USRE3036E - Jjlristiax khl - Google Patents
Jjlristiax khl Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE3036E USRE3036E US RE3036 E USRE3036 E US RE3036E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- iron
- air
- blast
- refining
- Prior art date
Links
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 44
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 35
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 35
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 13
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000754 Wrought iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000499 pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SXPWTBGAZSPLHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetalkonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)CC1=CC=CC=C1 SXPWTBGAZSPLHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KSCFJBIXMNOVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dyphylline Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=O)N(C)C2=C1N(CC(O)CO)C=N2 KSCFJBIXMNOVSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000134884 Ericales Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001296 Malleable iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052570 clay Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005712 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Definitions
- This refined metal is equal to malleable bar-iron'to use in the crucible process for the nmnufaeture of fine east-steel, and can be taken in a molten. state direct into the crucibles for this purpose; or it can be employed in a cold state, to be reconverted into fine cast-steel in crucibles.
- I use a compound consisting of common salt and manganese, which may be of various proportions, though I prefer about equal parts of each.
- This compound has the effect of a flux and detergent in removing the sulphur and other impurities contained in the crude metal. It also improves the quality of the iron, as hereinafter shown. It can be employed in the manufacture of the crude metal, or it can be added to the same when afterward remelted. From one to two per cent. of the flux at a time is sufficient. 1t may be that attemptshave been made to use one or the other ofsaid ingredientsin some form in the manufacture of iron, but never, to my knowl. edge, with any practical results anterior to my application for the same in the year 185-1. ⁇ Vhen the refined metal is intended to be molded into castings, the carbon is less redueed than when it is to-be wrought under the hammer. The metal therebyremains fluid a longer time while being" poured into the molds.
- No. l pig-iron with a large crystallization, and a lively gray cast in the fracture of the metal, is well adapted for refining, and contains sixor seven per cent. of carbon taken up from the fuel employed in smelting the orcs.
- Other grades of gray pig metal can also be employed; but the proportion of carbon is less than the former kind.
- the process of converting the metal by uniting the same with an atmospheric air-blast forced in the carbon of the crude iron, and thereby refined into iron or steel.
- Refined iron with a given portion of carbon, forms steel of different grades, according to the amountof carbonc0ntained-from about two to one per cent, and in some kinds even .less, as the semi-steel; and the refined iron ingots have also asmallerproportion ol'earbon, which gives it the commercial value of iron.
- the carbon contained in crude pig metal is mixed uncombined, and during the refining process with an air-blast the condition of the carbon becomes changed into a combined state,
- the metal is taken or run from the furnace-hearth into any properly-constructed apparatus of sul'licicnt capacityaml height to contain the quantity of metal to be relined,
- the form of the apparatus and the materials of which it is composed, so that it may resist the effect of the high heat to which it isto be is effected by increasci'lvolumc of bright flame.
- the introduction of the air-blastinto the refining apparatus can be effected in various ways to accomplish the decarbonizing and refining of the metal.
- One way is to attach'the pipes or apertures on one side to force the air through into the metal. I prefer placing them in a tangential position. The force of the incoming blast will thereby cause the liquid metal to move round or rotate in the same direetion with the blast, in pursuance of the plan patented by me May 17, 1859, and more fully shown in my reissued patent of February 10, 1863. They should be introduced at about half the depth of the metal in a downward direction.
- To convert a ton of crude metal will require about one thousand cubic feet of air discharged per minute under a proper pressure on the square inch to ell'ect a uniting of the air with the molten iron.
- the pressure of blast required will be about five pounds; but this will depend somewhat on the mode of introducing the air, and also on the size of the pipes employed and the column of metal above the same.
- a number of tons-at a charge is reiined in less time in proportion than a single ton; and in all cases, after the operation is finished, the refined metal should be allowed to stand some minutes to become calm before pouring.
- ⁇ Vhen preparations are made, the process consists in starting an air-blast under a high pressure into the molten metal.
- the oxygen of the air unites freely with the carbon of the crude iron,forming carbonic gas and increased heat and the discharge of flame.
- An intense heat throughout the mass will be produced, and a violent ebullition takes place, with an
- the flame after some m'iimtcs time decreases as the process goes on and the carbon is being reduced.
- the color of the flame'passcs through various changes, by which, with the reduced flame, will indicate to an experienced. workman the quality of the product and the time to stop oil the blast, so
- the fusingpoint of pig metal is about 2,400 of Fahrenheit.
- Manganese requires a much higher heat, and when the oxide of thatmctal is used it has first to be reduced to its metallic state, which requires a higher heat still. It is therefore very difiicult to incorporate iron and manganese by mere ordinary fusion; but by the pneumatic process the heat of the molten iron is raised to 4,000 or 5,000", and sometimes higher, so that it 'bec lies nearly as liquid as water.
- ganese which is intermingled with the metal becomes thoroughly reduced, and the metal I becomes incorporated with the molten iron throughout, thus producing a metal greatly improved in quality over other irons, and add-' ing much to the value of the refining process above described.
- The"-,tuyere-pipes employed to force the air through are introduced at one of the tuyere arches, or in front, under the temp-stone E,
- pipes or apertures to force the air through are made of black-lead, or of pure soapstone, 'or of any material that will resist the heat.
- the pneumatic p roccss for converting crude iron by the use of an air-blast is a process of expansion of the crude iron in ahighly-heated condition, which cannot be attained by any other mode of manufacture. All the particles of the molten metal become extended in a very high degree of heat and fluidity, thereby any one mode of introducing the-blast, so as to effect therefining and decarbonizing of vthe metal.
- the oxide of man The refining The mode of melting pig-ironina refinery fire with the useof fuel tomaintain the heat, and continuing the use of the some while preparingthe, metal forthe puddling furnace,
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