USRE39397E1 - Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities - Google Patents
Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities Download PDFInfo
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- USRE39397E1 USRE39397E1 US11/027,586 US2758604A USRE39397E US RE39397 E1 USRE39397 E1 US RE39397E1 US 2758604 A US2758604 A US 2758604A US RE39397 E USRE39397 E US RE39397E
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
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- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/2938—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM
- G02B6/29382—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM including at least adding or dropping a signal, i.e. passing the majority of signals
- G02B6/29385—Channel monitoring, e.g. by tapping
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- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29305—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating as bulk element, i.e. free space arrangement external to a light guide
- G02B6/2931—Diffractive element operating in reflection
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- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29305—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating as bulk element, i.e. free space arrangement external to a light guide
- G02B6/29313—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating as bulk element, i.e. free space arrangement external to a light guide characterised by means for controlling the position or direction of light incident to or leaving the diffractive element, e.g. for varying the wavelength response
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/2938—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM
- G02B6/29382—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device for multiplexing or demultiplexing, i.e. combining or separating wavelengths, e.g. 1xN, NxM including at least adding or dropping a signal, i.e. passing the majority of signals
- G02B6/29383—Adding and dropping
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- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/29391—Power equalisation of different channels, e.g. power flattening
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
- G02B6/29395—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device configurable, e.g. tunable or reconfigurable
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- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/351—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements
- G02B6/3512—Optical coupling means having switching means involving stationary waveguides with moving interposed optical elements the optical element being reflective, e.g. mirror
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- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3586—Control or adjustment details, e.g. calibrating
- G02B6/3588—Control or adjustment details, e.g. calibrating of the processed beams, i.e. controlling during switching of orientation, alignment, or beam propagation properties such as intensity, size or shape
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- G02B26/08—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light
- G02B26/0816—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements
- G02B26/0833—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the direction of light by means of one or more reflecting elements the reflecting element being a micromechanical device, e.g. a MEMS mirror, DMD
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/32—Optical coupling means having lens focusing means positioned between opposed fibre ends
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/34—Optical coupling means utilising prism or grating
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/3554—3D constellations, i.e. with switching elements and switched beams located in a volume
- G02B6/3556—NxM switch, i.e. regular arrays of switches elements of matrix type constellation
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- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/354—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types
- G02B6/356—Switching arrangements, i.e. number of input/output ports and interconnection types in an optical cross-connect device, e.g. routing and switching aspects of interconnecting different paths propagating different wavelengths to (re)configure the various input and output links
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3586—Control or adjustment details, e.g. calibrating
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/35—Optical coupling means having switching means
- G02B6/3592—Means for removing polarization dependence of the switching means, i.e. polarization insensitive switching
Definitions
- First and second arrays of imaging lenses may additionally be optically interposed between the collimator-alignment mirrors and the fiber collimators in a telecentric arrangement, thereby “imaging” the collimator-alignment mirrors onto the corresponding fiber collimators to ensure an optimal alignment.
- OADMs of the present invention provide many advantages over the prior art devices, notably:
- FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of an optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) according to the present invention.
- each channel is deflected in the y-direction (e.g., downward) relative to its incident direction, so to be directed into one of the output ports 110 - 2 through 110 -N shown in FIG. 1 A.
- the coupling efficiency for a spectral channel is defined as the ratio of the amount of optical power coupled into the fiber core in an output port to the total amount of optical power incident upon the entrance surface of the fiber (associated with the fiber collimator grating serving as the output port).
- the input optical signal is incident upon a diffraction grating with 700 lines per millimeter at a grazing angle of 85 degrees, where the grating is blazed to optimize the diffraction efficiency for the “ ⁇ 1” order.
- the focusing lens has a focal length of 100 mm.
- Each output port is provided by a quarter-pitch GRIN lens (2 mm in diameter) coupled to an optical fiber (see FIG. 1 D). As displayed in FIG.
- first and second arrays 260 , 270 of imaging lenses are placed in a 4-f telecentric arrangement with respect to the collimator-alignment mirror array 220 and the fiber collimator array 110 .
- the dashed box 280 shown in FIG. 2C provides a top view of such a telecentric arrangement.
- the imaging lenses in the first and second arrays 260 , 270 all have the same focal length f.
- the collimator-alignment mirrors 220 - 1 through 220 -N are placed at the respective first (or front) focal points of the imaging lenses in the first array 260 .
- the fiber collimators 110 - 1 through 110 -N are placed at the respective second (or back) focal points of the imaging lenses in the second array 270 . And the separation between the first and second arrays 260 , 270 of imaging lenses is 2f.
- the collimator-alignment mirrors 220 - 1 through 220 -N are effectively imaged onto the respective entrance surfaces (i.e., the front focal planes) of the GRIN lenses in the corresponding fiber collimators 110 - 1 through 110 -N.
- Such a telecentric imaging system substantially eliminates translational walk-off of the collimated beams at the output ports that may otherwise occur as the mirror angles change.
- FIG. 3 shows a fourth embodiment of a WSR apparatus according to the present invention.
- WSR apparatus 300 is built upon and hence shares a number of the elements used in the embodiment of FIG. 2B , as identified by those labeled with identical numerals.
- the one-dimensional fiber collimator array 110 of FIG. 2B is replaced by a two-dimensional array 350 of fiber collimators, providing for an input-port and a plurality of output ports.
- the one-dimensional collimator-alignment mirror array 220 of FIG. 2B is replaced by a two-dimensional array 320 of collimator-alignment mirrors, and first and second one-dimensional arrays 260 , 270 of imaging lenses of FIG.
- FIG. 4B depicts a schematic illustration of a second embodiment of a WSR-S apparatus according to the present invention.
- the WSR-S apparatus 450 comprises a WSR apparatus 480 and a servo-control assembly 490 .
- the WSR apparatus 480 further includes a plurality of collimator-alignment mirrors 485 , and may be configured according to the embodiments of FIGS. 2A , 2 B, 3 , or any other embodiment in accordance with the present invention.
- the servo-control assembly 490 includes the spectral monitor 460 as described in the embodiment of FIG.
- the processing unit 495 is in communication with the channel micromirrors 430 and the collimator-alignment mirrors 485 of the WSR apparatus 480 , as well as the spectral monitor 460 .
- the processing unit 495 uses the power measurements from the spectral monitor 460 to provide dynamic control of the channel micromirrors 430 along with the collimator-alignment mirrors 485 , so to maintain the coupling efficiencies of the spectral channels into the output ports at desired values.
- FIG. 6 depicts an alternative embodiment of an optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) according to the present invention.
- OADM 600 comprises a first WSR-S apparatus 610 optically coupled to a second WSR-S apparatus 650 .
- Each WSR-S apparatus may be in the embodiment of FIG. 4A or 4 B.
- a WSR apparats of the embodiment of FIG. 1A , 2 A, 2 B, or 3 may be alternatively implemented.
- the first WSR-S apparatus 610 includes an input port 620 , a pass-through port 630 , and one or more drop ports 640 - 1 through 640 -N (N ⁇ 1).
Abstract
Description
- 1) The wavelength routing is intrinsically static, rendering it difficult to dynamically reconfigure these OADMs.
- 2) Add and/or drop channels often need to be multiplexed and/or demultiplexed, thereby imposing additional complexity and cost.
- 3) Stringent fabrication tolerance and painstaking optical alignments are required. Moreover, the optical alignment is not actively maintained, rendering it susceptible to environmental effects such as thermal and mechanical disturbances over the course of operation.
- 4) In an optical communication network, OADMs are typically in a ring or cascaded configuration. In order to mitigate the interference amongst OADMs, which often adversely affects the overall performance of the network, it is essential that the power levels of spectral channels entering and exiting each OADM be managed in a systematic way, for instance, by introducing power (or gain) equalization at each stage. Such a power equalization capability is also needed for compensating for nonuniform gain caused by optical amplifiers (e.g., erbium doped fiber amplifiers) in the network. There lacks, however, a systematic and dynamic management of the power levels of various spectral channels in these OADMs.
- 5) The inherent high cost and heavy optical loss further impede the wide application of these OADMs.
- 1) By advantageously employing an array of channel micromirrors that are individually and continuously controllable, an OADM of the present invention is capable of routing the spectral channels on a channel-by-channel basis and directing any spectral channel into any one of the output ports. As such, its underlying operation is dynamically reconfigurable, and its underlying architecture is intrinsically scalable to a large number of channel counts.
- 2) The add and drop spectral channels need not be multiplexed and demultiplexed before entering and after leaving the OADM respectively. And there are not fundamental restrictions on the wavelengths to be added or dropped.
- 3) The coupling of the spectral channels into the output ports is dynamically controlled by a servo-control assembly, rendering the OADM less susceptible to environmental effects (such as thermal and mechanical disturbances) and therefore more robust in performance. By maintaining an optimal optical alignment, the optical losses incurred by the spectral channels are also significantly reduced.
- 4) The power levels of the spectral channels coupled into the output ports can be dynamically managed according to demand, or maintained at desired values (e.g., equalized at a predetermined value) by way of the servo-control assembly. This spectral power-management capability as an integral part of the OADM will be particularly desirable in WDM optical networking applications.
- 5) The use of free-space optics provides a simple, low loss, and cost-effective construction. Moreover, the utilization of the servo-control assembly effectively relaxes the requisite fabrication tolerances and the precision of optical alignment during initial assembly, enabling the OADM to be simpler and more adaptable in structure, lower in cost and optical loss.
- 6) The underlying OADM architecture allows a multiplicity of the OADMs according to the present invention to be readily assembled (e.g., cascaded) for WDM optical networking applications.
Claims (67)
Priority Applications (3)
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US11/027,586 USRE39397E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-12-31 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US12/815,930 USRE42678E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2010-06-15 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US16/023,183 USRE47906E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2018-06-29 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
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US27721701P | 2001-03-19 | 2001-03-19 | |
US09/938,426 US6625346B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2001-08-23 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US11/027,586 USRE39397E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-12-31 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
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US10/143,651 Ceased US6661948B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2002-05-08 | Reconfigurable optical add and drop modules with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US10/745,364 Ceased US6879750B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2003-12-22 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
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US11/027,584 Expired - Lifetime USRE39331E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-12-31 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US12/816,084 Ceased USRE42368E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2010-06-15 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US12/815,930 Ceased USRE42678E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2010-06-15 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
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US16/023,127 Expired - Lifetime USRE47905E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2018-06-29 | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
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US7885548B1 (en) | 2007-01-24 | 2011-02-08 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Free space optical communication |
US7920794B1 (en) | 2007-01-05 | 2011-04-05 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Free space optical communication |
USRE42678E1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2011-09-06 | Capella Photonics, Inc. | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US11909513B2 (en) | 2019-09-17 | 2024-02-20 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Spectrum processing apparatus and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer |
Families Citing this family (86)
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US6760511B2 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2004-07-06 | Capella Photonics, Inc. | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers employing polarization diversity |
US6636654B2 (en) * | 2001-03-30 | 2003-10-21 | Optical Research Associates | Programmable optical switching add/drop multiplexer |
US6956687B2 (en) * | 2001-04-03 | 2005-10-18 | Cidra Corporation | Optical blocking filter having an array of micro-mirrors |
CN1228655C (en) * | 2001-04-03 | 2005-11-23 | 株式会社藤仓 | Parallel light pipe lens, fibre parallel light pipe and optical component |
US6657770B2 (en) * | 2001-06-22 | 2003-12-02 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Programmable optical multiplexer/demultiplexer |
US6707959B2 (en) * | 2001-07-12 | 2004-03-16 | Jds Uniphase Inc. | Wavelength switch |
US7298540B2 (en) * | 2001-08-22 | 2007-11-20 | Avanex Corporation | Equalizing optical wavelength routers |
US7016098B2 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2006-03-21 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Optical device with configurable channel allocation |
US6952510B1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2005-10-04 | Nlight Photonics Corporation | Optically corrected intracavity fiber coupled multigain element laser |
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2018
- 2018-06-29 US US16/023,183 patent/USRE47906E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2018-06-29 US US16/023,127 patent/USRE47905E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
USRE42678E1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2011-09-06 | Capella Photonics, Inc. | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
USRE47905E1 (en) | 2001-03-19 | 2020-03-17 | Capella Photonics, Inc. | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
USRE47906E1 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2020-03-17 | Capella Photonics, Inc. | Reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers with servo control and dynamic spectral power management capabilities |
US7920794B1 (en) | 2007-01-05 | 2011-04-05 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Free space optical communication |
US7885548B1 (en) | 2007-01-24 | 2011-02-08 | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Free space optical communication |
US11909513B2 (en) | 2019-09-17 | 2024-02-20 | Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. | Spectrum processing apparatus and reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
USRE42678E1 (en) | 2011-09-06 |
US20040136648A1 (en) | 2004-07-15 |
US6879750B2 (en) | 2005-04-12 |
USRE47905E1 (en) | 2020-03-17 |
US20020131688A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 |
USRE47906E1 (en) | 2020-03-17 |
USRE39331E1 (en) | 2006-10-10 |
US6661948B2 (en) | 2003-12-09 |
US6687431B2 (en) | 2004-02-03 |
US20020131698A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 |
USRE42368E1 (en) | 2011-05-17 |
USRE39525E1 (en) | 2007-03-20 |
US6625346B2 (en) | 2003-09-23 |
US20020131687A1 (en) | 2002-09-19 |
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