US7141322B2 - Alcohol fueled direct oxidation fuel cells - Google Patents
Alcohol fueled direct oxidation fuel cells Download PDFInfo
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- US7141322B2 US7141322B2 US10/187,082 US18708202A US7141322B2 US 7141322 B2 US7141322 B2 US 7141322B2 US 18708202 A US18708202 A US 18708202A US 7141322 B2 US7141322 B2 US 7141322B2
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- fuel cell
- neat
- propanol
- direct oxidation
- cell
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- Expired - Lifetime, expires
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 110
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 37
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims description 35
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 23
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 143
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- -1 neat 2-propanol Chemical compound 0.000 abstract description 5
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 87
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 8
- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 description 8
- 230000000607 poisoning effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- BGJSXRVXTHVRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5-trioxane Chemical compound C1OCOCO1 BGJSXRVXTHVRSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethoxymethane Chemical compound COCOC NKDDWNXOKDWJAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003333 secondary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004696 Poly ether ether ketone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013101 initial test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229920002530 polyetherether ketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003107 substituted aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
- H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
- H01M8/1013—Other direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0625—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material in a modular combined reactor/fuel cell structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- This invention relates to direct oxidation fuel cells and, more particularly, to a direct oxidation fuel cell using neat alcohol as the fuel.
- Hydrogen is the cleanest and most efficient fuel used in fuel cells. It is widely used in low temperature fuel cells like proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, alkaline fuel cells, and phosphoric acid fuel cells, since its oxidation rate at the anode is high enough even at room temperature.
- PEM proton-exchange membrane
- Hydrogen is normally produced through reforming hydrocarbon fuels such as methane, propane, and methanol. This not only makes the entire fuel cell system more complicated, it also dramatically increases its cost. Moreover, any carbon monoxide (CO) remaining in the reformed gas, even at ppm levels, will poison the electrodes of a PEM fuel cell and reduce its performance. In addition, transporting and storing hydrogen can be dangerous and difficult.
- liquid electrolyte such as dilute sulfuric acid, for proton transportation.
- Sulfuric acid can cause major problems when used as a liquid electrolyte, one of which is corrosion of the fuel cell materials.
- Sulfuric acid can also poison electrodes by the adsorption of sulfate anions, and cause leakage of electrolyte through the surrounding materials.
- the electrolyte could gradually leak out through the pores of the air cathode, which also causes fuel loss and cathode poisoning.
- a solid proton-exchange membrane was interposed between the anode and cathode.
- Nafion® a perfluorinated polymer, made by E. I.
- DuPont was used by Kudo et al. who were issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,063 on Apr. 14, 1981 for FUEL CELL USING ELECTROLYTE-SOLUBLE FUELS; and by Kawana et al. who were issued U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,603 on Jun. 28, 1983 for METHANOL FUEL CELL.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,917 issued to Fujita et al. on Oct. 23, 1984 for FUEL CELL, uses sulfonated styrene-divinylbenzene co-polymers as the membrane.
- dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, and trioxane could be oxidized at lower potentials than methanol, and thus, could be better fuels than methanol. It was also claimed that only methanol was found to be the intermediate product from the oxidation of these fuels, and thus, it was not a concern because methanol would be ultimately oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.
- cell voltages of 0.25 V, 0.50 V, and 0.33 V were achieved at a current density of 50 mA/cm 2 when dimethoxymethane, trimethoxymethane, and trioxane were used at cell temperatures of 37° C., 65° C., and 60° C., respectively.
- the present invention provides a direct oxidation fuel cell using neat fuels. This eliminates the need to carry large amounts of water, thus reducing the bulkiness of the fuel cell system.
- a preferred fuel for such a fuel cell system is neat 2-propanol. The use of this neat fuel enhances the performance and efficiency of the cell. Higher energy densities are possible, and cathode flooding is eliminated.
- the present invention features a direct oxidation fuel cell system that uses a neat alcohol as its fuel.
- the alcohol of choice is preferably a secondary alcohol, and specifically a neat 2-propanol (i.e., isopropanol).
- a fuel cell system eliminates the need of carrying a large amount of water, which is normally approximately 97% (wt.) of the total fuel mixture.
- the power density of the fuel cell system is dramatically increased.
- the neat 2-propanol fuel cell system can sustain higher current densities than fuel cell systems using a dilute 2-propanol aqueous solution. This effectively reduces alcohol crossover. Even at room temperature, the direct oxidation fuel cell using neat 2-propanol as its fuel provides very good performance.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a graph depicting the performance of a direct oxidation fuel cell using neat 2-propanol under different airflow rates, at a cell temperature of 60° C.;
- FIG. 2 shows a graph depicting the performance of a direct oxidation fuel cell using neat 2-propanol under different airflow rates, at a cell temperature of 30° C.;
- FIG. 3 depicts a graph showing the stability of a direct oxidation fuel cell using neat 2-propanol at current densities of 20, 52, and 100 mA/cm 2 ;
- FIG. 4 illustrates a graph of a direct oxidation fuel cell that is idling, and the effect that idling has upon its refreshment
- FIG. 5 shows a graph of the effect of air humidification on the performance of a direct oxidation fuel cell using 2-propanol
- FIG. 6 depicts a graph showing a comparison of the performance of a direct oxidation fuel cell employing neat 2-propanol, neat methanol, and 1 M 2-propanol at a cell temperature of 60° C.;
- FIG. 7 illustrates a graph comparing 2-propanol crossover current densities under various direct oxidation fuel cell conditions.
- a direct oxidation fuel cell system that uses a neat alcohol as fuel is described.
- a fuel cell system eliminates the need of carrying large amounts of water, which is normally approximately 97% (wt.) of the total fuel mixture, in cells of this type.
- the power density of the fuel cell system is dramatically increased.
- the use of neat alcohol improves the current density of the system, and reduces the likelihood of cathode flooding.
- Neat alcohol was pumped into the cell by a micropump and then re-circulated back into the fuel tank.
- the alcohol flow rate was controlled at 6.5 ml/min by a DC power supply.
- a condenser was used to condense the alcohol in the vapor phase and to allow the release of gaseous CO 2 .
- the temperature of the alcohol tank was controlled by a hot plate.
- the connection between the alcohol tank and the cell was heated by heating tape.
- the temperatures of the fuel tank, inlet of alcohol to the cell, and the cell itself, were monitored by thermocouples.
- Ambient air was supplied to the cell, and its flow rate was adjusted using a flow meter. Unless otherwise specified, air was humidified at the cell temperature by passing it through a stainless steel water bottle before it entered the cell.
- the graph shows the performance of the direct oxidation fuel cell utilizing neat 2-propanol, at a cell temperature of 60° C., and airflow rates of 180, 397, 643, and 920 ml/min, respectively. It is observed that the fuel cell performance increases apparently from an airflow rate of 180 to 397, and then on to 643 ml/min. Less of an increase was observed when it was further increased to 920 ml/min.
- V-I curves have a linear region at lower current densities, and a curved, quick voltage decline region at higher current densities.
- the linear region extends to higher current densities at higher airflow rates.
- the cell performance is very impressive. For example, at the airflow rate of 920 ml/min, the cell voltage output was as high as 0.485 V, at a current density of 200 mA/cm 2 , which corresponds to a power density of 97 mW/cm 2 .
- the graph illustrates the fuel cell performance at a cell temperature of 30° C., under different airflow rates.
- a large increase was observed when the airflow rate was increased from 180 to 397 ml/min. Further increases in airflow rates only increased the cell performance slightly.
- the linear V-I region becomes shorter than that at 60° C., as shown in FIG. 1 .
- the cell voltage output was 0.598 V, at a current density of 80 mA/cm 2 , which corresponds to a power density of 48 mW/cm 2 .
- the graph illustrates the fuel cell stability with respect to time, at three different current densities, at a cell temperature of 30° C., with an airflow rate of 397 ml/min.
- a current density of 100 mA/cm 2 the cell lost its performance in five minutes.
- the fuel cell could not be operated effectively at such a current density under this condition.
- the cell showed gradual decline within the first 40 minutes when the current density was reduced to 52 mA/cm 2 . Then a quicker decline started, followed by another gradual decline.
- FIG. 4 It was found that the cell could refresh itself to a certain extent when it was not running, and some results are shown in FIG. 4 .
- the cell was tested at a current density of 60 mA/cm 2 at 30° C. The first curve was taken after the cell was in a shutdown state for 20 minutes, following its being operated at 20 mA/cm 2 . The cell was then shut down for two minutes, and then the second curve was plotted. During the shutdown period, the flow of both air and 2-propanol was stopped, and the cell was left at the open circuit state.
- the second curve was lower than the first curve, and the voltage declined faster. This indicates that the poisoning accumulated during the operation of the first curve, and was carried over to the operation of the second curve.
- the cell performance in the first two minutes was better than before the cell was shut down (i.e., the last point on the first curve). This implies that the during the two-minute waiting period, the cell gained some extra active surface area (i.e., it refreshed itself to some extent) so that when it was restarted, it possessed a better performance; but the gain in active surface area was very limited, so the cell performance declined faster when the test was continued.
- Curves 3 , 4 , and 5 depict the results after the cell was shut down for five, 12, and 20 minutes, respectively. The cell performance increased slightly with a longer waiting period, indicating a little more refreshing occurred.
- Neat 2-propanol contains no water, and therefore, flooding of the cathode by water transported from the anode is prevented. Different from using a dilute fuel aqueous solution where membrane is fully hydrated, air humidification is needed to hydrate the membrane and the catalyst layer, as shown in FIG. 5 .
- the graph depicts a comparison between fuel cell performance when neat 2-propanol, neat methanol, and 1 M 2-propanol aqueous solutions were used as fuel.
- the tests were performed in the following sequence: neat 2-propanol, neat methanol, 1 M 2-propanol aqueous solution, and neat 2-propanol again.
- the performance of neat methanol was so low (curve 8 ) that it could not compare with 2-propanol at all.
- 1 M 2-propanol solution had the best performance, but it declined quickly when the current density was increased as shown by curve 9 .
- PEM fuel cell While a PEM fuel cell has been used for purposes of disclosure, the inventive method may also be used with other types of fuel cells; for example, liquid electrolyte, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten carbonate, and solid oxide. Such cells are well known to those of skill in the art and are not further described herein.
Abstract
Description
Claims (8)
Priority Applications (1)
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US10/187,082 US7141322B2 (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2002-06-27 | Alcohol fueled direct oxidation fuel cells |
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US10/187,082 US7141322B2 (en) | 2002-06-27 | 2002-06-27 | Alcohol fueled direct oxidation fuel cells |
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US20040001979A1 US20040001979A1 (en) | 2004-01-01 |
US7141322B2 true US7141322B2 (en) | 2006-11-28 |
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Cited By (3)
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US20040126267A1 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-07-01 | Disalvo Francis J. | Intermetallic compounds for use as catalysts and catalytic systems |
US20090253001A1 (en) * | 2005-12-15 | 2009-10-08 | Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. | Fuel Cell System, Fuel Cell Vehicle, and Operating Method for Fuel Cell System |
CN106898797A (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-27 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | A kind of DMFC pile feeds control method |
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US5960629A (en) * | 1998-01-29 | 1999-10-05 | Robert Bosch Technology Corp | Control apparatus for a brake booster |
US7049014B1 (en) * | 2002-03-05 | 2006-05-23 | H Power Corporation | Direct secondary alcohol fuel cells |
US10248763B2 (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2019-04-02 | Moneygram International, Inc. | Healthcare prescription delivery techniques using a money transfer network |
CA2909013C (en) * | 2015-10-14 | 2023-07-04 | Op-Hygiene Ip Gmbh | Direct isopropanol fuel cell |
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2002
- 2002-06-27 US US10/187,082 patent/US7141322B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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