USH1333H - High strength reinforcement - Google Patents

High strength reinforcement Download PDF

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Publication number
USH1333H
USH1333H US07/496,759 US49675990A USH1333H US H1333 H USH1333 H US H1333H US 49675990 A US49675990 A US 49675990A US H1333 H USH1333 H US H1333H
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
cord
tire
cords
tensile
belt
Prior art date
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Abandoned
Application number
US07/496,759
Inventor
Farrel B. Helfer
Dong K. Kim
John G. Morgan
Robert M. Shemenski
Italo M. Sinopoli
Guy Jeanpierre
Gia V. Nguyen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US07/496,759 priority Critical patent/USH1333H/en
Priority to EP91905695A priority patent/EP0527139B1/en
Priority to BR919106170A priority patent/BR9106170A/en
Priority to ES91905695T priority patent/ES2080943T3/en
Priority to DE69114000T priority patent/DE69114000T2/en
Priority to KR1019920702263A priority patent/KR0182320B1/en
Priority to PCT/US1991/001580 priority patent/WO1991014811A1/en
Priority to JP91506192A priority patent/JPH05505652A/en
Priority to CA002075041A priority patent/CA2075041C/en
Priority to AU74917/91A priority patent/AU642996B2/en
Priority to ZA911851A priority patent/ZA911851B/en
Priority to BR9106172A priority patent/BR9106172A/en
Priority to ES91907545T priority patent/ES2091326T3/en
Priority to CA002317943A priority patent/CA2317943C/en
Priority to US07/937,864 priority patent/US5616197A/en
Priority to JP50730591A priority patent/JP3704146B2/en
Priority to ZA912134A priority patent/ZA912134B/en
Priority to CA 2075066 priority patent/CA2075066C/en
Priority to DE1991620669 priority patent/DE69120669T2/en
Priority to PCT/US1991/001906 priority patent/WO1991014573A1/en
Priority to CA002317915A priority patent/CA2317915A1/en
Priority to EP19910907545 priority patent/EP0522058B1/en
Priority to AU76636/91A priority patent/AU642013B2/en
Priority to TR91/0285A priority patent/TR25148A/en
Priority to KR1019920702262A priority patent/KR0171594B1/en
Priority to US08/129,614 priority patent/US5318643A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of USH1333H publication Critical patent/USH1333H/en
Priority to US08/487,351 priority patent/US5648153A/en
Priority to US08/879,860 priority patent/US6146760A/en
Priority to US09/455,258 priority patent/US6705370B1/en
Priority to JP2001001127U priority patent/JP2001000033U/en
Priority to JP2005136337A priority patent/JP3822896B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
    • B32B25/02—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber with fibres or particles being present as additives in the layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
    • B60C9/0007—Reinforcements made of metallic elements, e.g. cords, yarns, filaments or fibres made from metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C9/00—Reinforcements or ply arrangement of pneumatic tyres
    • B60C9/18—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers
    • B60C9/20—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel
    • B60C9/2003—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel characterised by the materials of the belt cords
    • B60C9/2006—Structure or arrangement of belts or breakers, crown-reinforcing or cushioning layers built-up from rubberised plies each having all cords arranged substantially parallel characterised by the materials of the belt cords consisting of steel cord plies only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/06—Ropes or cables built-up from metal wires, e.g. of section wires around a hemp core
    • D07B1/0606—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles
    • D07B1/062—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the reinforcing cords being characterised by the strand configuration
    • D07B1/0626—Reinforcing cords for rubber or plastic articles the reinforcing cords being characterised by the strand configuration the reinforcing cords consisting of three core wires or filaments and at least one layer of outer wires or filaments, i.e. a 3+N configuration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B32B2262/0207—Elastomeric fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/08—Reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2305/34—Inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2311/00—Metals, their alloys or their compounds
    • B32B2311/30—Iron, e.g. steel
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2015—Strands
    • D07B2201/2023—Strands with core
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S57/00—Textiles: spinning, twisting, and twining
    • Y10S57/902—Reinforcing or tire cords
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T152/00—Resilient tires and wheels
    • Y10T152/10—Tires, resilient
    • Y10T152/10495—Pneumatic tire or inner tube
    • Y10T152/10765—Characterized by belt or breaker structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
    • Y10T428/249924—Noninterengaged fiber-containing paper-free web or sheet which is not of specified porosity
    • Y10T428/249933—Fiber embedded in or on the surface of a natural or synthetic rubber matrix

Abstract

Cord (36) reinforced composites 26 for tires (10) or the like having cords 36 in a diameter range of 0.30 mm to 1.6 mm with a cord break strength (CBL) of N(720.4D2 -352.6D3)CE.

Description

This application is copending with assignee's U.S. application Ser. No. 07/415,948 filed Oct. 2, 1989, which discloses steel alloys for reinforcing wires/filaments for rubber products with increased strength and ductility and their process of manufacture which is hereby incorporated by reference thereto.
The present invention relates to cord, cord reinforced plies and radial tires for vehicles so reinforced. Radial tires are those tires wherein the cords of the carcass plies which extend from one bead to the other lie substantially on radial planes.
Particularly, the present invention relates to a cord reinforced composite having rubber where preferably the structure is for tires and a tire carcass or belt wherein at least one of two plies in the belt has the cords therein biased with respect to the direction of rotation of the tire.
Reinforced elastomeric articles are well known in the art for example for conveyor or like type belts, tires etc., with cords of textile and/or fine steel wire, particularly belts for pneumatic tires with up to four plies with the cord reinforcement between adjacent plies being opposingly biased with respect to the direction of movement of the tire where it is desired to reinforce in the lateral direction in addition to the direction of rotation of the tire. Further, cords made of multi twisted filaments of fine wire with two or more filaments in a single strand construction having a wrap filament therearound to reinforce the above structure have also been known. More recently multi strand cords such as 2+7×0.22+1 have been found necessary to meet the higher demand of fatigue life for composites in tire belts but are more expensive to make. Even more recently, there has been use of single strand cords of multi filaments which are not twisted about each other but rather twisted altogether as a bundle or bunch to simplify the cord construction. Higher fatigue life requirements for composites in tires have resulted in cords with smaller filament diameter requiring more filaments in the cord to obtain the necessary strength.
Most recently two ply tire belts for passenger and light truck tires have been used having cords of 2×0.30HT and 2+2×0.30HT, respectively. An example of the 2× cord can be found in Assignee's prior application, now published as EP 0 237462 on Sep. 16, 1987. These cords were made of high tensile (HT) steel of a carbon content by weight greater than 0.80% which was of a lesser strength than the above steel alloys which will be referred to herein as super tensile (ST).
Many problems have had to be overcome even after development of the above steel alloys and filaments. The higher strength steel alloys resulted in changes in cord modulus giving rise to the possibility of adjusting the parameters of a tire belt gross load described in the above identified 2× cord application as depending upon three factors assuming adequate cord to rubber adhesion. The factors are cord modulus, the ratio of cord volume to rubber volume which is often expressed as the number of cord ends per inch, and the angle of cord reinforcement. As further previously noted, as the angle of cord reinforcement approaches the direction of rotation of the tire the support from the reinforcement in the lateral direction moves toward zero. An increase in the above-mentioned two other cord related factors generally results in an increase of weight for the belt. Added weight means added cost and higher rolling resistance of a tire. Lighter cords with a lower modulus do not solve the problem because even though they have lower weight they also have a lower cord modulus which must be offset by increasing the ratio of cord to rubber volume. This increase in cord volume is limited by the physical size of the cord and the resulting spacing between the cords which governs the ability of the rubber to penetrate between the cords for good cord to rubber adhesion.
The challenge was to determine cord structure which could take advantage of the new cord modulus while not adversely affecting cord volume to rubber volume ratio on lateral reinforcement.
After considerable study, effort, testing and time, the present invention provided cords for truck tire Load Ranges E, F, G and H which substantially reduced the number of filaments for these Load Ranges. While a reduction in the number of filaments would lead one to expect a reduction in weight, this would not necessrily be the case where the filament size was increased. Under such circumstances, cord was found for use in the Load Ranges by varying the ends per inch (EPI) in the plies of the belt. Other advantages which exist in the present invention include improved rolling resistance in at least one instance and a reduction in the cord gum coat gauge between the cord layers in the belt in another instance. A weight reduction due to reduction in weight of reinforcement as well as reduction in an amount of gum gauge also result in a reduction in cost for the tire of the present invention. Further, the new belt structure gives better rolling resistance perhaps because of the higher stiffness of the new cord over the old cord being used for reinforcement in the belt structure.
As indicated below, the present invention will be shown to have substantially maintained the gross load for a tire belt while reducing weight and cost using stronger filament in cord constructions not useable previously, even with high tensile filaments, and accompanying cord volumes and angles which reduce material in the tire. Similar advantages have been achieved with carcass plies as well.
A cord for a reinforced composite structure according to the present invention is preferably made of multiple filaments and has a diameter range or 0.15 to 0.38 mm, each filament made of steel having at least a tensile strength (TS) defined by the expression: TS=K1 -K2 D where K1 =4080N/MM2, K2 =2000N/MM2 and D is the filament diameter in MM.
Also included is a reinforced layer of elastomer for reinforcement of elastomeric articles having at least one layer of cord spaced in a direction lateral to the direction of reinforcement, each cord having a diameter in the range of 0.30 mm to 1.6 MM, and may be formed in a single step where all its filaments have the same lay direction, each cord made of steel having a cord break load in pounds (CBL) defined by the expression: CBL=N(720.4D2 -352.6D3)CE where CE is the cord efficiency, D is the filament diameter in millimeters and N is the number of filaments in each cord.
Further, this invention provides a pneumatic radial tire with a carcass having radial cords and two sidewalls spaced apart a distance which in the axial direction determines the width of the tire section. The tire has two beads each one of which around which are turned up, from the inside toward the outside, the ends of the cords of the carcass. A tread is disposed on the crown of the carcass, and a belt structure that is circumferentially inextensible is interposed between the tread and the carcass. The belt structure has a width that is substantially equal to that of the read and has two radially overlapped layers of elastomeric fabric reinforced with metallic cords. The metallic cords are parallel to each other in each layer and crossed with the cords of the facing layer and inclined at an angle of between 19° and 66° with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire. The belt structure has an inch strength defined by the expression: BIS=N(720.4 D2 -352.6 D3) CE×EPI where: N=2 to 6 filaments; D=0.30 to 0.38 filament diameter; CE=cord efficiency at 94 to 97%; and EPI=20 to 23 when N=2 for passenger tire EPI=10 to 18 when N= 4 for Load Range E, F and G; EPI=8 to 18 when N=5 for Load Range F and G: and EPI=8 to 18 when N=6 for Load Range H.
Super tensile cords of more than 6 filaments have also been developed and in some case the previous construction, whether normal or high tensile cord, has been simplified by reducing the number of filaments in the super tensile cord.
The above cords have the advantages of a 7 to 9% increase in cord break load over a predecessor cord made of high tensile steel. Those cords having a smaller cord diameter over previously used cord in a reinforcement of at least one layer of belt or ply of the present invention results in less rubber gauge being used where a comparable thickness of rubber is laid on each side of the reinforcing cord upon calendering. A smaller diameter cord results in less weight in the reinforcement resulting in lower rolling resistance for a tire thereby reinforced.
Further, all of the above cords result in lower linear density in the reinforcement for which they are used which again results in less weight and lower cost for the reinforcement and its product, be it tire, belt or any other reinforced elastomeric.
The above advantages of the invention will become readily apparent to one skilled in the art from reading the following detailed description of an embodiment of the invention when considered in the light of the accompanying drawings in which
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate tire sections having composite structures according to the present invention;
FIGS. 3-5 are cross sections through cords in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic of a composite in accordance with the present invention; and
FIGS. 7-8 are graphs comparing fatigue of high tensile and super tensile cords.
As used herein and in the Claims:
"Axial" and "axially" are used herein to refer to lines or directions that are parallel to the axis of rotation of the tire.
"Bead" means that part of the tire comprising an annular tensile member wrapped by ply cords and shaped, with or without other reinforcement elements such as flippers, chippers, apexes, toe guards and chafers, to fit the design rim.
"Belt structure" means at least two layers or plies of parallel cords, woven or unwoven, underlying the tread, unanchored to the bead, and having both left and right cord angles in the range from 17 degrees to 27 degrees with respect to the equatorial plane of the tire.
"Carcass" means the tire structure apart from the belt structure, tread, undertread, and sidewall rubber over the plies, but including the beads.
"Cord" means one or more of the reinforcement elements, formed by one or more filaments/wires which may or may not be twisted or otherwise formed which may further include strands so formed which strands may or may not be also so formed, of which the plies in the tire are comprised.
"Crown" means that portion of the tire within the width limits of the tire tread.
"Density" means quantity per unit length.
"Equatorial plane (EP)" means the plane perpendicular to the tire's axis of rotation and passing through the center of its tread.
"Gauge" means material thickness.
"Load Range" means load and inflation limits for a given tire used in a specific type of service as defined by tables in The Tire and Rim Association, Inc., 1989 Year Book.
"Radial" and "radially" are used to mean directions radially toward or away from the axis of rotation of the tire.
"Rivet" means the open space between cords in a layer.
"Section width" means the maximum linear distance parallel to the axis of the tire and between the exterior of its sidewalls when and after it has been inflated at normal pressure for 24 hours, but unloaded, excluding elevations of the sidewalls due to labeling, decoration or protective bands.
"Stiffness Ratio" means the value of the control belt structure stiffness divided into the value of another belt structure when the values are determined by a fixed three (3) point bending test having both ends of the cord fixed and flexed by a load centered between the fixed ends.
"Super Tensile Steel" (ST) means a steel as defined in the above referenced application Ser. No. 07/415,948, or a tensile strength of at least TS=K1 -K2 D.
"Tread" means that portion of a tire that comes into contact with the road when the tire is normally inflated and under normal load.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings, a ply 12 is shown within pneumatic tires 10 with a radial carcass wherein like elements have received like reference numerals. For the purposes of the present invention, a tire has a radial ply carcass structure when the cords of the carcass reinforcing ply, or plies 12,14 are oriented at angles in the range of 75° to 90° with respect to the equatorial plane (EP) of the tire.
The tire 10 has a pair of substantially inextensible annular beads 16,18 which are axially spaced apart from one another. Each of the beads 6,8 is located in a bead portion of the tire 10 which has exterior surfaces configured to be complimentary to the bead seats and retaining flanges of a rim (not shown) upon which the tire 10 is designed to be mounted. Plies may be of side-by-side reinforcing cords of polyester material, or of cord of the present invention and extend between the beads with an axially outer portion of the carcass structure folded about each of the beads. While in the embodiment of FIG. 1, the carcass ply structure comprises two plies of reinforcing material, it is understood that one or more carcass plies of any suitable material may be employed in certain embodiments and one or more plies of reinforcement according to this invention may be used as well.
A layer of a low permeability material 20 may be disposed inwardly of the carcass plies 12,14 and contiguous to an inflation chamber defined by the tire and rim assembly. Elastomeric sidewalls 22,24 are disposed axially outwardly of the carcass structure. A circumferentially extending belt structure 26 comprising in the embodiments shown two layers 28,30 (FIG. 1), or four layers 28,30,32,34 (FIG. 2), each of which preferably comprises steel reinforcing cords 36 (FIG. 3) is characterized by the cords 36 having filaments 38,40,42 and 44 with a breaking strength of at least 3650 N/MM2. While two and four layer belts are illustrated, other numbers are applicable as well.
It will be appreciated that other laminates can be formed using principals of the present invention for reinforcing other articles such as industrial belts and that a single ply of the present invention can be used with known or conventional plies to also form new useful reinforced composite structures.
Preferably the cords 36 are comprised of four filaments of finely drawn super tensile steel wire. As noted in the application incorporated by reference above, there are a number of metallurgical embodiments which result in the tensile strength defined above as super tensile (ST). Table 1 below gives calculated values of filament break load for super tensile filaments in comparison to previous high tensile filaments for various filament diameters. The first group being filaments which were made and the second group additional sizes identified as useful and to be made. In each case the super tensile gives a higher value.
              TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FILAMENT STRENGTH ANALYSIS                                                
FIL. DIA.    HT          ST                                               
(MM)         Brk Load, Lbs                                                
                         Brk Load, Lbs                                    
______________________________________                                    
.20          24.1        25.9                                             
.22          28.9        31.1                                             
.255         38.0        40.8                                             
.28          45.4        48.5                                             
.350         68.9        72.9                                             
.30          51.8        55.1                                             
.325         59.9        64.1                                             
.380         79.4        84.5                                             
______________________________________
In addition to the determination of the above candidates to qualify for super tensile steels, it was also necessary to determine those which were further capable of long fatigue life, and more particularly those adaptable to tire cord filament. Super tensile candidates which qualified for strength did not always give long fatigue life. As a result, some candidates were found suitable, while others were not, and still others were preferred.
The cords 36 used in the working example have a structure of four filaments 38,40,42 and 44 of 0.35 mm diameter super tensile steel wire and a cord 36 break strength of 1308 Newtons plus or minus 96 Newtons. Each cord 36 has two filaments 38,40 twisted together with a 16 mm lay length and these two filaments 38,40 are twisted at a 16 mm lay length together with the remaining two filaments 42,44 which are untwisted and parallel to each other when twisted together with the twisted filaments 38,40 all in the same twist direction. This cord is designated as 2+2×0.35ST. The 2+2 construction is known for its openness and good rubber penetration resulting from the openness. The 0.35 designates the filament diameter in millimeters and the ST designates the material being super tensile.
Following are other embodiments of super tensile cord matched for comparison with the former tire cord which it replaced, some former cords of which are high tensile HT as well as normal tensile (NT) steel cords, the above example cord 36 being listed last:
______________________________________                                    
Former Cord          Super Tensile Cord                                   
(Structure Dia. [MM])                                                     
                     (Structure Dia. [MM])                                
______________________________________                                    
1.     2x.30HT      0.60     2x.255   0.51                                
2.     3x.25NT      0.50     3x.20    0.40                                
3.     3x.265/9x.245HT                                                    
                    1.02     3+2x.35  1.10                                
4.     5/8/14x.22NT 1.32     3+3x.35  1.10                                
       3x.265/9x.245HT                                                    
                    1.02     3+3x.35  1.10                                
5.     3x.22/9x.20HT                                                      
                    0.84     3x.22/9x.20                                  
                                      0.84                                
6.     3x.256/9x.245HT                                                    
                    1.05     3x.28/9x.255                                 
                                      1.07                                
7.     27x.175HT+1  1.08     1x.22/18x.20                                 
                                      1.02                                
8.     27x.22NT     1.32     1x.22/18.x20                                 
                                      1.02                                
9.     7x7x.25NT    2.25     5/8/14x.265                                  
                                      1.59                                
10     3x.265/9x.245HT                                                    
                    1.02     2+2x.35  1.05                                
______________________________________
The illustrated example and candidates 1 to 4 above show a reduction in, to less than equal, cord diameter with the first mentioned five candidates, items 1-4 and 10, further being of a simpler construction; i.e. fewer filaments of open construction to enhance corrosion resistance in addition to reducing gauge material and cost with the previously noted smaller diameter cord making the tires lighter in weight and less costly.
Table 2, below, gives a direct comparison between a number of 4 filament cords of high tensile HT and super tensile ST of varying filament diameters showing an increase in strength in all cases. The cord break strength (CBL) is defined in terms of cord efficiency (CE) which is the value of the cord break load over the value of the break load of the cord filaments times the number of filaments in the cord. The values in each case can be measured by breaking each. Note that not all the cord samples in Table 2 became candidates noted above.
              TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CORD STRENGTH                                                             
Strength in lbs = Filament Break Load × Number of                   
Filaments × CE (.97)                                                
         HT Tensile of    ST Tensile of                                   
CORD       Avg     Min        Avg   Min                                   
______________________________________                                    
2+2x.30    200     190        223   212                                   
2+2x.325   245     233        263   250                                   
2+2x.35    272     258        303   288                                   
2+2x.38    320     304        358   340                                   
______________________________________
Table 3 below again compares high tensile and super tensile cord samples of 3×0.22/9×0.20+1 and 3×0.26/9×245+1 construction for fatigue properties with super tensile again exceeding high tensile in a three roll fatigue test. The three roll fatigue test consists of three rolls on 13/8" (34.9 MM) centers with 1 inch diameter pulleys, unless otherwise specified, cycled at 330 cycles per minute under a load which is 10% of cord breaking strength. The middle roll of the three rolls is offset from the remaining two rolls, and the cord, embedded in a strip of elastomer 1/4"×1/2"×22" (6.35 MM ×12.70 MM ×558.8 MM), is passed under the two rolls and over the middle roll in each cycle to reverse the bending on the cord as it passes over the rolls.
              TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
FATIGUE EVALUATION                                                        
(Cycles to failure, three roll fatigue                                    
test with standard cradle and 1 inch pulley)                              
             3x.22/9x.20+1                                                
                         3x.26/9x.245+1                                   
______________________________________                                    
High Tensile 26584        9847                                            
Super Tensile                                                             
Sample A     31615       11174                                            
Sample B     33274       10901                                            
Sample C     33875       10891                                            
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
BENCH SCALE FATIGUE EVALUATION                                            
(Cycles to Failure, Three Roll fatigue test                               
with standard cradle and varying pulley)                                  
Cradle/       2x.30 Cord                                                  
Pulley dia    Hi Tensile                                                  
                        Super Tensile                                     
______________________________________                                    
  1 in        2430      2324                                              
 .75 in       3287      4337                                              
  1 in        8349      13210                                             
1.25 in       29952     31312                                             
______________________________________
Table 4 above compares high tensile and super tensile in a 2×0.30 cord where the fatigue test pulley diameter was varied to enhance the results and again shows a higher fatigue for the super tensile cord
A further comparison of high tensile an tensile cord is given graphically in FIG. 7, again using the three roll fatigue test, and FIG. 8 is a graph of the same super tensile cord, both graphs illustrating the higher fatigue properties of super tensile cord. This cord is found to be particularly applicable to tire sidewall ply reinforcement where the super tensile cord has permitted a reduction in end count (EPI) of 2 EPI in going from high tensile cord to super tensile with no other changes occurring in the ply or cord.
For equal filament diameters, the super tensile cords have higher strength and fatigue life over predecessor high tensile cords, and the cord candidates the list following Table 1 also have their filaments all twisted in the same direction with the same lay length to accommodate single twist operations. These advantages lead to elastomer products which have less reinforcement material and thus lower weight and cost. Further the life of the product can be increased with the increase in fatigue life of the cord and its filaments.
As noted above, a major variant which may be varied in a reinforced composite of elastomer is the end count, or EPI (end per inch), which is the number of cords per unit length in the lateral direction to the direction in which the elastomer is being reinforced. Table 7 below lists samples of high tensile and possible super tensile candidates showing the general increase in rivet as the increased strength of the super tensile samples allowed a reduction in EPI. At the other extreme, as cord diameter is reduced and end count increased to off-set it, the rivet is reduced as for Load Range H. Generally a minimum rivet of 0.018" must be maintained to give proper penetration of elastomers between cords when they are so embedded. This minimum rivet is particularly obtainable with the smaller diameter and simpler (less filaments in a cord) cord construction.
              TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
TENSILE COMPARISON                                                        
Load Range   Cords          EPI    Rivet                                  
______________________________________                                    
High Tensile                                                              
F/G          3x.22/9x.20+1HT                                              
                            16     0.70                                   
H            27x.175+1HT    11     1.23                                   
J            27x.175+1HT    15     0.61                                   
Super Tensile                                                             
F/G          3x.22/9x20+1   14     0.93                                   
H            3x.22/9x.20+1  16     0.70                                   
J            1x.22/18x.20+1 16     1.09                                   
______________________________________
The same considerations which exist for a single layer or ply above also exist for multi layer and/or belt constructions as depicted in Tables 8 and 9 below.
              TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
RMT BELTS (LRG)                                                           
                    Super Tensile                                         
                      2+2x.35  3+2x.35                                    
HIGH TENSILE          EPI      EPI                                        
______________________________________                                    
Layer 1                                                                   
       3x.22/9x.20+1                                                      
                    14 EPI    13     10                                   
Layer 2                                                                   
       3x.265/9x.245+1                                                    
                    12        17.5   14                                   
Layer 3                                                                   
       3x.265/9x.245+1                                                    
                    12        17.5   14                                   
Layer 4                                                                   
       3x.265/9x.245+1                                                    
                    08        13     10                                   
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 9                                                     
______________________________________                                    
BELT STRENGTH ANALYSIS                                                    
(LRG)                                                                     
        Construction  EPI    Lbs/Inch                                     
______________________________________                                    
Layer 1   3/22/9x.20+1HT  14     3780                                     
Layer 2   3x.265/9x.245+1HT                                               
                          12     4608                                     
Layer 3   3x.265/9x.245+1HT                                               
                          12     4608                                     
Layer 4   3x.265/9x.245+1HT                                               
                          08     3072                                     
______________________________________
Table 8 compares a prior high tensile belt of four layers with two candidates of super tensile with comparable strength in radial medium truck tire belts of a load range G. The cords are from the preferred group identified above. Generally it can be observed that the smaller diameter super tensile cord requires more EPI, but not for the first layer which requires less because of the off-set of the larger diameter filaments. Table 9 is a strength analysis for the prior high tensile belt of Table 8.
Table 10 gives a test sample tire belt and ply construction of super tensile material and two additional candidates. The satisfactory results of the test sample indicated improved rolling resistance and that super tensile could be used in all load ranges by varying the end count (EPI). Each of the reinforcement packages resulted in the listed belt inch strengths.
              TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
INCH STRENGTH                                                             
Test Sample                                                               
(11R24.5 167G Truck Tire LRG)                                             
BELT                                                                      
LAYER      CORDS          EIP    In Str                                   
______________________________________                                    
1          3x.22/9/x.20+1 14     3780                                     
2          3x.28/9x.255   12     5296                                     
3          3x.28/9x.255   12     5296                                     
4          3x.28/9x.255    8     3528                                     
Ply        3x.22/9x.20ST+1                                                
                          14     --                                       
Candidate 1                                                               
1          2+2x.35        13     3290                                     
2          2+2x.35        17.5   4690                                     
3          2+2x.35        17.5   4690                                     
4          2+2x.35        13     3290                                     
Candidate 2                                                               
1          3+2x.35        10     3360                                     
2          3+2x.35        14     4704                                     
3          3+2x.35        14     4704                                     
4          3+2x.35        10     3360                                     
______________________________________
More particularly, the value of the above type constructions are also seen as applicable to and useful for light truck tires in load ranges E/F where belts of two layers are preferred as illustrated in FIG. 4 with 2+2×0.35ST cords at 6.9 ends per centimeter (17.5 EPI) with the angle θ of one layer being approximately 191/2° and the other ply having an identical but opposing angle. Another construction would be 3+2×0.35ST cords at 5.5 ends per centimeter (14 EPI) and the same angle as the first light truck tire example including two opposing layers. These constructions would replace a current construction of 3×0.265/9×0.245HT+1 at 4.7 and 5.5 ends per centimeter (12 and 14 EPI). The above tire selections came only after extensive study and testing which included the lab test results in Table 11 below.
              TABLE 11                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Test Tire Results                                                         
(11R24.5 G167A Truck Tire LRG)                                            
Control                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
Component    Cord           EPI                                           
______________________________________                                    
Belt 1       3x.22/9x.20HT+1                                              
                            14                                            
Belt 2       3x.265/9x.245HT+1                                            
                            12                                            
Belt 3       3x.265/9x.245+1                                              
                            12                                            
Belt 4       3x.265/9x.245HT+1                                            
                             8                                            
Ply          3x.22/9x.20HT+1                                              
                            16                                            
______________________________________                                    
Test                  Data                                                
______________________________________                                    
Rolling Resistance    34.2 lbs                                            
Smooth Wheel Duration 17041 F bes                                         
Bead Duration         4351 F pes                                          
                      7012 F fl ck                                        
ODR                   56788 F pes                                         
                      58231 F pes                                         
Tire Sample           80 tires                                            
______________________________________                                    
Super Tensile                                                             
Component    Cord           EPI                                           
______________________________________                                    
Belt 1       3x.22/9x.20+1  14                                            
Belt 2       3x.28/9x.255   12                                            
Belt 3       3x.28/9x.255   12                                            
Belt 4       3x.28/9x.255    8                                            
Ply          3x.22/9x.20+1  14                                            
______________________________________                                    
Test                  Data                                                
______________________________________                                    
Rolling Resistance    33.5 lbs                                            
Smooth Wheel Duration 13065 F bes                                         
                      17979 F bes                                         
Bead Duration         13532 F pes                                         
                      13022 F pes                                         
ODR                   65315 F                                             
                      67787 F 3rd bes                                     
Treadwear             142K S/F & retrd                                    
Treadwear Rating      97                                                  
Tire Sample           104 tires                                           
______________________________________
Using, again, the 11R24.5 G167A truck tire, Load Range G, this tire has a four layer belt as depicted in Tables 12 and 13 below for a prior belt and a super tensile belt, respectively together with a weight analysis. The reduction in weight of both cord and cord rubber of 4.7% results in a savings per tire in material alone of 25%.
              TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
WEIGHT & COST ANALYSIS                                                    
PRIOR BELT PACKAGE                                                        
(11R24.5 167G TRUCK TIRE LRG)                                             
                      Treatment                                           
                      Weight (Lbs)                                        
        Construction                                                      
                   EPI      Rubber  Wire                                  
______________________________________                                    
Layer 1   3x.22/9x.20+1                                                   
                       14       1.19  1.26                                
Layer 2   3x.265/9x.245+1                                                 
                       12       2.70  3.05                                
Layer 3   3x.265/9x.245+1                                                 
                       12       2.44  2.76                                
Layer 4   3x.265/9x.245+1                                                 
                       08       1.16  1.08                                
Total                           7.49  8.15                                
                                15.64 Lbs                                 
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 13                                                    
______________________________________                                    
                      Treatment                                           
                      Weight (Lbs)                                        
         Construction                                                     
                  EPI       Rubber  Wire                                  
______________________________________                                    
WEIGHT ANALYSIS                                                           
BELT PACKAGE WITH LRG 2+2x.35                                             
(11R24.5 167G TRUCK TIRE)                                                 
Layer 1    2+2x.35    13        1.38  1.14                                
Layer 2    2+2x.35    17.5      2.50  2.76                                
Layer 3    2+2x.35    17.5      2.25  2.49                                
Layer 4    2+2x.35    13        1.46  1.08                                
Total                           7.59  7.47                                
                                15.06 Lbs                                 
______________________________________                                    
WEIGHT ANALYSIS                                                           
BELT PACKAGE WITH LRG 3+2x.35                                             
(11R24.5 167G TRUCK TIRE)                                                 
Layer 1    3+2x.35    10        1.46  1.09                                
Layer 2    3+2x.35    14        2.62  2.76                                
Layer 3    3+2x.35    14        2.37  2.49                                
Layer 4    3+2x.35    10        1.53  1.04                                
Total                           7.98  7.38                                
                                15.36 Lbs                                 
______________________________________
It has been observed for Load Range G the belt structure for an 11R24.5 G167A truck tire with the above 2+2×0.35ST reinforcement has a stiffness of 36 Newtons/MM on a laboratory 3 point bending; i.e., knife edge ends center impingement, stiffness test as compared to 28 Newtons/MM for its predecessor, 3×0.265/9×0.245HT+1 at 12 EPI on the same test. This is a ratio of 1.29 of the new belt stiffness over the old (control). While not proven, theoretically the belt stiffness is responsible for, or at least contributes to, the improvement in rolling resistance.
The 2×0.255ST candidate was placed in the belt of a P275/40ZR17 high performance tire in place of 2×0.30HT and was found to be better for dry handling giving a more solid feel and better oversteer but slightly less wet handling. Force and moment, high speed and subjective handling were found equal while rolling resistance was slightly worse and R5HT (torque) was better. Testing continues with further candidates in off-the-road tires such as 5/8/14×0.265ST+1 in the carcass and belts of 1800R33RL4J through 3600R51 size tires. Data is slow coming back on these large tires. In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, the principle and mode of operation of the tire have been explained and what is considered to be its best embodiment has been illustrated and described. It should, however, be understood that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically illustrated and described without departing from its spirit and scope.

Claims (2)

We claim:
1. A reinforced layer of elastomer for reinforcement of elastomeric articles having at least one layer of cord spaced in a direction lateral to the direction of reinforcement, each cord have a diameter in the range of 0.30 mm to 1.6 mm and formed in a single step where all its filaments have the same lay direction, each cord made of steel having a cord break strength (CBL) defined by the expression:
CBL=N(720.4D.sup.2 -352.6D.sup.3)CE
where CE is the cord efficienty, D is the filament diameter of 0.255 MM and N is the number of filaments in each cord.
2. The reinforced layer of elastomer in claim 1 wherein the cord construction is 2×0.255.
US07/496,759 1989-10-02 1990-03-21 High strength reinforcement Abandoned USH1333H (en)

Priority Applications (31)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/496,759 USH1333H (en) 1990-03-21 1990-03-21 High strength reinforcement
EP91905695A EP0527139B1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 High strength cord
BR919106170A BR9106170A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 HIGH-RESISTANCE CORDONEL
ES91905695T ES2080943T3 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 A STRING AND TIRE COVER REINFORCED WITH SUCH ROPE.
DE69114000T DE69114000T2 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 HIGH-STRENGTH CORD.
KR1019920702263A KR0182320B1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 Tires with high strength reinforcement
PCT/US1991/001580 WO1991014811A1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 High strength cord
JP91506192A JPH05505652A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 high tension cord
CA002075041A CA2075041C (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 High strength cord
AU74917/91A AU642996B2 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-11 High strength cord
ZA911851A ZA911851B (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-13 High strength cord
AU76636/91A AU642013B2 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
CA002317943A CA2317943C (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US07/937,864 US5616197A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
BR9106172A BR9106172A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCED TIRES
ZA912134A ZA912134B (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
CA 2075066 CA2075066C (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcements
DE1991620669 DE69120669T2 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 CORD FOR TIRES AND TIRES WITH HIGH-STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT
PCT/US1991/001906 WO1991014573A1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
CA002317915A CA2317915A1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
EP19910907545 EP0522058B1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Cord for tires and tires with high strength reinforcement
ES91907545T ES2091326T3 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 REINFORCED LAYER FOR TIRES AND TIRES WITH HIGH STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT.
JP50730591A JP3704146B2 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 High strength reinforced tire
TR91/0285A TR25148A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-04-02 KORD WITH HIGH RESISTANCE
KR1019920702262A KR0171594B1 (en) 1990-03-21 1992-09-19 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US08/129,614 US5318643A (en) 1990-03-21 1993-09-30 Vehicle tires including plies with high strength reinforcement
US08/487,351 US5648153A (en) 1990-03-21 1995-06-07 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US08/879,860 US6146760A (en) 1989-10-02 1997-06-20 High strength cord
US09/455,258 US6705370B1 (en) 1990-03-21 1999-12-06 Load range C and D tires including metallic cord belt layer of specified inch strength
JP2001001127U JP2001000033U (en) 1990-03-21 2001-03-06 High tension cord
JP2005136337A JP3822896B2 (en) 1990-03-21 2005-05-09 High strength reinforced tire

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US07/496,759 USH1333H (en) 1990-03-21 1990-03-21 High strength reinforcement

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US57502790A Continuation-In-Part 1989-10-02 1990-08-30
PCT/US1991/001906 Continuation-In-Part WO1991014573A1 (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US07/937,864 Continuation-In-Part US5616197A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US08/129,614 Continuation-In-Part US5318643A (en) 1990-03-21 1993-09-30 Vehicle tires including plies with high strength reinforcement

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US07/496,759 Abandoned USH1333H (en) 1989-10-02 1990-03-21 High strength reinforcement
US07/937,864 Expired - Lifetime US5616197A (en) 1990-03-21 1991-03-21 Tires with high strength reinforcement
US08/487,351 Expired - Lifetime US5648153A (en) 1990-03-21 1995-06-07 Tires with high strength reinforcement

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US (3) USH1333H (en)
EP (1) EP0522058B1 (en)
JP (2) JP3704146B2 (en)
KR (1) KR0171594B1 (en)
AU (1) AU642013B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9106172A (en)
CA (1) CA2075066C (en)
DE (1) DE69120669T2 (en)
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US7082978B2 (en) 1994-12-20 2006-08-01 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tires with high strength reinforcement
US20040016497A1 (en) * 1994-12-20 2004-01-29 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tires with high strength reinforcement
US6691758B2 (en) 1994-12-20 2004-02-17 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tires with high strength reinforcement
US6857458B2 (en) 1994-12-20 2005-02-22 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tires with high strength reinforcement
US6247514B1 (en) * 1994-12-20 2001-06-19 The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company Tires with high strength reinforcement
US6305451B1 (en) * 1998-06-23 2001-10-23 Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. Heavy-duty radial tire with specified steel amount in belt plies
US20040007305A1 (en) * 2001-04-16 2004-01-15 Kiyoshi Ueyoko Pneumatic tire
US20050067080A1 (en) * 2002-03-04 2005-03-31 Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. Crown reinforcement with shoulder ply
US7172000B2 (en) * 2002-03-04 2007-02-06 Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. Crown reinforcement with shoulder ply
US20050121129A1 (en) * 2002-07-15 2005-06-09 Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. Heavy vehicle tyre
US7252128B2 (en) * 2002-07-15 2007-08-07 Michelin Recherche Et Technique S.A. Tire for heavy vehicles
US20100119806A1 (en) * 2005-07-20 2010-05-13 Nv Bekaert Sa Roll of preformed steel cord reinforced strip
US7846539B2 (en) * 2005-07-20 2010-12-07 Nv Bekaert Sa Roll of preformed steel cord reinforced strip
US9073389B2 (en) 2011-10-21 2015-07-07 Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc All steel fabric radial construction for agricultural tires

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CA2075066A1 (en) 1991-09-22
KR0171594B1 (en) 1999-03-20
CA2075066C (en) 2001-12-04
JP3822896B2 (en) 2006-09-20
EP0522058B1 (en) 1996-07-03
ZA912134B (en) 1991-12-24
JP2005263218A (en) 2005-09-29
JPH05505985A (en) 1993-09-02
WO1991014573A1 (en) 1991-10-03
EP0522058A4 (en) 1994-02-09
EP0522058A1 (en) 1993-01-13
AU7663691A (en) 1991-10-21
DE69120669T2 (en) 1997-02-13
BR9106172A (en) 1993-03-16
AU642013B2 (en) 1993-10-07
ES2091326T3 (en) 1996-11-01
DE69120669D1 (en) 1996-08-08
ZA911851B (en) 1991-12-24
JP3704146B2 (en) 2005-10-05
US5648153A (en) 1997-07-15
US5616197A (en) 1997-04-01

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