USRE35494E - Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order - Google Patents
Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order Download PDFInfo
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- USRE35494E USRE35494E US08/236,673 US23667394A USRE35494E US RE35494 E USRE35494 E US RE35494E US 23667394 A US23667394 A US 23667394A US RE35494 E USRE35494 E US RE35494E
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
- H03H19/00—Networks using time-varying elements, e.g. N-path filters
- H03H19/004—Switched capacitor networks
Definitions
- the present invention relates to integrated circuits and in particular to integrated active filters.
- Filters for selective frequency filtering of signals are most common circuits within analog electronic systems. Along with the development of large scale integration techniques, it has become ever more important to develop techniques for efficiently implementing these filters. In many applications a large number of filters, monolithically integrated together with the ancillary circuitry for implementing certain system's functions, are required and it is desirable that the filters be wholly integrated, that they do not require adjustment and that they occupy as little area as possible on the silicon chip.
- a main objective of the present invention is to provide an active low-pass filter of the first order which utilizes a lower number of components than the number of components utilized by a similar filter made in accordance with the prior art and which requires a smaller area of integration.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a low-pass active filter of the first order
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the low-pass active filter of the first order of FIG. 1, made with switched capacitors in accordance with the known technique;
- FIG. 3 is the wave shape of the switching signal (clock signal).
- FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a low-pass active filter of the first order made in accordance with the present invention.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 the diagrams of an active low-pass filter of the first order made according to the prior art are illustrated.
- the cut-off frequency of the filter (defined on the dynamic characteristic at the point where the modulus of the transfer function is reduced by -3 dB in respect to the DC gain, which is substantially equal to unity) is given by: ##EQU2## and it is hardly controllable because of the difficulty of obtaining very precise absolute values of resistance in integrated (diffused) resistors, which furthermore have rather poor linearity and temperature coefficient characteristics besides requiring a relatively large area of integration on the silicon chip.
- the DC gain is affected by the ratio between the two equal resistances (R), which is also hardly controllable in terms of precision ( ⁇ 0.5%).
- the cut-off frequency of the filter which is given by: ##EQU4## is also precisely presettable because it is determined by a ratio between two integrated capacitors (the precision of which, as already said, may be 0.1%) and by the value of the switching frequency f s , which is normally obtained by means of an external quartz oscillator and is therefore highly precise ( ⁇ 0.01%).
- the maximum precision, both on the DC gain and on the cut-off frequency is of about 0.1%.
- the active low-pass filter of the present invention has a circuit diagram as shown in FIG. 4 and, in contrast to the low-pass active filters of the prior art, utilizes a single switched capacitor Cx and only two switches driven at the frequency f s .
- the active low-pass filter of the first order of the invention comprises an operational amplifier having an inverting input and a noninverting input and a single output coinciding with the output terminal of the filter and the operational amplifier is provided with a negative feedback network which comprises a continuous integration capacitor Ci, which is connected between the output terminal of the filter and the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, while the noninverting .[.ting.]. input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground.
- a single switched capacitor Cx and the two switches driven at the frequency f s are connected so that a first .[.armature.].
- the switched capacitor is switched by a first one of said two switches between the inverting input of the operational amplifier and the circuit's ground node.
- the second .[.armature.]. .Iadd.side .Iaddend.of the switched capacitor is switched by the other of said two switches between an input terminal of the filter and the output terminal thereof.
- the frequency response of the system is obtained by substituting e j2 ⁇ fT s in place of z; where Ts is the sampling period of the circuit and f is the current frequency.
- the integrated low-pass, active filter of the first order of the invention offers the advantage of requiring a reduced number of components thus permitting to save integration area. Furthermore, the DC gain of the filter has an infinite precision because it is no longer dependent from the precision of a ratio between integrated capacitors, as in the filters of the prior art.
Abstract
An integrated, low-pass filter of the first order made using the switched capacitors technique utilizes advantageously a single switched capacitor and only two switches in contrast to the filters of the prior art which utilize two switched capacitors and four switches. The filter of the invention requires a smaller integration area and moreover exhibits a greater precision of its DC gain.
Description
.Iadd.This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/832,010, filed Feb. 6, 1992 and now abandoned. .Iaddend.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to integrated circuits and in particular to integrated active filters.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Filters for selective frequency filtering of signals are most common circuits within analog electronic systems. Along with the development of large scale integration techniques, it has become ever more important to develop techniques for efficiently implementing these filters. In many applications a large number of filters, monolithically integrated together with the ancillary circuitry for implementing certain system's functions, are required and it is desirable that the filters be wholly integrated, that they do not require adjustment and that they occupy as little area as possible on the silicon chip.
Passive filters don't lend themselves to integration for various reasons along which the inadequate precision of the R and C values in integrated form, as well as the fact that the output impedance is tied to R and C values, i.e. to the filtering function, and therefore in case a resistive and/or capacitive load is driven, this would modify the transfer function of the filter itself thus modifying both the DC gain and the cut-off frequency.
In integrated circuits, active filters employing an operational amplifier with a suitable feedback network are almost exclusively employed in order to implement the desired transfer function. Moreover in order to obviate .[.also to.]. the above recalled problem of precision of the cut-off frequency value, which remains tied to the values of the integrated R and C, the resistance R is commonly .[.substitute.]. .Iadd.substituted .Iaddend.by a capacitance Cx, switched at a frequency fs. As it is well known to the expert technician such a switched capacitor behaves electrically as a resistance having a value given by: ##EQU1##
According to the known technique it is necessary to use at least two switched capacitors and four switching for realizing a low-pass filter of the first order.
A main objective of the present invention is to provide an active low-pass filter of the first order which utilizes a lower number of components than the number of components utilized by a similar filter made in accordance with the prior art and which requires a smaller area of integration.
This and other objectives and advantages of the active low-pass filter of the first order of the present invention are achieved by employing a single switched capacitor and only two switching means, arranged as defined in the annexed claims.
The different aspects and advantages of the invention will be more easily understood through the following description with reference to the annexed drawing wherein:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a low-pass active filter of the first order;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the low-pass active filter of the first order of FIG. 1, made with switched capacitors in accordance with the known technique;
FIG. 3 is the wave shape of the switching signal (clock signal); and
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram of a low-pass active filter of the first order made in accordance with the present invention.
For better pointing out the characteristics of the invention, in FIGS. 1 and 2 the diagrams of an active low-pass filter of the first order made according to the prior art are illustrated. In relation to the diagram of FIG. 1, the cut-off frequency of the filter (defined on the dynamic characteristic at the point where the modulus of the transfer function is reduced by -3 dB in respect to the DC gain, which is substantially equal to unity) is given by: ##EQU2## and it is hardly controllable because of the difficulty of obtaining very precise absolute values of resistance in integrated (diffused) resistors, which furthermore have rather poor linearity and temperature coefficient characteristics besides requiring a relatively large area of integration on the silicon chip. Furthermore, the DC gain is affected by the ratio between the two equal resistances (R), which is also hardly controllable in terms of precision (±0.5%).
The known solution depicted in FIG. 2 overcomes these problems by exploiting the switched capacitor technique for functionally substituting the two equal resistors (R) of the basic circuit diagram of FIG. 1.
Each of the two switched capacitances Cx, switched at the fs frequency, electrically behaves as a resistor having a value given by: ##EQU3##
The DC gain of these filters is very precise, because it is determined by the ratio between the two identical switched capacitances (Cx), which according to modern fabrication techniques of integrated circuits has a precision of about ±0.1%.
The cut-off frequency of the filter, which is given by: ##EQU4## is also precisely presettable because it is determined by a ratio between two integrated capacitors (the precision of which, as already said, may be 0.1%) and by the value of the switching frequency fs, which is normally obtained by means of an external quartz oscillator and is therefore highly precise (±0.01%).
In practice all active low-pass filters of the first order having a high precision, implemented in integrated circuits (especially in CMOS circuits), have the circuit diagram of FIG. 2, that is an operational amplifier, a continuous integration capacitance Ci, two switched capacitances Cx and four switches operating at the frequency fs, as shown in the circuit diagram of FIG. 2.
The maximum precision, both on the DC gain and on the cut-off frequency is of about 0.1%.
The wave shape of the switching signal is shown in FIG. 3, the switching frequency being fs =1/Ts, where Ts is the sampling period.
The active low-pass filter of the present invention has a circuit diagram as shown in FIG. 4 and, in contrast to the low-pass active filters of the prior art, utilizes a single switched capacitor Cx and only two switches driven at the frequency fs.
Essentially the active low-pass filter of the first order of the invention comprises an operational amplifier having an inverting input and a noninverting input and a single output coinciding with the output terminal of the filter and the operational amplifier is provided with a negative feedback network which comprises a continuous integration capacitor Ci, which is connected between the output terminal of the filter and the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier, while the noninverting .[.ting.]. input of the operational amplifier is connected to ground. A single switched capacitor Cx and the two switches driven at the frequency fs are connected so that a first .[.armature.]. .Iadd.side .Iaddend.of the switched capacitor is switched by a first one of said two switches between the inverting input of the operational amplifier and the circuit's ground node. The second .[.armature.]. .Iadd.side .Iaddend.of the switched capacitor is switched by the other of said two switches between an input terminal of the filter and the output terminal thereof.
An analysis of the operation of the circuit of the active low-pass filter of the first order of the invention is herein shown, by utilizing the time scale indicated in the diagram of FIG. 3. ##EQU5## by introducing the z- transform: ##EQU6##
As it is well known to the expert technician, the frequency response of the system is obtained by substituting ej2πfT s in place of z; where Ts is the sampling period of the circuit and f is the current frequency.
It may be immediately observed that the DC gain (i.e. f=0 and therefore z=1) is 1, i.e. 0 db, the cut-off frequency of the filter, as already indicated before, is given by: ##EQU7##
In respect to the known solutions, the integrated low-pass, active filter of the first order of the invention offers the advantage of requiring a reduced number of components thus permitting to save integration area. Furthermore, the DC gain of the filter has an infinite precision because it is no longer dependent from the precision of a ratio between integrated capacitors, as in the filters of the prior art.
Claims (6)
1. An integrated, low-pass, active .Iadd.first order .Iaddend.filter .[.of the first order operable.]. for producing an output signal at an output terminal thereof .[.in.]. .Iadd.as a .Iaddend.function of a signal applied to an input terminal thereof and comprising an operational amplifier having an inverting input .[.and.]..Iadd., .Iaddend.a noninverting input.Iadd., .Iaddend.and .[.a single.]. .Iadd.an .Iaddend.output .[.coinciding.]. .Iadd.conterminous .Iaddend.with said output terminal of the filter .[.and.]..Iadd., said filter being .Iaddend.provided with a negative feedback network which comprises a continuous integration capacitor connected between said output terminal of the filter and said inverting input of the operational amplifier, the noninverting input of .[.which.]. .Iadd.said operational amplifier .Iaddend.being connected to ground, .[.and characterized by.]. comprising.Iadd.: .Iaddend.
a .[.single switched.]. capacitor and two switches operating at a preset frequency;
a first .[.armature.]. .Iadd.side .Iaddend.of said .[.switched.]. capacitor being switched by a first one of said two switches between said inverting input of the operational amplifier and ground;
a second .[.armature.]. .Iadd.side .Iaddend.of said .[.switched.]. capacitor being switched by the other of said two switches between said input terminal and said output terminal of the filter. .Iadd.2. The active filter of claim 1 wherein said preset frequency and the values of said first and second capacitors determines the cut-off frequency of the filter. .Iaddend..Iadd.3. The active filter of claim 1 wherein said active
filter has a D.C. gain of exactly 1. .Iaddend..Iadd.4. The filter of claim 1, wherein said first and second switches are jointly connected so that
said first side of said capacitor is connected to ground while said second side thereof is connected to said input terminal, and
said first side of said capacitor is connected to said inverting input of said amplifier while said second side of said capacitor is connected to
said output terminal of the filter. .Iaddend..Iadd.5. An integrated circuit filter, comprising:
an amplifier having inverting and noninverting inputs and an output, said noninverting input being connected to a reference potential;
a capacitor having first and second terminals;
a first switch operable to connect said first terminal of said capacitor either to said inverting input of said amplifier or to said reference potential; and
a second switch operable to connect said second terminal of said capacitor either to said output of said amplifier or to an input voltage;
whereby, when said first and second switches are switched synchronously and periodically said output carries a signal which is filtered with respect
to said input voltage. .Iaddend..Iadd.6. The filter of claim 5, further comprising an additional capacitor connected from said inverting input of said amplifier to said output thereof. .Iaddend..Iadd.7. The filter of claim 5, configured to have a DC gain of exactly 1. .Iaddend..Iadd.8. The filter of claim 5, wherein said first and second switches are each connected to switch at a common preset frequency. .Iaddend..Iadd.9. The filter of claim 5, wherein said first and second switches are jointly connected so that
said first terminal of said capacitor is connected to said reference potential while said second terminal thereof is connected to the input voltage, and
said first terminal of said capacitor is connected to said inverting input of said amplifier while said second terminal of said capacitor is
connected to said output of said amplifier. .Iaddend..Iadd.10. An integrated circuit filter, comprising:
an amplifier having inverting and noninverting inputs and an output, said noninverting input being connected to a reference potential;
a capacitor having first and second terminals;
a first switch operable to connect said first terminal of said capacitor either to said inverting input of said amplifier or to said reference potential;
a second switch operable to connect said second terminal of said capacitor either to said output of said amplifier or to an input voltage; and
an additional capacitor connected between said inverting input of said amplifier and said output of said amplifier;
said first and second switches being jointly connected so that
said first terminal of said capacitor is connected to said reference potential while said second terminal thereof is connected to the input voltage, and
said first terminal of said capacitor is connected to said inverting input of said amplifier while said second terminal of said capacitor is connected to said output of said amplifier;
whereby, when said first and second switches are switched synchronously and periodically, said output carries a signal which is filtered with respect
to said input voltage. .Iaddend..Iadd.11. The filter of claim 10, configured to have a DC gain of exactly 1. .Iaddend..Iadd.12. The filter of claim 10, wherein said first and second switches are each connected to switch at a common preset frequency. .Iaddend.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/236,673 USRE35494E (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1994-05-02 | Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order |
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT83685/87A IT1220191B (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1987-12-22 | LOW PASSAGE FILTER OF THE FIRST INTEGRATED ORDER |
| IT83685/87 | 1987-12-22 | ||
| US07/285,204 US4899069A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1988-12-16 | Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order |
| US83201092A | 1992-02-06 | 1992-02-06 | |
| US08/236,673 USRE35494E (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1994-05-02 | Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order |
Related Parent Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US07/285,204 Reissue US4899069A (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1988-12-16 | Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order |
| US83201092A Continuation | 1987-12-22 | 1992-02-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| USRE35494E true USRE35494E (en) | 1997-04-22 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/236,673 Expired - Lifetime USRE35494E (en) | 1987-12-22 | 1994-05-02 | Integrated active low-pass filter of the first order |
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| US6049706A (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2000-04-11 | Parkervision, Inc. | Integrated frequency translation and selectivity |
| US6061555A (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2000-05-09 | Parkervision, Inc. | Method and system for ensuring reception of a communications signal |
| US6061551A (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2000-05-09 | Parkervision, Inc. | Method and system for down-converting electromagnetic signals |
| US6091940A (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2000-07-18 | Parkervision, Inc. | Method and system for frequency up-conversion |
| US6370371B1 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2002-04-09 | Parkervision, Inc. | Applications of universal frequency translation |
| US6542722B1 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2003-04-01 | Parkervision, Inc. | Method and system for frequency up-conversion with variety of transmitter configurations |
| US6560301B1 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2003-05-06 | Parkervision, Inc. | Integrated frequency translation and selectivity with a variety of filter embodiments |
| US6694128B1 (en) | 1998-08-18 | 2004-02-17 | Parkervision, Inc. | Frequency synthesizer using universal frequency translation technology |
| US6704558B1 (en) | 1999-01-22 | 2004-03-09 | Parkervision, Inc. | Image-reject down-converter and embodiments thereof, such as the family radio service |
| US6704549B1 (en) | 1999-03-03 | 2004-03-09 | Parkvision, Inc. | Multi-mode, multi-band communication system |
| US6813485B2 (en) | 1998-10-21 | 2004-11-02 | Parkervision, Inc. | Method and system for down-converting and up-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same |
| US7653158B2 (en) | 2001-11-09 | 2010-01-26 | Parkervision, Inc. | Gain control in a communication channel |
| US7653145B2 (en) | 1999-08-04 | 2010-01-26 | Parkervision, Inc. | Wireless local area network (WLAN) using universal frequency translation technology including multi-phase embodiments and circuit implementations |
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