US8268956B2 - Transparent mold made of a polyamide molding material - Google Patents
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- US8268956B2 US8268956B2 US11/950,964 US95096407A US8268956B2 US 8268956 B2 US8268956 B2 US 8268956B2 US 95096407 A US95096407 A US 95096407A US 8268956 B2 US8268956 B2 US 8268956B2
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- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 150000003951 lactams Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- IGSBHTZEJMPDSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-2-methylcyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CC(N)C(C)CC1CC1CC(C)C(N)CC1 IGSBHTZEJMPDSZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- DZIHTWJGPDVSGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-aminocyclohexyl)methyl]cyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CC(N)CCC1CC1CCC(N)CC1 DZIHTWJGPDVSGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 chain regulators Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052615 phyllosilicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(C(O)=O)C(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 KYTZHLUVELPASH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dodecane Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCC SNRUBQQJIBEYMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- TVIDDXQYHWJXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TVIDDXQYHWJXFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 20
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 12
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-cresol Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 RLSSMJSEOOYNOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000572 Nylon 6/12 Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 208000013201 Stress fracture Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Laurolactam Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCCCCCCCN1 JHWNWJKBPDFINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000571 Nylon 11 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000299 Nylon 12 Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002614 Polyether block amide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006149 polyester-amide block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- CBEVWPCAHIAUOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-amino-3-ethylphenyl)methyl]-2-ethylaniline Chemical compound C1=C(N)C(CC)=CC(CC=2C=C(CC)C(N)=CC=2)=C1 CBEVWPCAHIAUOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002574 CR-39 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000965 Duroplast Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004638 Duroplast Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920004319 LEXAN™ RESIN 143 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920004114 Makrolon® LQ2647 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000305 Nylon 6,10 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(prop-2-enyl) carbonate Chemical compound C=CCOC(=O)OCC=C JKJWYKGYGWOAHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009189 diving Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005670 electromagnetic radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=C(C(O)=O)C=CC2=CC(C(=O)O)=CC=C21 RXOHFPCZGPKIRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005336 safety glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002803 thermoplastic polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C33/00—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor
- B29C33/38—Moulds or cores; Details thereof or accessories therefor characterised by the material or the manufacturing process
- B29C33/40—Plastics, e.g. foam or rubber
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D11/00—Producing optical elements, e.g. lenses or prisms
- B29D11/00009—Production of simple or compound lenses
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2077/00—Use of PA, i.e. polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0018—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular optical properties, e.g. fluorescent or phosphorescent
- B29K2995/0026—Transparent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to transparent molds, which are made of selected polyamide molding materials, the physical properties of which, in particular the transparency and the dynamic resistance, are superior to polycarbonate.
- the molds of the invention achieve in part multiple times more bending cycles at higher stress than polycarbonate without damaging the molded part.
- Transparent molds made of polyamide or polycarbonate are known from the state of the art.
- polycarbonate is normally used, wherein the glass has e.g. screws for connection with the earpiece and the nose bridge.
- EP 1 630 590 describes a fastening of glass lenses and a method for repairing lenses and glasses. It can also be applied to plastic lenses, wherein the lenses can e.g. be made of polycarbonate, acrylic resin, urethane resin and polyamide. More exact information on the types of polyamide that can be used was not provided. Moreover, properties, which the polyamide must fulfill in order to be suitable as a lens for frameless glasses, are not named. An example of frameless glasses is shown in a unfamiliar drawing.
- the object of the present invention is thus to develop transparent molds made of polyamide molding materials, which have a low tendency to form mechanical stress fractures in the case of a dynamic load.
- a transparent mold which is formed from a polyamide molding material, which has at least one polyamide and/or blends of such with a light transmission (transparence) of at least 75% at a layer thickness of 2 mm, measured as per ASTM D 1003 as well as an alternating bend resistance with fixation of at least 60,000 measurement cycles, measured as per ISO 178 with a special test piece.
- the at least one polyamide is formed from at least one diamine selected from the group of hexamethylene diamine (HMDA), bis-(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane (MACM) and/or bis-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)methane (PACM) as well as from at least one dicarboxylic acid selected from the group of isophthalic acid (IPS), terephthalic acid (TPS) and/or dodecanedioic acid (DDS) or from the aforementioned diamines and dicarboxylic acids in combination with lactams and/or ⁇ -/ ⁇ -amino acids.
- HMDA hexamethylene diamine
- MCM bis-(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane
- PAM bis-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)methane
- IPS isophthalic acid
- TPS terephthalic acid
- DDS do
- the molds e.g. when used as a lens, reach at least 60,000 bend cycles despite weakening through damage to the material structure of the lens by e.g. a bore hole, tapped hole, blind hole, bushing, groove, sawed, milled or ground edges.
- the polyamide molding materials contained in the transparent molds tolerate constructive damage to the material structure, which was only unsatisfactorily possible with transparent substances up to now.
- the excellent chemical resistance known from polyamide is simultaneously retained.
- the transparent molds according to the invention also have good heat resistance, rigidity and hardness.
- the molds show a high dynamic load capacity and very high light transmission and are particularly suitable for producing correcting and non-correcting lenses, which are preferably used in frameless glasses.
- the at least one polyamide and/or blends of polyamides is formed from approx. 100 mol-% DDS as dicarboxylic acid and relating to 100 mol-% diamine from
- the polyamide molding material is a polyamide made of MACM and DDS.
- the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends is formed from approx. 100 mol-% HMDA as diamine and relating to 100 mol-% dicarboxylic acid from
- the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends is formed from approx. 100 mol-% DDS as dicarboxylic acid and relating to 100 mol-% diamine from
- the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends formed from MACM, PACM and/or HMDA as well as IPS and/or TPS as well as lactams and/or ⁇ -/ ⁇ -amino acids are formed relating to 100 mol-% diamine from 15 to 60 mol-%, preferably 15 to 55 mol-%, even more preferably 25 to 50 mol-%, most preferably approx. 29 mol-% MACM and 40 to 85 mol-%, preferably 45 to 85 mol-%, even more preferably 50 to 75 mol-%, most preferably approx.
- HMDA 71 mol-% HMDA and 0 to 20 mol-%, preferably 0 to 15 mol-%, even more preferably 0 to 10 mol-% PACM as well as relating to 100 mol-% of the dicarboxylic acids from 40 to 60 mol-%, preferably 45 to 55 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 50 mol-% IPS and 40 to 60 mol-%, preferably 45 to 55 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 50 mol-% TPS.
- the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends thereof is formed relating to 100 mol-% diamine from approx. 39 mol-% MACM and approx. 52 mol-% HMDA and approx. 9 mol-% PACM as well as relating to 100 mol-% of the dicarboxylic acids from approx. 50 mol-% IPS and approx. 50 mol-% TPS.
- these embodiments provide that up to 10 wt.-%, preferably 0.5 to 10 wt.-%, even more preferably 0.5 to 8 wt.-%, most preferably 0.5 to 6 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the polyamide molding material is formed from a lactam and/or an ⁇ -/ ⁇ -amino acid.
- approx. 4.6 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the polyamide molding material is formed from a lactam and/or an ⁇ -/ ⁇ -amino acid.
- approx. 3 wt.-% with respect to the total weight of the polyamide molding material is formed from a lactam and/or an ⁇ -/ ⁇ -amino acid.
- the lactam and/or the ⁇ -/ ⁇ - amino acid is LC 11, LC 12, ⁇ -/ ⁇ - amino undecane acid and/or ⁇ -/ ⁇ - amino dodecane acid.
- the invention includes an advantageous alternative embodiment, in which the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends is formed from HMDA as well as IPS and/or TPS. It is thereby preferred if the at least one polyamide and/or polyamide blends are made of approx. 100 mol-% HMDA as diamine and relating to 100 mol-% dicarboxylic acid from
- the dicarboxylic acids can be replaced up to a maximum of half of their molar content with naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, preferably with 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid.
- the content of dicarboxylic acid and/or the content of diamines can also be slightly larger or smaller than 100 mol-%. Slightly should be understood to mean a deviation of +/ ⁇ 5 mol-%.
- the molds according to the invention are characterized by excellent optical and mechanical properties.
- the mold preferably has light transmission of at least 88%, preferably at least 90%, even more preferably at least 91%, most preferably at least 92% with a layer thickness of 2 mm, measured based on ASTM 1003.
- the preferred alternating bend resistance with fixation is at least 75,000 measurement cycles, even more preferably at least 100,000 measurement cycles, most preferably at least 140,000 measurement cycles measured as per ISO 178 with a special test piece (as described below in the examples).
- the molds according to the invention are characterized by a refractive index of 1.490-1.75, preferably 1.550-1.75, even more preferably 1.570-1.75.
- Another advantageous characteristic of the mold is an Abbe number of at least 25, preferably at least 27, even more preferably at least 28.
- the mold can also be colored.
- the mold can also have an optically active coating and/or a protective coating.
- the mold can contain the additives known to the person skilled in the art for setting desired properties.
- the additives are thereby selected from the group consisting of condensation catalysts, chain regulators, defoaming agents, stabilizers, lubricants, dyes, photochrome additives, antistatics, demolding agents, optical brighteners, natural phyllo silicates, synthetic phyllo silicates or mixtures of the named additives.
- the transparent mold according to the invention is an optical mold.
- An optical mold is a mold that has an interaction, e.g. absorbing, breaking, dispersing, reflecting interaction, with electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 180 nm-1200 nm.
- Optical molds are also molds that are used in e.g. optical instruments or optical systems.
- Transparent molds with a high rigidity, high chemical resistance, high dynamic load capacity and a high stress fracture resistance and higher heat resistance can also be made available with the aforementioned molds.
- the molds according to the invention are also suitable for applications with high dynamic load capacity and high chemical resistance, in particular for corrective lenses, non-corrective lenses, lenses for frameless glasses, frameless glasses, glasses frames, sunglasses, corrective glasses, safety glasses, ski glasses, motorcycle glasses, protective glasses, visors, helmet visors, coverings, viewing glasses, protective shields, protector caps, camera lenses, magnifying glasses, prisms, automotive coverings, mirrors, flow meters, filter cups, diving computers, watch housings, mobile phone housings and displays, monitor coatings, polarization coatings, containers, fat containers, packaging, automotive windshields, light conductors, light conductor parts, lamp shades, decorative objects and other transparent parts that require these properties.
- the molds according to the invention are also suitable for applications with high dynamic load capacity and high chemical resistance and high hardness, in particular for rodent-resistant tubes, lines, casing for electrical cables, film hinges, protective films, cable binders, connectors, optical light conductors.
- the polyamide molding materials for the molds according to the invention are also suitable for the production of molds in which the weakening of the material structure comes from e.g. joint lines or welded seams.
- Deionized water is placed in the receiver vessel and the monomers and additives are added. It is then inertized multiple times with nitrogen. While being stirred, it is heated to 180 to 230° C. under the pressure that is created, in order to obtain a homogenous solution. This solution is pumped through a sieve into the reaction vessel and is then heated to the desired reaction temperature of 270 to 310° C. at a maximum pressure of 30 bar. In the pressure phase, the preparation is held at the reaction temperature for 2 to 4 hours. In the subsequent expansion phase, the pressure is reduced to atmospheric pressure within 1 to 2 hours, during which time the temperature can drop slightly.
- the preparation is held at a temperature of 270 to 340° C. under atmospheric pressure for 0.5 to 1 hour.
- the polymer melt is distributed in strand form, cooled in a water bath at 15 to 80° C. and granulated.
- the granulate is dried for 12 hours at 80 to 120° C. under nitrogen to a water content of under 0.1 wt.-%.
- the polyamide has a relative viscosity (measured at 20° C. in 0.5 wt.-% solution in m-cresol) of 1.43-2.15, preferably 1.50-2.15, even more preferably 1.55-2.15.
- the setting of the relative viscosity and thus the molar mass can take place in a known manner, e.g. via monofunctional diamines or dicarboxylic acids, or difunctional diamines or dicarboxylic acids as chain regulators.
- the glass transition temperature of the polyamide is 120° C.-180° C., preferably 140° C.-175° C., even more preferably 150° C.-174° C.
- the tension fatigue module of the polyamide (measured in accordance with ISO 527 on the ISO tension rod) is 1500 to 3600 MPa, preferably 2000 to 3500 MPa, even more preferably 2500 to 3400 MPa.
- the dried granulate can be processed into transparent shaped articles in an injection molding machine at cylinder temperatures between 260 and 350° C. and tool temperatures between 60 and 120° C.
- one or more polymers can be selected from the group containing PA 6, PA 66, PA 69, PA 610, PA 612, PA 614, PA 66/6, PA 6/12, PA 11, PA 12, PA 912, PA 1212, polyester amides, polyether amides, preferably from the group containing PA 6, PA 612, PA 614, PA 6/12, PA 11, PA 12, polyester amides, polyether amides.
- the measurement is performed on 100 ⁇ 80 ⁇ 2 mm plates, wherein a 25-mm-wide strip is sawn off on the side opposite the film gate and is provided in the middle with a 3-mm bore hole.
- the sawn edge is deburred and smoothed by grinding, e.g. with a belt grinder and a zirconium-corundum polyester belt with granulation 100.
- Washers (diameter 9 mm, thickness 2 mm) made of rubber are placed on both sides of the plate and a 3 mm screw with nut is tightened such that the plate can still be moved around the screw.
- This plate 80 ⁇ 25 ⁇ 2 mm with bore hole and screw and sawn edge is placed in a bending apparatus horizontally on both ends and is checked in accordance with ISO 178. Therefore, a die pushes from above on the screw so that a bending of 4 mm is created. This bending from 0 mm to 4 mm back to 0 mm is called a cycle and is repeated with a frequency of 1 Hz until the test piece shows cracks.
- the force used for the bending depends on the stiffness of the material and decreases as soon as there are cracks in the test piece.
- the deflection in the case of the bend test with fixation for multiple loads used here only takes place from the zero position in one direction, whereas during the alternating bend test the deflection takes place from the zero position in two opposite directions.
- the bend test used here is also much more demanding on the material due to the weakening of the material structure of the test piece through the bore hole and the sawn and ground edge.
- the performance of a material during a bend test with fixation cannot be determined from the impact resistance or notch impact strength of the material.
- Tension elastic modulus ISO 527 with a tension speed of 1 mm/min ISO tension rod, standard: ISO/CD 3167, type A1, 170 ⁇ 20/10 ⁇ 4 mm, temperature 23° C.
- Tensile strength and elongation at break ISO 527 with a tension speed of 50 mm/min ISO tension rod, standard: ISO/CD 3167, type A1, 170 ⁇ 20/10 ⁇ 4 mm, temperature 23° C.
- the measurement of the bending strength with fixation with multiple loads was performed on a device from the company Dyna-Mess (Achen), CIMTronic 2000 in accordance with ISO 178.
- the movement of the zero position to the point 4 mm and back to the zero position is a cycle.
- the number of cycles up to the visible formation of cracks in the test piece is specified, which is also shown through a distinctive change in the tangent increase in the force to be expended.
- the Differential Scanning Calorimetry was performed with a heating rate of 20° C./min. The temperature for the onset is specified.
- Measurement device Haze Gard plus from Byk Gardner with CIE light type C The light transmission value is specified as the % of the quantity of incoming light.
- Refractive index n D 20 Measurement with the standard wavelength—the yellow D line of sodium—at 20° C.
- test pieces are used in a dry state. Therefore, after die-casting, the test bodies are stored for at least 48 hours at room temperature in a dry environment.
- the standard test pieces were produced on an injection-molding machine made by the company Arburg, model Allrounder 320-210-750 Hydronica, wherein cylinder temperatures between 260 and 350° C. and tool temperatures between 60 and 120° C. were used depending on the material to be used and the test piece to be produced.
- a polished tool is used for the production of the round plates for the measurement of optical properties: light transmission, refractive index and the Abbe number.
- Table 1 characterizes the monomers used in the examples.
- Table 2 specified exemplary compositions according to the invention as well as their excellent properties.
- Table 3 contains comparative examples 7 through 12.
- Polycarbonate tends to quickly form micro fractures, which are preferably created on sawn edge or on the bore hole, so that test pieces made of it only withstand 1500 to 4000 cycles during a bending test with fixation (comparative examples 8 and 9).
- test pieces made of the transparent polyamide molding material according to the invention withstand according to this test at least 60,000 such cycles without detectible damage and thus without a drop in the bending load (examples 1-6).
- Test pieces made of the polyamide molding material according to the invention in example 2 withstand 200,000 cycles without any damage in the test.
- Test pieces made of the polyamide molding material according to the invention in example 4 withstand 110,000 cycles without any damage, although its rigidity is higher than that of the test pieces made of polycarbonate in this test.
- test pieces made of molding material in examples 5 and 6 are particularly resistant to the dynamic load during the bending test with fixation and withstand 190,000 and 170,000 cycles, respectively, which take place without any damage to the test pieces.
Abstract
Description
-
- a) 20 to 100 mol-% MACM and
- b) 80 to 0 mol-% PACM and/or
- c) 80 to 0 mol-% HMDA.
-
- a) 60 to 100 mol-% IPS and
- b) 40 to 0 mol-% TPS and/or
- c) 40 to 0 mol-% DDS.
-
- a) 65 to 85 mol-%, preferably 67 to 80 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 71 mol-% PACM and
- b) 15 to 35 mol-%, preferably 20 to 33 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 29 mol-% MACM.
-
- a) 60 to 75 mol-%, preferably 62 to 70 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 66.7 mol-% IPS and
- b) 25 to 40 mol-%, preferably 30 to 38 mol-%, even more preferably approx. 33.3 mol-TPS.
TABLE 1 | ||||
Melting | Sublimation | |||
Commercial | Point | Temperature | ||
Monomer | Product | [° C.] | [° C.] | Manufacturer |
MACM | Laromin C260 | −7 to −1 | — | BASF AG |
PACM | Dicycan | 33.5 to 44 | — | BASF AG |
IPS | Purified | 345 to 348 | 100 at 0.07 | BP Amoco |
Isophthalic | mmHg | Chemical | ||
Acid (PIA) | ||||
TPS | Amoco TA-33 | 427 | 402° C. | BP Amoco |
Chemical | ||||
DDS | Dodecandi acid | 130 | — | DuPont |
Lactam | Laurinlactam | 153 | — | EMS-Chemie |
12 | AG | |||
TABLE 2 | |
Examples | |
Number |
Components | Unit | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
MACM | Mol.- | — | 100 | 16 | 29 | 39 | 29 |
%* | |||||||
HMD | Mol.- | 100 | — | 84 | 71 | 52 | — |
%* | |||||||
PACM | Mol.- | — | — | — | — | 9 | 71 |
%* | |||||||
IPS | Mol.- | 66.7 | — | 50 | 50 | 50 | — |
%** | |||||||
TPS | Mol.- | 33.3 | — | 50 | 50 | 50 | — |
%** | |||||||
DDS | Mol.- | — | 100 | — | — | — | 100 |
%** | |||||||
Lactam 12 | Wt.- | — | — | 5 | 4.6 | 3 | — |
%*** | |||||||
Tests | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
RV | — | 1.45 | 1.73 | 1.78 | 1.57 | 1.71 | 1.85 |
Tg | ° C. | 125 | 153 | 152 | 167 | 159 | 145 |
Tension elastic modulus | MPa | 2900 | 1600 | 2650 | 2700 | 2700 | 1500 |
Tensile strength | MPa | 85 | 60 | 65 | 75 | 70 | 60 |
Elongation at break | % | 5 | 150 | 20 | 90 | 20 | 60 |
Impact resist. Charpy | kJ/m2 | oB | oB | oB | oB | oB | oB |
23° C. | |||||||
Notch impact Charpy | kJ/m2 | 4 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 13 |
23° C. | |||||||
Bending test with | Cycles | 62000 | 200000 | 77000 | 110000 | 190000 | 170000 |
fixation | |||||||
Resulting force from | N | 90 | 45 | 75 | 90 | 70 | 60 |
bending test with | |||||||
fixation | |||||||
Light transmission | % | 92.5 | 93 | 92 | 93 | 92 | 94 |
Abbe number | — | 30 | 52 | 27 | 32 | 28 | 52 |
Refractive index nD20 | — | 1.590 | 1.510 | 1.582 | 1.575 | 1.584 | 1.510 |
*Relating to 100 mol-% diamine | |||||||
**Relating to 100 mol-% dicarboxylic acid | |||||||
***Relating to the entire molding material |
TABLE 3 | |
Comparative Examples | |
Number |
Components | Unit | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
Polymethyl methacrylate | Wt.- | 100 a) | — | — | — | — | — |
%*** | |||||||
Polycarbonate | Wt.- | — | 100 b) | 100 c) | — | — | — |
%*** | |||||||
MACM | Mol.- | — | — | — | 15 | 100 | 100 |
%* | |||||||
HMD | Mol.- | — | — | — | 85 | — | — |
%* | |||||||
PACM | Mol.- | — | — | — | — | — | — |
%* | |||||||
IPS | Mol.- | — | — | — | 90 | 100 | 50 |
%** | |||||||
TPS | Mol.- | — | — | — | 10 | — | 50 |
%** | |||||||
Lactam 12 | Wt.- | — | — | — | — | 34 | 24 |
%*** | |||||||
Tests | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
RV | — | — | — | — | 1.45 | 1.55 | 1.53 |
Tg | ° C. | 108 | 150 | 145 | 148 | 165 | 192 |
Tension fatigue module | MPa | 3700 | 2300 | 2400 | 3200 | 2300 | 2200 |
Tensile strength | MPa | 65 | 55 | — | 85 | 60 | 60 |
Elongation at break | % | 2.5 | 100 | >50 | 16 | 60 | 50 |
Impact resist. Charpy | kJ/m2 | 17 | oB | oB | 120 | oB | oB |
23° C. | |||||||
Notch impact Charpy | kJ/m2 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 9 |
23° C. | |||||||
Bending test with | Cycles | 1 | 1500 | 4000 | 20000 | 7000 | 8500 |
fixation | |||||||
Resulting force from | N | 50 | 85 | 60 | 85 | 75 | 100 |
bending test with | |||||||
fixation | |||||||
Light transmission | % | 93.5 | 92 | 89 | 92.5 | 93 | 93.5 |
Abbe number | — | 58 | 30 | 30 | 31 | 40 | 39 |
Refractive index nD20 | — | 1.490 | 1.585 | 1.585 | 1.585 | 1.537 | 1.543 |
a) PMMA 8N | |||||||
b) Lexan 143 R | |||||||
c) Makrolon LQ 2647 | |||||||
*Relating to 100 mol-% diamine | |||||||
**Relating to 100 mol-% dicarboxylic acid | |||||||
***Relating to the entire molding material | |||||||
Abbreviations | |||||||
DDS Dodecandioic acid | |||||||
IPS Isophthalic acid | |||||||
Lactam 12 Laurinlactam Bis-(4-amino-3-methyl-cyclohexyl)methane | |||||||
oB No break | |||||||
PACM Bis-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)methane | |||||||
Tg Glass transition temperature | |||||||
TPS Terephtalic acid | |||||||
RV Relative viscosity: ISO 307, in 0.5 wt. -% m-cresol solution Temperature 20° C. Calculation of the relative viscosity (RV) as RV = t/to In accordance with chapter 11 of the norm. |
Abbreviations
- DDS Dodecandioic acid
- IPS Isophthalic acid
- Lactam 12 Laurinlactam
- MACM Bis-(4-amino-3-methyl-cyclohexyl)methane
- oB No break
- PACM Bis-(4-amino-cyclohexyl)methane
- Tg Glass transition temperature
- TPS terephtalic acid
- RV Relative viscosity
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