US6429198B1 - Compositions for increasing athletic performance in mammals - Google Patents
Compositions for increasing athletic performance in mammals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6429198B1 US6429198B1 US09/677,639 US67763900A US6429198B1 US 6429198 B1 US6429198 B1 US 6429198B1 US 67763900 A US67763900 A US 67763900A US 6429198 B1 US6429198 B1 US 6429198B1
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- Prior art keywords
- ribose
- athletic performance
- pentose
- mammal
- exercise
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to compositions and methods for increasing the athletic performance of mammals. Administration of the compositions of the invention provides increased power output and reduced fatigue.
- ATP adenosine triphosphate
- Oxidative phosphorylation replenishes ATP by the breakdown of circulating fatty acids, glucose and intramuscular glycogen and triglycerides. Anaerobic phosphorylation provides ATP from creatine phosphate, circulating glucose and intramuscular glycogen via kinase reactions such as the myokinase reaction.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,714,515 describes the administration of compositions containing pyruvate, an intermediate breakdown product of glucose, to enhance recovery from surgical or accidental trauma, shock, exhaustion due to prolonged physical effort and other indications.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,971 discloses the administration of other glucose metabolites, namely glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate and 3-phosphoglycerate, in combination with nicotineadeninedinucleotide, coenzyme A and acetyl coenzyme A.
- ATP Regardless of whether the high energy phosphate bonds of ATP are generated oxidatively or anaerobically, and irrespective of the substrates used for its generation, ATP cannot be synthesized unless the precursors of the ATP molecule itself are available. The synthesis of the ATP molecule can occur by de novo or salvage pathways.
- nucleotide precursors that may be present in the tissue are converted to AMP and further phosphorylated to ATP.
- Adenosine is directly phosphorylated to AMP, while xanthine and inosine are first ribosylated by 5-phosphorihosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and then converted to AMP.
- PRPP 5-phosphorihosyl-1-pyrophosphate
- Ribose is found in the normal diet only in very low amounts, and is synthesized within the body by the pentose phosphate pathway.
- ribose is phosphorylated to PRPP, and condensed with adenine to form the intermediate adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
- AMP is further phosphorylated via high energy bonds to form adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and ATP.
- ADP adenosine diphosphate
- ATP ATP loses one high energy bond to form ADP, which can be hydrolyzed to AMP.
- AMP and its metabolites adenine, hypoxanthine and inosine are freely diffusible from the muscle cell and may not be available for resynthesis to ATP via the salvage pathway.
- Pliml in German Patent No. 4,228,215, discloses that oral ribose was effective in treating cardiac insufficiency and hypovolemic shock in humans.
- Tullson et al. (Am. J. Physiol., 261 (Cell Physiol. 30) C343-347, 1991) cite references showing that high intensity exercise increases degradation and subsequent loss of AMP from isolated muscle. They further disclose that adding ribose to the perfusate in a rat hindquarter preparation increases the de novo synthesis of AMP in sedentary muscle, but does not eliminate the decline in de novo synthesis seen in contracting muscle.
- the performance evaluation was anecdotal, based on the subject's performance history. When the composition of the components of the supplement is calculated, it is found that the daily supplementation contains 100-200 g protein, 75-150 g simple carbohydrates and only 2-4 g ribose, an insignificant amount in terms of physiological effect on a mammal weighing approximately 1000 pounds.
- the present invention provides compositions and methods of increasing the athletic performance in a mammal such as a human or equine athlete.
- a pentose such as D-ribose is given orally before, during and/or after a period of exercise, in amounts effective to increase the athletic performance of the mammal.
- Mammals given pentose as a nutritional supplement are able to exercise longer, i.e., to achieve and maintain a higher intensity of physical activity with reduced fatigue, than those not given ribose.
- the pentose is taken at a time such that circulating levels of the administered pentose are available to coincide with high energy demands, that is, before, during and after the exercise. More preferably, pentose is taken daily whether or not the mammal is exercising strenuously. More preferably, ribose is taken in combination with other nutritional supplements, most preferably with creatine.
- Nutritional supplements that enhance the pentose benefit are also provided.
- Such compositions preferably comprise at least one of magnesium (Mg +2 ), creatine, pyruvate, L-carnitine, stimulants, energy pathways intermediates and optionally at least one vasodilating substance.
- Mg +2 magnesium
- creatine is most preferred in combination with ribose
- Mammals undergoing high energy demand and loss of fluids also benefit from a composition that further comprises electrolytes and an additional energy source such as carbohydrate.
- FIG. 1 shows the dose response of the adenine salvage pathway in normal adult rats to the administration of ribose.
- FIG. 2 shows the mean power output per sprint session of normal adult humans, following administration of ribose or placebo, as measured on an exercycle.
- FIG. 3 shows the peak power output per sprint session of normal adult humans, following administration of ribose or placebo, as measured on an exercycle.
- FIG. 4 shows the timeline for evaluating athletic performance.
- FIG. 5 shows the mean power output per sprint session of athletes, following administration of ribose or placebo, as measured on an exercycle.
- FIG. 6 shows the fatigue of athletes, following administration of ribose or placebo, as measured on an exercycle.
- the present invention provides a method of increasing athletic performance by the oral administration of a pentose and provides pentose-containing compositions that are especially beneficial to mammals exercising to a state of fatigue.
- agents that are known to increase athletic performance are anabolic steroids, erythropoietin, blood doping and growth hormone. Most of these agents have severe side effects and are banned in athletic competition.
- Many agents are known to raise energy levels but may not increase athletic performance. Included among such agents are stimulants such as ephedrine and ginseng. The stimulant caffeine raises energy and may have some effect on performance.
- Forskohlin is a plant extract known to affect cyclic AMP, providing a stimulation effect as is more fully explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,596. While marginally effective alone in increasing athletic performance, stimulants may enhance the pentose effect.
- Tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and glycolysis intermediates such as pyruvate add a “pre-processed” fuel to the major aerobic energy-yielding pathways. By entering a energy-yielding pathway at a point past the initiation point, intervening enzymatic steps are bypassed, leading to stimulation of energy production.
- Carnitine an amino acid that adds in delivery of fatty acid molecules to the mitochondria for use as fuel, is widely used by athletes to speed up fat metabolism by enhancing fat transport.
- Proteins and amino acids such as glutamine and arginine are important factors as fuel, but more especially act to hasten cellular growth and repair, especially of muscle. Glutamine and arginine also have a vasodilating effect. Protein is best provided as whey protein, soy protein, egg albumin or casein, all of which are economical and easily digested.
- U.S. Pat. No. 6,051,236 discloses a nutritional compound in a dry powder form comprising protein, amino acids, carbohydrates and vitamins C and E. The composition increases muscle performance during exercise and enhances muscle cell repair and recovery following the cessation of exercise.
- the conditioned athlete also will have optimized his or her general health by a proper diet that provides the optimal levels of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, it may be convenient to further supplement the diet at the same time as pentose is administered.
- “Pentose” means a monosaccharide, including but not limited to, ribose, D-ribose, ribulose, xylitol, xylulose, and any 5-carbon precursor of ribose.
- Athletic performance means strong, precise, controlled movements that can be maintained over the time desired by an athlete to achieve a particular result of strength, speed, power and/or precision.
- Athlete is here defined as a mammal who performs such movements, either in competition or for recreation. Athletes include cyclists, swimmers, bodybuilders, racehorses, racing dogs and the like. An increase in athletic performance is measured as higher power output, more stamina, or faster speed, preferably in combination with precision of movement or an increase in frequency of performance or movements.
- Fatigue means the inability to maintain a consistent level of peak athletic performance for a desired period of time. Fatigue is this definition is here defined to be due to the exhaustion of energy sources to metabolize; buildup of toxic metabolites in muscle and the like; but not due to lack of sleep, metabolic disease or illness.
- Pentose can be given alone or in combination with a substance selected from one or more of groups 1 to 5 above, all of which can give an incremental improvement in benefit, particularly those which act in a complementary, but different, manner.
- creatine when phosphorylated, acts as an energy “reservoir” in muscle, in that it can readily transfer a high-energy phosphate bond to ADP to form ATP.
- Intermediates of the glycolytic pathways may drive the pathway to greater activity by bypassing “slow” enzymatic steps, with resulting greater synthesis of high-energy bonds.
- Carnitine increases the delivery of fat to the mitochondria, where it is metabolized for energy.
- compositions preferably contain a performance-enhancing amount of pentose dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous vehicle such as water, that may optionally contain minor but effective amounts of additives such as polyols, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and the like.
- aqueous vehicle such as water
- additives such as polyols, preservatives, flavorings, colorings and the like.
- Compositions containing pentoses adapted for oral administration also include solid dosage forms such as tablets, lozenges, capsules and the like. Pentoses may also be incorporated in solid nutriments such as bars, moist or dry animal food, powders or drink mixes. Effective total dosages of ribose, which can be extrapolated to other pentoses, are disclosed hereinbelow.
- pentoses are naturally occurring sugars with a pleasant taste and virtually no toxicity, subjects may be encouraged to self-administer pentose as a nutritional supplement in the form of tablets, lozenges, powders, suspensions, solutions, or mixed in with solid or liquid food.
- pentose can be easily integrated into “senior diet” or “cardiac diet” and separate administration is not necessary.
- pentose can be included in drinks, bars, shakes or snack food.
- pentose can be mixed in with feed or given in water.
- the preferred pentose is ribose or xylitol.
- the preferred dosage is 0.1 to 200 gm pentose per day, preferably 1 to 20 gm pentose per day for a human athlete and 30-150 g per day for a horse. An average adult human may find that 4 to 8 gm pentose per day is sufficient to provide the benefits of the invention.
- the upper dose is limited only by the taste preference of the subject, although at very high doses, subjects may experience diarrhea.
- the dose may be given once a day in a single unit dosage form, but preferably is given two or three times throughout the day, most conveniently before and/or during and/or following exercise.
- sustained energy and anabolic formulas are generally made up of different carbohydrates, including corn syrup, sucrose, fructose, and maltodextrin; proteins, including casein and other proteins from milk and soybean; and lipids, including corn, soy, safflower, and canola oils and medium chain triglycerides.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,538 describes an energy sustaining composition containing fructose, glucose, hydrolyzed protein and magnesium complexed by an amino acid chelator.
- Other ingredients noted as especially advantageous include potassium, phosphorus, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chromium, vanadium, vitamins B 1,2,5,6 and 12 , C, E and carnitine.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,723 describes hypotonic beverage compositions for oral administration comprising electrolytes, minerals, carbohydrates and other ingredients.
- the compositions are adjusted to have an osmolarity between 100 and 270 mOs/1.
- Each of these rehydration drinks can be improved by the addition of from about 1 to 20% pentose, most preferably 10% by weight to volume.
- pentose most preferably 10% by weight to volume.
- the amount of pentose to be added will depend on the composition of other nutrients, to keep the osmolarity within the preferred limits.
- These drinks will be further improved by the addition of other energy metabolites and co-factors.
- ribose via PRPP synthesis, increases the rate of ATP synthesis via the nucleotide salvage pathway.
- TAN total adenine nucleotide
- ribose levels in the resting muscle and therefore, it is possible that the synthetic enzyme pathway is already saturated and that administration of ribose does not increase ATP levels in normal, non-ischemic skeletal muscle.
- plantaris complex muscles of healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were surgically exposed and perfused with reconstituted blood perfusion medium containing amino acids, mM glucose and 100 ⁇ U of bovine insulin/ml.
- the muscle was perfused with reconstituted blood medium at ⁇ 40 ml/min, providing tissue perfusion of approximately 0.65 ml/min. Varying concentrations of D-ribose were added to the perfusate to bring the concentration to 0.156 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.58 mM, 5.0 mM and 15.0 mM. The muscle was perfused for 30 minutes. A minimum of two rats was used for analysis at each dose of ribose tested.
- Muscle sections were quickly dissected from the limb and freeze-clamped with aluminum tongs chilled in liquid nitrogen. Muscle sections were lyophilized and reconstituted in distilled water for subsequent separation of adenine nucleotides by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography. Results are expressed as salvage of adenine (i.e., formation of ATP) in nanomoles salvaged per gram wet weight of muscle per hour (nM/gm/hr).
- adenine salvage at zero millimolar (mM) ribose is less than 50 nM/gm/hr and doubles with administration of 0.158 mM ribose.
- the rate of ATP synthesis reaches 250 nM/gm/hr.
- the group was selected to be homogeneous regarding fitness level, gender and mean age with no known metabolic, neuronal, endocrine or cardiopulmonary disorders. All were capable of or had experience with cycling.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram of a single cycle sprint bout.
- Muscle biopsies were performed on the vastis lateralis muscle using both legs in order to evenly distribute and minimize sampling and possible muscle soreness per leg due to the biopsy itself The first MB was collected at rest at the beginning of the study to establish a baseline and immediately after the first training session of day 0 or the first phase. During the loading phase, no MB was taken. Muscle Biopsies were taken following the final training session and after 48 hours of recovery.
- Ribose or glucose was administered orally in a 250 ml iso-osmotic solution containing 10.0 grams of either ribose or placebo three times per day for three days preceding training (loading phase) and for three days during training (training phase).
- One-half liter isotonic electrolyte solution was given immediately post exercise and again 30 minutes later to avoid dehydration.
- the concentration of the following analytes was determined in the MB samples: ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP (inosine monophosphate), TAN (total adenine nucleotides), creatine phosphate and creatine.
- the improvement in performance is reflected in the ATP levels in the muscle biopsies.
- Table V the subjects preloading with ribose for three days began the training phase with higher levels of ATP, which declined significantly more than that of the placebo group after the sprint bouts, indicating that ATP was being utilized more efficiently.
- Recovery of the ribose group at 48 hours was 82% of the initial level, compared to 78% in the placebo group.
- Example 2 Following the studies of Example 2, in which it was shown that the levels of power output and muscle ATP could be increased above baseline in normal healthy subjects, this study was carried out using trained, conditioned athletes to determine whether the benefits seen in the normal healthy subject could be seen in conditioned athletes. Here the athletes were required to complete 15 sprint cycles versus 6 sprint cycles. Fatigue, that is, the inability to maintain a peak level of performance was measured.
- the subjects were matched, based on their body weights and mean power values from the familiarization session, and randomly assigned to one of three groups. Following the familiarization session, supplementation was begun. One group consumed 20 g of placebo (glucose) supplementation each day, another group consumed 20 g of ribose supplementation each day and the third was given no supplement as a control for variations in performance and muscle data analysis. Supplements were supplied in 5 g packets, which the subjects consumed twice each, two packets in approximately 150 ml water. The two supplemented groups participated in the exercise protocol and completed four muscle biopsies. The control group participated in two exercise sessions separated by five days and two muscle biopsies. The time line for the supplementation and exercise periods is shown in FIG. 4 .
- the subjects in each of the two supplementation groups participated in a 5-day high intensity exercise procedure.
- the subjects started the exercise on day 3 of the 11-day supplementation period and continued through day eight.
- Exercise bouts were performed twice per day during the five-day exercise period.
- the sprinting protocol was identical to that in the familiarization session. At least six hours was permitted between each exercise session.
- the Monark bicycle ergometer was interfaced with a personal computer that allowed for determination of power output and percent fatigue during each 10-second sprint. Data was collected at a rate of x hertz and averaged each second. Peak power, mean power and fatigue were determined for each 10-second sprint. The peak power was determined as the highest one second value. The mean power was determined as the average power over each 10-second sprint. Fatigue was determined as the percent decline from highest to lowest power values during each 10-second sprint.
- the ribose group increased its performance as measured by mean power output by about four percent over that of the placebo group and maintained the increase over the exercise period, in contrast to the placebo group, which showed a spike in mean power at six minutes, but declined to baseline at 10 minutes.
- FIG. 6 shows the percent change in fatigue. The ribose group was able to maintain an even performance, right up to the final sprint.
- Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle using suction to aid in the collection of the sample. For this procedure, the area of the thigh to be biopsied was shaved and cleaned with an antiseptic. Then a small areas the muscle was numbed with 1.5 ml of lidocaine that also contained 1% epinephrine. The epinephrine cased a constriction of the blood vessels to reduce the bleeding at the biopsy site. After a five-minute period, a small incision (approximately one cm) was made with a #11 scalpel blade down through the fascia of the muscle.
- the biopsy needle was then inserted into the muscle and suction was applied via a small tube attached to the base of the needle on one end a 150 ml syringe on the other end., a small piece of muscle was then clipped off and the needle withdrawn.
- the sample was quickly frozen (within 10 seconds) to ⁇ 120° C. and stored in liquid nitrogen.
- a small section (10-15 mg) of the first muscle sample was removed for fiber type identification. Briefly, the section was mounted on a number 2 cork in tragacanth gum with the fiber oriented vertically. The sample was then immersed in isopentane that was in the initial state of being frozen for approximately 20 seconds, and subsequently stored in liquid nitrogen until sectioning was performed.
- Muscle samples stored at ⁇ 20° C. were divided into section weighing between seven and 20 mg.
- One seven to 20 mg section of each muscle sample was extracted using perchloric acid (PCA) and analyzed for the following variables: ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, hypoxanthine, xanthine, inosine, uric acid, adenosine and adenine.
- PCA perchloric acid
- muscle ammonia was analyzed using an enzymatic/spectrophotometric technique.
- a seven to 20 mg section of each sample was placed in a tube containing 250 ⁇ l of 1 M PCA. The PCA was frozen to the temperature of liquid nitrogen, and the sample was allowed to come to a temperature of 0° C. for 30 minutes.
- the samples were then spun and 200 ⁇ l of the supernate was decanted and neutralized using 200 ⁇ l of 1 M potassium hydroxide and 50 ⁇ l of TEA. The samples were spun and 400 ⁇ l were decanted and stored at ⁇ 80° until analysis was performed.
- the muscle extracts were analyzed by modified reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the concentration of adenine nucleotides and degradation products. Separation was achieved using a 45-minute gradient elution with a Licorsorb 5 CH-18 (Phenomenex, Torrance, Calif.) column (250 ⁇ 4 mm).
- the mobile phases composition in buffer A was 150 mM ammonium phosphate, pH 5.80 and in buffer B was 78% ammonium phosphate, 20% methanol and 2% acetonitrile (pH 5.45).
- the following gradient schedule was applied during each run: 0-6 min, 100% a; 6-10 min. 75% a; 10-18 min, 0% a; 18-20 min. 0% a; 26-45 min, 100% a. Quantification of purines was achieved by comparison of values to standard curves derived for each variable.
- Table VI shows the split-routine, periodized resistance training program. Subjects kept a training log to ensure compliance with the training regimen.
- each subject was skilled in the bench press exercise. After three-warm-up sets, subjects were instructed to perform a one-repetition maximum (1-RM) on the supine free-weight bench press. In addition, the maximal number of full repetitions of 100% body weight was assessed for 10 consecutive sets (one minute rest between sets). During the test, subjects had their feet fully planted on the floor, their hips and scapula maintained contact with the bench at all times, and a slight lumbar lordosis was allowed. Repetitions were performed such that the concentric phase was performed as quickly as possible and the eccentric phase was performed with a controlled descent. Hand position was slightly greater than shoulder width. A graduate student in exercise physiology performed each test and determined if a repetition was performed correctly.
- 1-RM one-repetition maximum
- D-ribose given immediately before and during exercise, can provide a benefit to those subjects who have not been previously trained.
- Four healthy, normal male volunteers will be tested for sprint power output on an exercycle, as for Example 2 above. Each subject will serve as his own control. Between the sprint bouts, the subjects will cycle slowly and continuously. Total test time will be one hour, with four sprint bouts during the test. Following the initial baseline test and following each sprint bout, the subjects will be given 5 grams of D-ribose in 200 ml. of water or a similar tasting placebo (glucose). Sprint power output will be tested 15 minutes after each ingesting of the test solutions. Each subject will undergo two sessions, one week apart, one with ribose and one with placebo, in randomized order.
- the placebo will be sweetened with glucose in order to be indistinguishable from the ribose solution. It is expected that the subjects will show higher power output after ribose administration following sustained mild exercise than they showed after placebo administration. It is further expected that the subjects will have a subjectively higher feeling of well being.
- Ribose supplementation has been tested in thoroughbred and trotter racehorses. Ribose has been distributed to several stables. It has been found that a maintenance dose of 20-27 g daily, added to normal feed without other supplementation, has increased several of the horses' performances to the extent of shaving seconds off their lifetime marks. Best results have been found by increasing the dose on the day of a race to 27-30 g given one dose prior to the race and the other dose after the race. For convenience, the maintenance dose is mixed dry into the feed or sprinkled on top of the hay, while the before-the-race dose can be given mixed in a minimal amount ( ⁇ 250 ml) of water. Results have been seen in an improvement in the horses' finishing positions in the race and in many cases an improvement in time at a particular track.
- racehorse trainers have used as much ribose at 100 g per dose without ill effects.
- Greyhound dogs also race in meets that are similar to horse races. These dogs will benefit from a similar regimen of ribose administration, adjusted to their lower body weight of 65-70 pounds.
- the preferred dosage for a racing dog is about 0.15 to 4 g per dose, administered twice daily as a maintenance dose, with about 1 g being administered before and after each race.
- Patients with chronic illnesses including but not limited to coronary artery disease, AIDS, intermittent claudication, tuberculosis and chronic fatigue syndrome, that are characterized by low energy levels, and even those subjects free of overt disease but having low energy due to advanced age, trauma, bums, and recovery from illness or surgery, are benefitted by being able to raise their energy levels without continual medical intervention.
- Many individuals with relatively stable disease live a day to day existence by conforming to an altered life style, coupled with pharmaceutical supplementation. Often, such subjects are inhibited from undertaking a regimen of moderate physical activity from fear of inducing unpleasant effects, such as angina, breathlessness, muscle soreness, cramping or a feeling of exhaustion.
- An example of a subject having no overt disease who benefitted from self-administered ribose is a fifty-five year old male. He had adhered to a strict weekly exercise regimen most of his life until sustaining a systemic bacterial infection, which required admission to the intensive care unit for one month and rehabilitation for an additional month. His cardiovascular and pulmonary systems were predominantly affected during and following his illness and function had not recovered to its previous levels, or to his satisfaction, after one year.
Abstract
Description
|
Supplements contributing to general health and nutrition: |
vitamins | |
minerals | |
proteins and amino acids | |
carbohydrates | |
essential | |
Group | |
2. | Stimulants: |
caffeine | |
| |
forskholin | |
Group | |
3. | Energy pathway substrates and intermediates: |
carbohydrates | |
proteins and amino acids | |
tricarboxylic cycle intermediates | |
free fatty acids | |
pyruvate | |
|
Vasodilators: |
| |
glutamine | |
Group | |
5. | Others: |
creatine | |
carnitine | |
ipriflavone | |
TABLE I |
Ribose Skeletal Muscle Dose-Response Kinetics |
Saturation Kinetics | ||
mM Ribose | Observed | with Base |
0.000 | 48.6 | |
0.158 | 113.0 | 85.82 |
0.500 | 110.0 | 118.68 |
1.000 | 154.12 | |
1.580 | 188.5 | 183.51 |
2.000 | 199.74 | |
2.500 | 215.29 | |
3.000 | 227.85 | |
5.000 | 250.0 | 260.68 |
15.000 | 315.5 | 310.37 |
TABLE II |
Ribose Athlete Study |
Mean Power Per Kilogram (Watts) |
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Average | |
1P | 6.0 | 6.7 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.0 | |
2R | 6.9 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 7.5 | |
3R | 8.7 | 9.2 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.8 | |
4P | 7.5 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 8.7 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.9 | |
Placebo | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 100.0% |
Ribose | 7.8 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 109.0% |
TABLE III |
Ribose Athlete Study |
Peak Power Per Kilogram (Watts) |
|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Average | |
1P | 6.8 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 8.2 | |
2R | 7.9 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 8.7 | 8.8 | |
3R | 9.8 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.3 | |
4P | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.7 | |
Placebo | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 8.7 | 100.0% |
Ribose | 8.9 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 109.9% |
TABLE IV |
Ribose Athlete Study |
Total Power Per |
Subject |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Average | ||
1P | 59.1 | 67.0 | 72.7 | 73.3 | 72.5 | 74.2 | 69.8 | |
2R | 71.9 | 74.7 | 77.1 | 75.6 | 78.1 | 73.4 | 75.1 | |
3R | 86.8 | 91.9 | 91.3 | 90.0 | 85.4 | 82.5 | 88.0 | |
4P | 74.5 | 80.3 | 76.8 | 87.4 | 80.0 | 76.4 | 79.2 | |
Placebo | 66.8 | 73.6 | 74.8 | 80.4 | 76.3 | 75.3 | 74.5 | 100.0% |
Ribose | 79.3 | 83.3 | 84.2 | 82.8 | 81.8 | 77.9 | 81.6 | 109.5% |
TABLE V |
Mean ATP Values (mmol/kg dw) |
Recovery | Change | Change | ||||
Group | Pre | Post | Recovery | % of Pre | Pre-Post | Post-Rec |
Placebo | 23.60 | 20.05 | 18.30 | 78% | −3.55 | −1.75 |
Ribose | 25.33 | 13.90 | 20.80 | 82% | −11.43 | 6.90 |
TABLE VI |
Training Regimen |
Chest, Shoulders, Triceps | Legs | Back, |
Day | ||
1 | |
|
Choose 6 exercises | Choose 6 exercises | Choose 6 exercises |
Bench press*# | Squats# | Lat pull-downs# |
Incline bench press | Calf raises | Dumbbell rows |
Dumbbell military press | Leg extensions | Seated rows |
Front raises | Leg curls | Hammer curls |
Cable crossovers | Leg press | Reverse grip pulldowns |
Pec deck | Dumbbell lunges | Shoulder shrugs |
Dumbbell bench press | Dumbbell bicep curls | |
Tricep kickbacks | ||
Lateral raises | ||
*Subjects will perform the bench press exercise to momentary muscle failure during the last set. |
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US09/677,639 US6429198B1 (en) | 1999-04-12 | 2000-10-03 | Compositions for increasing athletic performance in mammals |
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PCT/US2001/041448 WO2002009727A1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2001-07-27 | Compositions and methods for improving cardiovascular function |
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