new result (layer i), based on the result of the previous elementary operation (layer i ⁇ 1).
- the three stages are:
- the global function defines the color value at point x,y for an image composed of a number of layers:
- the subject method is particularly efficient for image processing for two reasons: the global function has a relatively simple form and thus can be easily computed, and very little computation is required to generate the interpolated functions.
- Use of functional interpolation provides a major time saving. For example, when 4 ⁇ 4 grids of 16 pixels are used the global function is generated only for 1/16 of the total pixels. It is because of this that high speed, real-time, image processing can be achieved.
- the changes to the image caused by the operator actions are carried out and displayed almost instantaneously, i.e. in real time.
- the operator may, at any moment return and redo a elementary operation. This is because different actions and their results (i.e., the layers) are defined by simple elementary equations. These can be easily modified.
- the invention allows for any image effect, such as airbrushing, blurring, contrasting, dissolving effects, color modifications, in short any operation concerning image graphics and color.
- the invention also enables geometrical transformations or modifications, such as rotation, changes of scale, etc.
- FITS a microcomputer system can follow the actions of the operator, using input means such as in general a mouse or light pen on an interactive tracing table, in real time.
- This input (e.g. pen) provides two types of command signals: one is a position signal giving the coordinates (x,y) of the dot concerned, and if necessary its environment (for example the path of an airbrush stroke); the other uses the pressure of the pen on the table to create a second type of signal. In the airbrush example, it would govern the density of the color being “sprayed”.
- the parameters for each elementary operation are constantly updated as the work evolves. To save space and time, only the parameters for dots in the definition grid that have a value or which are show a variation relative to their neighbors are stored. In this way the operator can access, at any moment, either the present overall result of all the operations, or intermediate results corresponding to one or several layers. Thus, the operator can intervene and modify a layer without affecting other layers.
- the link between the layers is only at the level of recurrence and are taken into account during the RIP stage.
- the operator orders a raster image processing (RIP) at the required image definition.
- the RIP computes only those pixels necessary to update the screen, taking into account the portion of the image being displayed and the zoom factor.
- the number of dots for which the global function should be generated during image editing within a layer are, in general, relatively small because function evolves with little variation (its second derivative is generally very low for most of the dots in the image). Function only varies substantially at dots corresponding to a large color change.
- the grid chosen for the definition of elementary functions may have an equal mesh at all points. Alternatively, it may be constructed using a different sized mesh at various points, depending on whether the image zone covers an area of small or great variation to facilitate processing and correction.
- An alternative method for processing image data in a computerized system which comprises:
- a system for using this method generally comprises: (a) means for sampling an original image to be processed with a definition grid so as to retain a predetermined number of dots from all of the dots contained within the original image, the predetermined number being approximately equal to the number that can be displayed on a monitor screen to obtain a resulting image, and (b) means for processing the resulting image into elementary recurrent operations each broken down into three parts and providing, based on the result of the previous elementary operation, these three parts added to each other representing the old image, a new imported image and a color change, as above.
- the elementary operations are effected to obtain a function representing i first elementary operations to obtain a function whose parameters are defined at all the dots of the definition grid, using the summation function above.
- the global function is defined by interpolating it at the intermediate dots between the dots of the definition grid, these intermediate dots depending on the definition required for the final image, the pixels being calculated for each dot to be obtained.
- the line of an aerograph is a succession of colored disks, of which it is possible to modify the path (the location of the disk centers), and the color density.
- the coefficient of presence ⁇ i of an external image is nil at all points of the layer.
- the function of color presence ⁇ i (x,y) or [1 ⁇ i (x,y)], i.e. ⁇ i can be represented by a Gauss function centered on one dot, limited for example to 10% at the edge of the disk. In other words, the two extreme ends of the Gaussian curve beyond 10% (or any other value which may be selected) are suppressed. This means that the Gauss function will not be applied beyond the disk radius chosen.
- This operation imports an external image into an existing one. Based on the general equation, this importation operation is defined as follows:
- the chromatic function ⁇ i is zero and the coefficients ⁇ i and ⁇ i are complementary coefficients (their sum is equal to one).
- a dot of the imported image replaces, more or less, or even completely, a dot of the previous image. This corresponds in the first instance to a more or less pronounced dissolve and in the second to the replacement of the part of the previous image within the contour of the imported one.
- the scaler ⁇ i should never be zero at all points of the layer. On the other hand, if there is no image importation, the scaler ⁇ i should be zero at every point (x,y).
- the general function ⁇ i (x,y) should not be limited to only the chromatic function, for this would mean suppressing all the images in layers 1 to i ⁇ 1 (disappearance of ⁇ i ⁇ 1 ), that is, the recurrence.
- the darken/lighten function therefore assists in adding a color to the color at the previous dot x,y (function of ⁇ i ⁇ 1 ).
- ⁇ i (x,y) ⁇ i (x,y) ⁇ i ⁇ 1 (x,y)+ ⁇ i (x,y)I i (P i (x,y))+ ⁇ i (x,y) in which:
- This operation can be applied to an existing or image.
- this part of the image is considered as an imported image to be treated as described below.
- the deformation/anamorphosis of an image consists of linking to each node a vector of deformation with a direction and size corresponding to the desired deformation. It deformation is uniform over all the relevant part of the image, each node will have attached to it vectors of the same size and direction, which will move the dot corresponding to each node as defined by each vector.
- the same sampling for the RIP can be used to limit the vector calculation for a group of pixels (e.g. 4 ⁇ 4) by computing only the origin and points just outside the 4 ⁇ 4 grid, and the functionally interpolating, thus speeding computation time.
- ⁇ i (x,y) ⁇ i (x,y) ⁇ i ⁇ 1 (x,y)+ ⁇ i (x,y)I i P i (x,y)
- the deformation or anamorphosis consists in working on the import function P i (x,y).
- Levelling a color in part of an image enables the operator to remove local skin defects, such as birthmarks.
- the average intensity of the color is calculated in a disk centered on each node of the part of the image to be processed. Depending on the radius selected, the color will be made more or less uniform. This operation combines the normal image with another which has been averaged out.
- contrasting involves accentuating the fineness of the lines in a drawing or photograph.
- a portrait for example, it would bring out individual hairs of a hairstyle. This would also be useful for surveillance photography.
Abstract
Description
-
- fn(x,y)=a combination of one or more of such components as:
- external image(s)
- position independent terms
- position dependent terms
- fn−1(x,y) or prior layers
Where fn(x,y) is the color value of a point of an image, in an arbitrary color space (e.g. RGB, or CMYK), at a layer n.
- fn(x,y)=a combination of one or more of such components as:
or approximately 1.3 times the original file size.
-
- 1) The original image, in a standard or proprietary image format is opened (i.e., accessed on a storage device).
- 2) The original image is used to create the first, full resolution image in the IVUE file. It is preferably stored as a succession of p pixel×q pixel rectangles. Each rectangle then contains p×q pixels, that is each rectangle can be considered as a series of p rows, each containing q pixels. The rectangles are stored sequentially on disk and for each square (to simplify further) the rows are stored sequential (
row 1,row 2,row 3, . . . row p). (SeeFIGS. 4A , 4B and 5 for organization of rectangles). Each rectangle may be encoded using JPEG or another compression scheme. - 3) A subsequent, reduced resolution image is created from the previous image, if there are more than p×q pixels in the previous image. Essentially, a neighborhood of pixels in the original image are averaged to provide a single pixel in the second image. The image is reduced in each dimension, x and y, by a factor of 2 (or whatever is selected) yielding a 4 to 1 reduction in size for the subimage.
fn+1(i,j)=∫(x,y)·fn(x,y)dxdy
in which:
- (x,y) is an arbitrary probability density function integrating over the entire space of real numbers, i.e. a weighting function, that takes into account the contribution of the neighboring area. Thus we may consider (x,y)εν(2i,2j) or a selection of elements in the vicinity.
- ε is an element of.
- ν is a neighborhood of, and thus ν(i,j) is the neighboring area of the point i,j.
fn+1(i,j)=½(fn(2i,2j))+⅛(fn(2i−1,2j))+⅛(fn(2i,+1,2j))+⅛(fn(2i,2j−1))+⅛(fn(2i,2j+1))
fn+1(i,j)=∫ 2i2j(x,y)·fn(x,y)dxdy
where
1=∫ ij(x,y)dxdy for all (i,j)
and
0< ij(x,y)<1 for all (x,y)
-
- 4) The third step may be repeated, creating a sucession of images, each (say) ¼ the size of the last, until a subimage of less than p×q pixels is created. This is the last subimage. If this last subimage contains less than p×q pixels, the remaining pixels may be filled from the neighboring squares or may be set to 0.
- 5) The entire image format is saved on a storage device.
-
- Based on the area of the image to be raster image processed (RIP'ed), which is generally determined by the operator, a definition grid is constructed in such a way as to retain, from all the pixels to be processed, points equal at the most to the number that can be displayed on the monitor screen, For fast processing, a ratio of 1 dot to 16 pixels can be used. The area to be RIP'ed refers to a portion or all of the image to be displayed or processed for printing. The objective is to compute the color value resulting from the superposition of a series of layers. The color value is in an arbitrary color space. Commonly, this is in either the colorspace named RGB, defined by the three primaries red, green, blue, or in CMYK, defined by the three colors cyan, magenta, yellow and an additional value for black.
- For one point in each definition grid, the general expression for the color value of that point is computed. In practice, a simplified form of the general expression is generally used that can describe most image editing actions. This form is termed “elementary operation” and it has the advantage of being relative simple to compute.
-
- first, the adoption in the new layer (i) of a color dot (x,y) from the previous layer (i−1) with a weighing (αi) ranging from −100% to 100% (i.e., margins from +1 to −1 and including positive and negative value),
- second, the importing of an external image (Ii) into the layer i, that is, the importing of a color dot from the image (ii), after chromatic and geometric transformation (Pi(x,y)) of this dot to add it to the color dot (x,y) of the layer (i), the degree of replacement of the dot of the layer (i) by the dot imported from the image (Ii) being defined by a scalar β(x,y) with values from −100% to 100%.
- third, an additional color term γi(x,y) applied to the dot (x,y) of the layer (i). This term may take into account painting or other chromatic effects.
- each elementary operation (i) being defined by the equation taking account of the previous layer or operation (i−1):
in which:
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)·φi−1(x,y)+βi(x,y)Ii[Pi(x,y)]+γi(x,y)
or alternatively:
where
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)·φi−1(x,y)+Ii[Pi(x,y)]+γi(x,y)
- each elementary operation (i) being defined by the equation taking account of the previous layer or operation (i−1):
- αi(x,y) is a scalar function of the dot (x,y) corresponding to the presence at this dot of the image resulting from the previous elementary operation φi−1(x,y),
- φi−1(x,y) is a function representing the previous elementary operation,
- βi(x,y) is scalar function corresponding to the presence at dot (x,y) of a dot corresponding to the imported image,
- Ii represents the imported image made up of a set of dots,
- Pi(x,y) represents geometric transforms, including rotation, scaling, distortion and may also include chromatic transforms of imported dot x,y,
- γi(x,y) is an additional position dependent term that can affect the color value of pixel (x,y),
- Each of the terms φi(x,y) Ii[Pi(x,y)] and γi(x,y) may be nil, while the term αi(x,y) φi−1(x,y) should generally never be nil for all the dots (x,y). There is generally no part in observing all of the prior image.
-
- q=number of imported images that make a visible contribution at point x,y, in this global function:
- αj(x,y) is a scalar analogous to the scalar αi(x,y) of a elementary function and αj(x,y).neq. 0 (not equal to zero at at least one point).
- Ij represents an image or layer j to import
- Pj(x,y) is Pi an import function analogous to the previous import functions Pi(x,y)
- γ(x,y) is a chromatic function analogous to chromatic functions γi(x,y),
- in this procedure, the global function can be generated, but not yet computed, for one point within each grid (depicted in
FIG. 4 ). - since the grid represents a subset of the pixels required for the RIP, it is necessary to generate the remaining points, within each grid. For each additional point in the grid a new function is created by interpolating the function between the two nearest points where the global function has been computed. This process is termed functional interpolation. The simplest form of the function is to created a weighted average based on distance.
- in this procedure, the global function can be generated, but not yet computed, for one point within each grid (depicted in
-
- the functions that have been obtained for each pixel, some being global functions and some being interpolated functions, are calculated for each pixel.
-
- (a) sampling an original image to be processed with a definition grid so as to retain a predetermined number of dots from all of the dots contained within the original image, the predetermined number being approximately equal to the number that can be displayed on a monitor screen to obtain a resulting image; and
- (b) processing the resulting image into elementary recurrent operations each broken down into three parts and providing, based on the result of the previous elementary operation, these three parts added to each other representing:
- first, adopting color dot at position coordinates (x,y) in the new layer (i) from previous layer (i−1) with a weighing (αi) ranging from 0 to ±100%,
- second, importing a color dot from external image (Ii) into the layer i, after any desired chromatic and geometric transformation (Pi(x,y)) of this dot to add it to the color dot (x,y) of the layer (i), the degree of replacement of the dot of the layer (i) by the dot imported from the image (Ii) being defined by a scaler (βi(x,y)) with values from 0 to ±100%, and
- third, chromatically modifying (γi(x,y)) on dot (x,y) of layer (i),
- each elementary operation (i) being defined by the equation
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)·φi−1(x,y)+βi(x,y)·Ii[Pi(x,y)]+γi(x,y)
taking account of the previous operation (i−1),
-
- αi(x,y) is a scaler function of the dot (x,y) corresponding to the presence at this dot of the image resulting from the previous elementary operation φi−1(x,y),
- φi−1(x,y) is a function representing the previous elementary operation,
- βi(x,y) is scaler function corresponding to the presence at dot (x,y) of a dot corresponding to the imported image,
- Ii represents the imported image made up of a set of dots,
- Pi(x,y) is the function of image import representing the chromatic geometric transfer of one of the set of dots in the image towards the layer (i), to which is applied the elementary operation φi(x,y),
- Ii[Pi(x,y)] is the function corresponding to the import of the image,
- γi(x,y) is a chromatic function representing a color transformation function carried out on a dot (x,y),
- each of the terms βiIipPi(x,y)] and γi(x,y) can be zero while the term αi(x,y) φi−1(x,y) is normally never zero for all the dots (x,y);
- the elementary operations are effected to obtain a function representing i first elementary operations to obtain a function whose parameters are defined at all the dots of the definition grid
-
- wherein,
- q=number of imported images,
- αj(x,y) is a scaler analogous to the scaler αi(x,y) of a elementary function,
- Ij represents an image j to import,
- Pj(x,y) is an import function analogous to the previous import functions Pi(x,y),
- γ(x,y) is a chromatic function analogous to chromatic functions γi(x,y),
- the global function being defined by interpolating it at the intermediate dots between the dots of the definition grid, these intermediate dots depending on the definition required for the final image, the pixels being calculated for each dot to be obtained.
-
- this equation becomes the following:
and the general equation becomes the following:
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)φi−1(x,y)+[1−αi(x,y)]·C
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)φi−1(x,y)+
3) Lightening/Darkening
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)·φi−1(x,y)+βi(x,y)Ii(Pi(x,y))+γi(x,y)
in which:
We obtain:
φi(x,y)=φi−1(x,y)+γi(x,y)
4) Deformation/Anamorphosis
φi(x,y)=αi(x,y)φi−1(x,y)+
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US20140160279A1 (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2014-06-12 | The Boeing Company | Multiple-Scale Digital Image Correlation Pattern and Measurement |
US11455737B2 (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2022-09-27 | The Boeing Company | Multiple-scale digital image correlation pattern and measurement |
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CN1147822C (en) | 2004-04-28 |
US20030025921A1 (en) | 2003-02-06 |
AU690551B2 (en) | 1998-04-30 |
DE69431294T2 (en) | 2003-04-17 |
DE69431294D1 (en) | 2002-10-10 |
EP0691011A1 (en) | 1996-01-10 |
CA2158988C (en) | 2000-06-13 |
ATE223601T1 (en) | 2002-09-15 |
JPH08510851A (en) | 1996-11-12 |
EP0691011B1 (en) | 2002-09-04 |
US6181836B1 (en) | 2001-01-30 |
KR960701407A (en) | 1996-02-24 |
CA2158988A1 (en) | 1994-09-29 |
US5790708A (en) | 1998-08-04 |
US5907640A (en) | 1999-05-25 |
CN1124530A (en) | 1996-06-12 |
AU6697894A (en) | 1994-10-11 |
KR100320298B1 (en) | 2002-04-22 |
US6512855B1 (en) | 2003-01-28 |
WO1994022101A2 (en) | 1994-09-29 |
US6763146B2 (en) | 2004-07-13 |
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