US7283478B2 - Traffic engineering in bi-directional ring networks - Google Patents
Traffic engineering in bi-directional ring networks Download PDFInfo
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- US7283478B2 US7283478B2 US10/211,066 US21106602A US7283478B2 US 7283478 B2 US7283478 B2 US 7283478B2 US 21106602 A US21106602 A US 21106602A US 7283478 B2 US7283478 B2 US 7283478B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
- H04L12/42—Loop networks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
- H04L45/122—Shortest path evaluation by minimising distances, e.g. by selecting a route with minimum of number of hops
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
- H04L45/125—Shortest path evaluation based on throughput or bandwidth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/302—Route determination based on requested QoS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/38—Flow based routing
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to communication networks, and specifically to methods and devices for routing traffic flows in ring networks.
- OSPF Open Shortest Path First
- IP Internet Protocol
- Each individual piece of the topology database maintained by the OSPF routers describes the local state of a particular router in the Autonomous System.
- This “local state” includes information such as the router's usable interfaces and reachable neighbors.
- the routers distribute their local state information by transmitting a link state advertisement (LSA). Packets containing link state advertisements are flooded throughout the routing domain. The other routers receive these packets and use the LSA information to build and update their databases.
- LSA link state advertisement
- OSPF routes IP packets based solely on the destination IP address in the IP packet header.
- a cost is associated with the output side of each router interface and is used by the router in choosing the least costly path for the packets. This cost is configurable by the system administrator. The lower the cost, the more likely the interface is to be used to forward data traffic.
- OSPF recognizes two types of “networks” (which may be organized as IP networks, subnets or supernets): point-to-point networks, which connect a single pair of routers; and multi-access networks, supporting many (two or more) attached routers. Each pair of routers on a multi-access network is assumed to be able to communicate directly with one another.
- An Ethernet is an example of a multi-access network.
- Each multi-access network includes a “designated router,” which is responsible for generating LSAs, as well as certain other protocol functions.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic illustrations of OSPF networks, illustrating how link costs are assigned and computed in such networks.
- FIG. 1 shows three routers 20 , labeled, R 1 , R 2 and R 3 , connected by point-to-point networks 22 .
- routers 20 are connected by a multi-access network, represented by a hub 24 through which every router is considered to communicate with every other router.
- the hub may be real or virtual, depending on the underlying physical structure of the network, but this distinction is not recognized by OSPF.
- OSPF OSPF
- the multi-access network there is a single cost assigned to the network interface of each router, so that the cost of communicating with any of the other routers in the network is the same. Thus, for example, the cost of routing packets from R 1 to either R 2 or R 3 is 7.
- OSPF does not recognize or assign costs to any different paths that may exist between nodes within the multi-access network.
- Traffic engineering is concerned with performance optimization of operational networks, typically by controlling Internet traffic to achieve specific performance objectives.
- the principles and objectives of TE are described, for example, by Awduche et al., in “Requirements for Traffic Engineering Over MPLS,” published as IETF RFC 2702 (September, 1999), which is incorporated herein by reference.
- Internet traffic engineering attempts to facilitate efficient and reliable network operations while simultaneously optimizing network resource utilization and traffic performance.
- TE has become an indispensable function in many large Autonomous Systems because of the high cost of network assets and the commercial and competitive nature of the Internet.
- Key traffic-oriented performance objectives include minimization of packet loss, minimization of delay, maximization of throughput, and enforcement of service level agreements.
- Resource-oriented TE functions include load-balancing and efficient bandwidth management, to ensure that subsets of network resources do not become overutilized and congested while other subsets along alternate feasible paths remain underutilized.
- OSPF allows the system administrator to assign interface costs, as described above, this feature is not sufficient to support full TE-based routing in an Autonomous System.
- Katz et al. suggest extending the link state attributes of OSPF, in an IETF Internet Draft entitled “Traffic Engineering Extensions to OSPF,” (draft-katz-yeung-ospf-traffic-06.txt, October, 2001), which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the OSPF TE extensions described by Katz et al. can be used to build an extended link state database, which can then be used for global traffic engineering, as well as local constraint-based routing.
- Katz et al. define a new LSA type and a number of Type/Length/Value (TLV) triplets that can be included in the payload of a LSA.
- Each LSA contains one top-level TLV, which identifies either a router or a link.
- TLVs For link TLVs, Katz et al. define a set of sub-TLVs, which can be used to advertise TE-related constraints on the link, as shown below in Table I:
- Link type Point-to-point or multi-access 2
- Link ID Identifies the neighboring router at the other end of the link.
- the advertising router is identified in the LSA header.
- IP address 5 Traffic Link metric for TE purposes may be the engineering same as or different from the standard metric OSPF link metric. 6 Maximum Maximum bandwidth that can be used on bandwidth this link in this direction (from the advertising router to its neighbor).
- Bi-directional network ring topologies are gaining in popularity, particularly in Internet Protocol (IP) networks.
- IP Internet Protocol
- Such networks provide efficient bandwidth utilization by enabling data to be transferred between any pair of nodes in either direction around the ring, while maintaining fast protection against faults.
- the two opposing traffic directions are commonly referred to as an inner ring and an outer ring.
- the terms “inner” and “outer,” as well as “clockwise” and “counterclockwise,” are used arbitrarily to distinguish between the two opposing directions of packet flow in a ring network. These terms are chosen solely for convenience of explanation, and do not necessarily bear any relation to the physical characteristics of the network.
- RPR Resilient Packet Rings
- IP over Resilient Packet Rings Internet Draft draft-jogalekar-iporpr-00
- Herrera et al. in “A Framework for IP over Packet Transport Rings” (Internet Draft draft-ietf-ipoptr-framework-00).
- MAC Media Access Control
- SRP Spatial Reuse Protocol
- each node in a ring network can communicate directly with all other nodes through either the inner or the outer ring, using the appropriate Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the nodes.
- MAC Media Access Control
- Each packet sent over one of the rings carries a header indicating its destination node. The destination node recognizes its address in the header and strips the packet from the ring. All other nodes pass the packet onward transparently around the ring. Multicast packets may also be delivered over the rings in a similar fashion.
- the bi-directional ring can be regarded as a multi-access network for the purposes of OSPF.
- a packet transmitted on the ring network does not load the bandwidth of the entire network, as in legacy networks, but rather loads only the segments between the source and destination nodes on the ring (inner or outer) over which the packet travels.
- This feature of the ring network is an important consideration in traffic engineering and should be taken into account in routing of packets through the ring network.
- OSPF including the extensions proposed by Katz et al.
- a routing protocol enables network routers to exchange traffic engineering-related information regarding individual segments and links within a bi-directional ring network.
- the protocol is an extension of the above-mentioned OSPF protocol, but the principles of the present invention are equally applicable to other network routing protocols.
- the protocol treats the ring network as a multi-access network, so that all the nodes in the ring network can be considered to belong to the same subnet.
- the present invention enables the router to distinguish between the alternative directions of traffic within the ring and to select the direction in which to route a given traffic flow based on traffic engineering considerations.
- the invention is applicable both to routing within a single ring network and to routing in a system that includes multiple interconnected rings networks.
- a method for traffic engineering including:
- the at least one bi-directional ring network as a multi-access network for purposes of a routing protocol used in the system
- routing a traffic flow through the system in accordance with the routing protocol so that the flow passes through the at least one bi-directional ring network on at least one of the connections on one of the inner and outer rings that is selected responsive to the constraint information.
- each of the connections includes a link between a source node and a destination node on one of the inner and outer rings, the link including one or more segments of the ring.
- advertising the constraint information includes advertising a count of the segments that make up the link.
- each of the connections includes a segment of one of the inner and outer rings that connects two of the nodes that are mutually adjacent.
- advertising the constraint information includes advertising a bandwidth constraint that is applicable to one the inner and the outer rings.
- advertising the constraint information includes advertising an indication that one of the inner and outer rings is to be selected to carry the traffic flow.
- advertising the indication includes designating that a class of service to which the traffic flow belongs is to be routed over the selected one of the rings.
- the communication system includes an autonomous system
- the nodes include Internet Protocol (IP) routers
- the routing protocol includes an Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol.
- IP Internet Protocol
- OSPF Open Shortest Path First
- a communication system including:
- communication links connecting the nodes so as to define multiple interconnected networks including at least one bi-directional ring network having an inner ring and an outer ring,
- nodes are adapted to route a traffic flow through the system in accordance with a routing protocol used in the system, for purposes of which protocol the at least one bi-directional ring network is defined as a multi-access network, and
- the nodes are adapted to advertise constraint information with regard to connections on the inner and outer rings between the nodes within the at least one bi-directional ring network, and to select, responsive to the constraint information, at least of the connections on one of the inner and outer rings over which the flow is to pass through the at least one bi-directional ring network.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 are block diagrams that schematically illustrate OSPF networks, as are known in the art
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a communication system made up of bi-directional ring networks in which routing is based on traffic engineering, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates links used for traffic engineering in a bi-directional ring network, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates segments used for traffic engineering in a bi-directional ring network, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates an autonomous communication system 30 made up of nodes 34 arranged in multiple bi-directional ring networks 32 A, 32 B, 32 C and 32 D, which are preferably configured as RPR networks, as described above.
- the individual ring networks are referred to collectively hereinafter simply as ring network 32 .
- Each ring network comprises an inner ring 36 and an outer ring 38 , corresponding to the two opposing directions of traffic flow supported on the network.
- Each pair of adjacent nodes in a given ring network is thus interconnected by two network segments: an inner ring (counterclockwise) segment and an outer ring (clockwise) segment.
- the different ring networks are linked by point-to-point connections 40 between nodes 34 in the different networks, as shown in the figure.
- topology of system 30 is shown here by way of example, to illustrate aspects of the present invention. It will be understood, however, that the present invention is in no way limited in its applicability to this topology, and may equally be applied in any network system that includes one or more bi-directional rings.
- Nodes 34 route packet flows in system 30 based on traffic engineering (TE) information and considerations, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- TE traffic engineering
- the operator of system 30 typically imposes constraints on data flows or tunnels established between nodes within each of ring networks 32 , as well as between nodes on different ring networks. These constraints may include, for example, load balancing, so that segment bandwidths are loaded as evenly as possible, or number of hops, so that traffic flows are routed through the smallest possible number of nodes.
- the operator may decide that certain classes of service are forwarded over inner rings 36 , while other classes are forwarded over outer rings 38 .
- TE constraints also take into account protection mechanisms, such as wrapping or steering of flows, which are activated upon failure of a node or segment.
- Routing in system 30 is preferably based on OSPF, as described above, with extended TE features for ring networks as described below. Alternatively, other routing protocols may also be used. For routing purposes, each ring network 32 is treated as a multi-access network (and for this reason is shown as having its own virtual hub 24 ). A flow routed from node 1 in network 32 A (referred to hereinafter as node A. 1 ) to node 3 in network 32 D (node D. 3 ) could travel over any of a large number of different paths, for example:
- each ingress node is able to compute a full routing path to each egress node using TE constraints regarding network topology and link attributes throughout the system, while still treating each network 32 as a multi-access network.
- the system operator may use these constraints to impose explicit routes on some or all traffic flows through the system.
- the constraint information is preferably distributed using an extension to OSPF that accommodates the special attributes of bi-directional ring networks, as described below.
- traffic-engineered flow paths through system 30 may be established using any suitable signaling protocol known in the art, such as the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), or the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) used in Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS). RSVP is described by Braden et al.
- FIG. 4 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a method for defining and distributing constraint information with respect to RPR links in each of ring networks 32 , in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- Each node 34 in each ring network 32 determines constraint information regarding every link connecting it to the other nodes within the ring network in which the node is located. This information may include, for example, the number of hops in each link and/or bandwidth constraints.
- the links include inner ring links 50 and outer ring links 52 from each node to each of the other nodes in network 32 , as shown in FIG. 4 .
- the designated router in each ring network 32 advertises the link constraint information for all the links in its network that serve as gateways to other networks, such as nodes A. 3 and A. 4 , B. 2 and B. 3 , etc., in FIG. 3 .
- the constraint information regarding the RPR links is advertised using new TLV types, which are listed below in Table II. Some of the sub-TLVs in the table are similar to those defined by Katz et al., but others are unique to RPR networks.
- Information regarding point-to-point links 40 ( FIG. 3 ) is determined and advertised, as well, as is known in the art. The method of transmitting and receiving these advertisements can be substantially similar to that described by Katz et al. in the above-mentioned Internet draft. When changes occur in the network topology or resource constraints, they are advertised in like manner.
- every node in system 30 will know the constraints applicable to all the links connecting it to the other nodes in its own ring network 32 , and also to all the links it may use in routing traffic to nodes in other ring networks.
- node A. 1 will have constraint information regarding the links A. 1 ⁇ A. 2 , A. 1 ⁇ A. 3 , A. 1 ⁇ A. 4 , B. 2 ⁇ B.X, B. 3 ⁇ B.X, C. 1 ⁇ C.X, C. 4 ⁇ C.X, D. 1 ⁇ D.X, D. 2 ⁇ D.X, on both the inner and outer rings in each network.
- Node A. 1 will then be able to choose its routing paths based on any applicable TE considerations, such as reducing the number of hops, load balancing, service differentiation or other factors.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates a method for defining and distributing constraint information with respect to RPR segments in each of ring networks 32 , in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- each node 34 determines constraint information with respect to outer ring segments 60 and inner ring segments 62 between the nodes in its own ring network 32 .
- the designated router advertises this segment constraint information to the other nodes in system 30 . Then, any node routing a traffic flow through the system can select the segments 60 and/or 62 over which to sent the flow depending on the applicable constraints.
- Table III lists new TLV types that can be used to distribute the segment constraint information:
Abstract
Description
TABLE I |
LINK SUB-TLVS IN OSPF-TE |
TLV | |||
| Name | Description | |
1 | Link type | Point-to-point or multi-access | |
2 | Link ID | Identifies the neighboring router at the | |
other end of the link. (The advertising | |||
router is identified in the LSA header.) | |||
3 | Local | IP address(es) of the interface | |
interface | corresponding to this link. (If there are | ||
IP address | multiple local addresses on the link, | ||
they are all listed in this sub-TLV.) | |||
4 | Remote | IP address(es) of the neighbor's | |
interface | interface corresponding to this link. | ||
IP address | |||
5 | Traffic | Link metric for TE purposes - may be the | |
engineering | same as or different from the standard | ||
metric | OSPF link metric. | ||
6 | Maximum | Maximum bandwidth that can be used on | |
bandwidth | this link in this direction (from the | ||
advertising router to its neighbor). | |||
7 | Maximum | Maximum bandwidth that may be reserved on | |
reservable | this link - may be greater than the | ||
bandwidth | maximum bandwidth if the link is | ||
oversubscribed. | |||
8 | Unreserved | Amount of bandwidth not yet reserved at | |
bandwidth | each of eight different priority levels. | ||
9 | Resource | Specifies administrative group membership | |
class/color | for this link, in terms of a bit mask. | ||
Further details of the LSA and TLV format are described in the above-mentioned draft.
-
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.4→B.2 (inner ring)→B.3→D.1 (inner ring)→D.3
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.4→B.2 (inner ring)→B.3→D.1 (outer ring)→D.3
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.4→B.2 (outer ring)→B.3→D.1 (inner ring)→D.3
- A.1 (outer ring)→A.4→B.2 (outer ring)→B.3→D.1 (inner ring)→D.3
- . . .
- . . .
- . . .
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.3→C.1 (inner ring)→C.4→D.2 (inner ring)→D.3
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.3→C.1 (inner ring)→C.4→D.2 (outer ring)→D.3
- A.1 (inner ring)→A.3→C.1 (outer ring)→C.4→D.2 (inner ring)→D.3
- A.1 (outer ring)→A.3→C.1 (outer ring)→C.4→
- . . .
- . . .
- . . .
OSPF as currently conceived provides no means for the operator to constrain the flow to one path or another within eachnetwork 32. This objective could be achieved by treating each segment of eachring
TABLE II |
RPR-LINK SUB-TLVS FOR OSPF |
TLV | |||
| Name | Description | |
1 | Link type | New link type: “RPR-Link.” |
2 | Link ID | Identification of the designated router |
and the direction of the link (inner or | ||
outer ring). | ||
3 | Local | IP address(es) of the interface |
interface | corresponding to this link. If there | |
IP address | are multiple local addresses on the | |
link, they are all listed. | ||
4 | Remote | IP address(es) of the neighbor's |
interface | interface corresponding to this link. | |
IP address | ||
5 | Traffic | Link metric for TE purposes - may be |
engineering | the same as or different from the | |
metric | standard OSPF link metric. | |
6 | Maximum | The maximum bandwidth that can be used |
bandwidth | on this link in this direction | |
(actually of the most loaded segment in | ||
the link) , preferably per class of | ||
service. | ||
7 | Maximum | The maximum bandwidth that may be |
reservable | reserved on this link in this | |
bandwidth | direction, preferably per class of | |
service, also considering protection | ||
needs. | ||
8 | Unreserved | Amount of bandwidth not yet reserved at |
bandwidth | each class of service. | |
9 | Resource | Specifies administrative group |
class/color | membership for this link, in terms of a | |
bit mask. | ||
10 | Min hops | Number of hops from source to |
destination. | ||
TABLE III |
RPR-SEGMENT SUB-TLVS FOR OSPF |
TLV | |||
| Name | Description | |
1 | Link type | New link type: “RPR-Segment.” | |
2 | Link ID | Identification of the designated router | |
and the direction of the segment (inner | |||
or outer) | |||
3 | Local | IP address(es) of the interface | |
interface | transmitting to this segment. If there | ||
IP address | are multiple local addresses on the | ||
segment, all are listed. | |||
4 | Remote | IP address(es) of the neighbor's | |
interface | interface corresponding to this | ||
IP address | segment. | ||
5 | Traffic | Link metric for TE purposes - may be | |
engineering | the same as or different from the | ||
metric | standard OSPF link metric. | ||
6 | Maximum | Maximum bandwidth that can be used on | |
bandwidth | this segment, preferably per class of | ||
service. | |||
7 | Maximum | Maximum bandwidth that may be reserved | |
reservable | on this segment, preferably per class | ||
bandwidth | of service. | ||
8 | Unreserved | Amount of bandwidth not yet reserved | |
bandwidth | for each class of service. | ||
9 | Resource | Specifies administrative group | |
class/color | membership for this segment, in terms | ||
of a bit mask. | |||
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