US6404284B1 - Amplifier bias adjustment circuit to maintain high-output third-order intermodulation distortion performance - Google Patents
Amplifier bias adjustment circuit to maintain high-output third-order intermodulation distortion performance Download PDFInfo
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- US6404284B1 US6404284B1 US09/837,987 US83798701A US6404284B1 US 6404284 B1 US6404284 B1 US 6404284B1 US 83798701 A US83798701 A US 83798701A US 6404284 B1 US6404284 B1 US 6404284B1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F1/00—Details of amplifiers with only discharge tubes, only semiconductor devices or only unspecified devices as amplifying elements
- H03F1/02—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation
- H03F1/0205—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers
- H03F1/0261—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the polarisation voltage or current, e.g. gliding Class A
- H03F1/0272—Modifications of amplifiers to raise the efficiency, e.g. gliding Class A stages, use of an auxiliary oscillation in transistor amplifiers with control of the polarisation voltage or current, e.g. gliding Class A by using a signal derived from the output signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/189—High frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers
- H03F3/19—High frequency amplifiers, e.g. radio frequency amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03G—CONTROL OF AMPLIFICATION
- H03G3/00—Gain control in amplifiers or frequency changers without distortion of the input signal
- H03G3/20—Automatic control
- H03G3/30—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices
- H03G3/3036—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers
- H03G3/3042—Automatic control in amplifiers having semiconductor devices in high-frequency amplifiers or in frequency-changers in modulators, frequency-changers, transmitters or power amplifiers
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers. More particularly, the invention relates to an RF power amplifier circuit that includes a bias adjustment circuit that causes the output signal of the amplifier to contain an amount of intermodulation distortion that increases linearly (on a log scale) as the output power increases.
- RF radio-frequency
- An RF power amplifier is a circuit that is capable of receiving an RF input signal and amplifying it to produce an RF output signal.
- RF power amplifiers are frequently used in communications systems, such as cable-television systems (CATV). They normally include bipolar junction transistors or field-effect transistors as amplifying elements, and, if so, they also invariably include a bias circuit that sets the quiescent operating point of the transistor.
- the quiescent operating point of a transistor is the “point on the family of characteristic curves . . . that corresponds to the average electrode voltages or currents in the absence of a signal.” JOHN MARKUS, ELECTRONICS DICTIONARY 445 (4th ed. 1979).
- the quiescent operating point of a bipolar junction transistor includes such parameters as quiescent base-emitter current, quiescent base-emitter voltage, quiescent collector-emitter current, and quiescent collector-emitter voltage.
- the efficiency of an amplifier is the amplifier's signal output power divided by the power supplied to the amplifier by the power supply.
- the former quantity the signal output power—is determined by the gain of the amplifier and the input drive level (or signal input power).
- An amplifier with a high quiescent operating point will draw a large amount of power from the power supply, and the amplifier will have a low efficiency.
- an amplifier with a low quiescent operating point will draw a small amount of power from the power supply, and the amplifier will have a high efficiency.
- the relationship among efficiency, signal output power, and quiescent operating point is this: the lower the quiescent operating point and the higher the signal output power, the higher the efficiency of the amplifier.
- harmonics, or noise signals having frequencies that are integer multiples of the signal frequency f(i.e., 2f, 3f, etc.) are generated when a pure sinusoidal waveform is clipped. If clipping occurs when more than one signal is simultaneously applied to an amplifier, then intermodulation distortion (hereinafter, “IMD”) occurs in addition to harmonic generation.
- IMD intermodulation distortion
- the dominant IMD term is the third-order component.
- the theoretical power of such third-order MD products resulting from waveform clipping increases by about three decibels for every one-decibel increase in signal input power, provided that the highest-order term in the nonlinearity of the amplifier is cubic.
- the theoretical power (in decibels) of the third-order IMD is graphed against the signal input power (in decibels), the result is a straight line having a slope of about 3:1.
- This graph of the third-order IMD versus input power level is referred to hereinafter as the theoretical 3:1 curve.
- the inventor of the present invention has recognized that this unpredictable variation in IMD from the theoretically-predicted 3:1 curve causes problems to designers of CATV systems, who must be able to calculate signal power and distortion power at each point in a cascaded CATV system.
- the calculations are normally performed using large spreadsheet programs making use of the assumption that the IMD produced by each amplifier follows the theoretical 3:1 curve. But the calculations are inaccurate if the third-order IMD produced is greater or less than the amount that is theoretically predicted.
- a first known technique is to decrease or attenuate the power level of the amplifier input signal.
- a decrease in input power causes a corresponding decrease in the output power of the amplifier, so that the third-order intermodulation and harmonic distortion is reduced to acceptable levels.
- the useful output power range over which the amplifier can be used is therefore limited, in order to avoid excessive IMD. This limitation in output power range is highly undesirable.
- the system of the '593 patent successfully maintains the total distortion in the output of an amplifier at a predetermined power level, however, it does not accomplish the desired objective of causing the third-order IMD to increase at the 3:1 rate. Rather, in the system of the '593 patent, the power level of the third-order IMD in the output of the amplifier remains at approximately the same level as the power of the input signal increases, because the amplifier bias voltage is continually adjusted to maintain the level of distortion constant. Thus, the technique of the '593 patent does not fulfill the need for predictability in amplifier performance.
- the invention is directed to a circuit for amplifying an input RF signal.
- the circuit comprises the following elements: (1) an RF amplifier circuit that amplifies the input RF signal and produces an output RF signal that comprises a third-order IMD product signal; (2) a power divider circuit that divides a signal output from the RF amplifier circuit into the output RF signal and a feedback signal; (3) a feedback circuit comprising an RF detector that detects the feedback signal and produces a DC voltage proportional to the power of the feedback signal that is used to bias the RF amplifier circuit.
- the third-order IMD product signal responds, over a predetermined range of power of the output RF signal, by increasing substantially three decibels in response to each one-decibel increase in the level of the input RF signal.
- the feedback circuit further comprises a DC level shifter and a DC amplifier to amplify and shift the level of the DC voltage before it is used to bias the RF amplifier circuit.
- the power divider circuit produces the RF output signal and the feedback signal with equal strength.
- the power divider circuit produces the RF output signal and the feedback signal with unequal strength.
- the feedback signal has a strength at least ten decibels less than the RF output signal.
- the power divider circuit may comprise a coupler with a ferrite core. Alternatively, it may comprise a resistor or any other circuitry that divides power.
- the RF amplifier circuit preferably comprises a monolithic gallium arsenide (GaAs) metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MESFET).
- the detector circuit preferably comprises a DC blocking capacitor, a detector diode, a DC bias inductor, a DC bias resistor, and an RF bypass capacitor.
- the invention is also directed to a method for amplifying an input RF signal to produce an output RF signal that comprises a third-order IMD product signal, where the third-order IMD product signal responds over a predetermined range of power of the output RF signal by increasing substantially three decibels in response to each one-decibel increase in the level of the input RF signal.
- the method comprises the following steps: (1) amplifying the input RF signal in an amplifier to produce an amplified signal; (2) dividing the amplified signal into an output RF signal and a feedback signal; (3) generating a DC signal with a DC voltage proportional to the power of the feedback signal; and (4) biasing the amplifier based on the DC signal.
- the method further comprises the steps of amplifying the DC signal and level-shifting the DC voltage before using it to bias the amplifier.
- the step of dividing produces the RF output signal and the feedback signal with equal strength.
- this step produces the RF output signal and the feedback signal with unequal strength.
- the feedback signal has a strength at least ten decibels less than the RF output signal.
- the step of dividing may be performed with a circuit that comprises a coupler with a ferrite core. Alternatively, it may be performed with a circuit that comprises a resistor or any other circuitry that divides power.
- the amplifier preferably comprises a monolithic GaAs MESFET.
- the step of generating a DC signal is preferably performed with a circuit that comprises a DC blocking capacitor, a detector diode, a DC bias inductor, a DC bias resistor, and an RF bypass capacitor.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the feedback circuit of the invention used to maintain the theoretically-expected 3:1 third-order IMD slope for output power.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram for the RF detector, DC amplifier, and level shifter blocks shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the method of the invention for maintaining the theoretically-expected 3:1 third-order distortion slope for output power.
- the invention relates to an amplifier device wherein the theoretical 3:1 third-order IMD power slope is maintained. This is achieved by using a feedback mechanism that adjusts the bias current, increasing it as a function of output power, to keep the third-order IMD on this theoretical slope.
- RF input signal 10 is amplified by the circuit, producting RF output signal 40 .
- RF input signal 10 is first amplified by RF amplifier 20 .
- the amplified signal is then fed into a power divider 30 .
- the RF amplifier 20 is a monolithic GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor (“MESFET”) circuit, although alternative amplifiers are also within the scope of the invention.
- Such alternative amplifiers include, but are not limited to, amplifiers formed from different types of transistors, including other field-effect transistors as well as bipolar junction transistors.
- Power divider 30 samples the power of the amplified signal and feeds it into RF detector 50 .
- power divider 30 is a simple power divider with an equal power split. In a preferred embodiment, however, power divider 30 provides an unequal split, with the signal fed to RF detector 50 having a strength less than that for RF output signal 40 . This is to minimize the through loss of the RF signal.
- the strength of the signal fed to RF detector 50 is at least 10 dB less than the strength of RF output signal 40 .
- the power divider 30 is a coupler fabricated using a ferrite core. In an alternative embodiment, the power divider 30 comprises a resistor or other circuitry that divides power.
- RF detector 50 produces a DC voltage that is proportional to the RF signal power input from RF power divider 30 .
- This DC signal is fed back to RF amplifier 20 , preferably through a DC amplifier 60 and a level shifter 70 .
- the function of DC amplifier 60 and level shifter 70 are to ensure that the DC signal that is fed back into RF amplifier 20 increases the DC bias in the RF amplifier 20 as a function of the RF output power such that the third-order IMD remains on the 3:1 slope.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating an embodiment of RF detector 50 , DC amplifier 60 , and level shifter 70 .
- the RF output from power divider 30 passes through DC blocking capacitor C 1 .
- Detector diode D 1 given a small forward-bias current (about 20 microamperes for a typical Schottky diode detector) by resistor R 1 and inductor L 1 , rectifies the RF signal by conducting current only when the voltage at node 200 is less than the voltage at node 210 minus the diode cut-in voltage (normally 0.6 V for a silicon diode).
- Diode D 1 does not conduct when the voltage at node 200 is greater than the voltage at node 210 minus the diode cut-in voltage.
- the current through diode D 1 accordingly follows the negative peaks of the input signal waveform with an inversely proportional linear relationship between the diode current and the input voltage.
- the voltage at node 210 behaves as follows. When diode D 1 is forward biased by a negative voltage at node 200 , the voltage at node 210 tracks the voltage at node 200 (plus the voltage developed across diode D 1 , which is approximately 0.7 V for a silicon diode or 1.3 V for a GaAs diode. When diode D 1 is reverse biased, however, the voltage at node 210 is held fixed by bypass capacitor C 2 . This capacitor should be sufficiently large that the voltage at node 210 tracks slow changes in the average output power of the RF amplifier rather than instantaneous changes in output power or in the modulation of the carrier. In the preferred embodiment, the size of bypass capacitor is selected to cause the video bandwidth of the detector to be about 1 Hz.
- the output of the detector (the voltage at node 210 ) is a DC signal that is inversely proportional to the RF power output from power divider 30 .
- the DC signal is large (more positive or less negative); when the RF power is large, the DC signal is small (less positive or more negative).
- This DC signal then passes to DC amplifier 60 , formed by resistors R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 and transistors Q 1 and Q 2 .
- the transistors may be field-effect or bipolar-type transistors.
- Transistors Q 1 and Q 2 and resistors R 3 and R 2 form a conventional differential amplifier.
- Resistor R 2 sets the gain of the differential amplifier, while resistor R 3 sets the current through transistors Q 1 and Q 2 .
- resistor R 3 is quite large in relation to resistor R 2 .
- the output of DC amplifier 60 is the voltage at node 230 (V 230 ), which is proportional to the difference between the voltage V 210 at the gate of transistor Q 1 and the reference voltage V 220 .
- V 230 is thus proportional to, and inverted to, V 210 .
- the magnitude of V 230 is, of course, determined by the gain of the differential amplifier.
- V 230 The voltage at node 230 (V 230 ) is then input to level shifter 70 , which in one embodiment comprises a buffering transistor Q 3 and resistors R 6 and R 7 , which provide the DC voltage level-shifting. Resistors R 6 and R 7 are selected to provide an appropriate range for the bias control voltage V CONTROL . The magnitude of this voltage is dependent on the RF amplifier design and, in a preferred embodiment, varies about 100 mV over the full range of RF output power.
- detector 50 causes a proportional inverted signal to appear at node 210 .
- the DC amplifier 60 then inverts the inverted signal to a non-inverted, amplified signal, and level shifter 70 shifts the amplified signal to a range appropriate for biasing RF amplifier 20 .
- the quiescent operating point of RF amplifier 20 is continuously adjusted so that RF amplifier 20 operates in a more linear range on its I-V curve, and the third order IMD is maintained on the theoretically-expected curve even at high RF output power.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart illustrating the method of the invention for maintaining third-order IMD products on the theoretical 3:1 slope. While it is preferred that the steps be performed by a circuit configuration similar to the one shown in FIG. 1 and described above, alternative configurations may also be used.
- step 110 the RF signal to be amplified is input.
- This signal is amplified in step 120 .
- the amplified signal is then divided at step 130 .
- division of the amplified signal is unequal, with the signal fed along path 132 having a strength less than that fed along path 134 . This is to minimize the through loss of the RF signal. It is preferred that the strength of the signal fed along path 132 be at least 10 dB less than the strength of the signal fed along path 134 .
- the portion of the divided signal fed along path 132 is then used at step 150 to generate a DC signal with a voltage proportional to the RF signal input along path 132 .
- This DC signal is preferably amplified at step 160 and level-shifted at step 170 so that it can be fed back to step 120 .
- the portion of the divided signal fed along path 134 is output as the amplified RF signal at step 140 .
- the steps of amplifying 160 and level-shifting 170 the DC signal have the effect of increasing the DC bias used at the RF amplification step 120 at such a rate that the third-order IMD remains on the theoretical 3:1 slope.
Abstract
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US09/837,987 US6404284B1 (en) | 2001-04-19 | 2001-04-19 | Amplifier bias adjustment circuit to maintain high-output third-order intermodulation distortion performance |
US10/167,604 US6639466B2 (en) | 2001-04-19 | 2002-06-11 | Amplifier bias adjustment circuit to maintain high-output third-order intermodulation distortion performance |
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US09/837,987 US6404284B1 (en) | 2001-04-19 | 2001-04-19 | Amplifier bias adjustment circuit to maintain high-output third-order intermodulation distortion performance |
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US11894808B2 (en) | 2018-08-01 | 2024-02-06 | Skyworks Solutions, Inc. | Power amplifier with variable bias impedance |
US11509273B2 (en) | 2019-08-27 | 2022-11-22 | Skyworks Solutions, Inc. | Apparatus and methods for power amplifier distortion network |
CN114759886A (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-07-15 | 西安博瑞集信电子科技有限公司 | Radio frequency amplifying circuit |
CN114759886B (en) * | 2022-06-16 | 2022-10-28 | 西安博瑞集信电子科技有限公司 | Radio frequency amplifying circuit |
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