US5831386A - Electrodeless lamp with improved efficacy - Google Patents

Electrodeless lamp with improved efficacy Download PDF

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US5831386A
US5831386A US08/324,475 US32447594A US5831386A US 5831386 A US5831386 A US 5831386A US 32447594 A US32447594 A US 32447594A US 5831386 A US5831386 A US 5831386A
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Prior art keywords
lamp
volume
surface area
ratio
sulfur
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US08/324,475
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Brian Turner
Mohammad Kamarehi
Leslie Levine
Michael G. Ury
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LG Electronics Inc
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Fusion Lighting Inc
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Assigned to FUSION LIGHTING, INC. reassignment FUSION LIGHTING, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: URY, MICHAEL G., KAMAREHI, MOHAMMAD, LEVINE, LESLIE, TURNER, BRIAN
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Assigned to LG ELECTRONICS INC. reassignment LG ELECTRONICS INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUSION LIGHTING, INC.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/20—Exposure; Apparatus therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J65/00—Lamps without any electrode inside the vessel; Lamps with at least one main electrode outside the vessel
    • H01J65/04—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels
    • H01J65/042—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field
    • H01J65/044—Lamps in which a gas filling is excited to luminesce by an external electromagnetic field or by external corpuscular radiation, e.g. for indicating plasma display panels by an external electromagnetic field the field being produced by a separate microwave unit
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
    • H01J61/16—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having helium, argon, neon, krypton, or xenon as the principle constituent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/30—Vessels; Containers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
    • H01J61/02—Details
    • H01J61/38—Devices for influencing the colour or wavelength of the light

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to an improved method for generating radiation, and to an improved lamp.
  • Electrodeless lamps which are used for illumination applications, and which are powered by electromagnetic energy, including microwave and R.F., are known. It is also known that such lamps may include a fill where the emission is generated with sulfur or selenium, or a compound thereof. Such a lamp is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 071,027, filed Jun. 3, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,076, and PCT International Publication No. WO 92/08240, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • an important figure of merit of lamp performance is efficacy, i.e., the visible light output as compared to the electrical power inputted to the lamp, as this determines the cost of operating the lamp.
  • the lamp disclosed in the above-mentioned PCT Publication is of a type having a high efficacy.
  • the efficacy of such a lamp can be improved still further to a substantial extent by operating the lamp in a specific regime.
  • a lamp wherein sulfur, selenium, or tellurium is the primary light emitting substance is operated in a regime wherein the ratio of volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm.
  • volume to surface area ratio minimizes the heat which is lost through the wall of the lamp envelope. Since the electrical power inputted is converted to either light or heat, increasing the volume to surface area ratio has the effect of increasing the efficiency of light emission. In the case of a spherical envelope, the volume to surface area ratio is increased by increasing the diameter of the envelope.
  • a lamp wherein sulfur, selenium, or tellurium is the primary light emitting substance is operated in a regime wherein the ratio of volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm, the concentration of the sulfur, selenium, or tellurium during operation is less than 1.75 mg/cc, and the power density is less than about 100 watts/cc and greater than about 5 watts/cc. Operation in this regime produces the unexpected result of a substantial improvement in efficacy.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a spectrum of emitted light using a sulfur fill.
  • FIG. 4 is a spectrum of emitted light using a selenium fill.
  • FIG. 5 is a spectrum of emitted light using a tellurium fill.
  • lamp 2 is depicted which is an embodiment of the invention which is powered by microwave energy, it being understood that R.F. energy may be used as well.
  • Lamp 2 includes a microwave cavity 4 which is comprised of metallic cylindrical member 6 and metallic mesh 8.
  • Mesh 8 is effective to allow the light to escape from the cavity while retaining the microwave energy inside.
  • Bulb 10 is disposed in the cavity, which in the embodiment depicted is spherical.
  • the bulb is supported by stem 12, which is connected with motor 14 for effecting rotation of the bulb. This rotation promotes stable operation of the lamp.
  • Microwave energy is generated by magnetron 16, and waveguide 18 transmits such energy to a slot (not shown) in the cavity wall, from where it is coupled to the cavity and particularly to the fill in bulb 10.
  • Bulb 10 consists of a bulb envelope and a fill in the envelope.
  • the fill includes sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a compound of one of these substances.
  • substances which may be used in the fill are InS, As 2 S 3 , S 2 Cl 2 , CS 2 , In 2 S 3 , SeS, SeO 2 , SeCl 4 , SeTe, SCe 2 , P 2 Se 5 , Se 3 As 2 , TeO, TeS, TeCl 5 , TeBr 5 , and TeI 5 .
  • sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds may be used, for example those which have a relatively low vapor pressure at room temperature, i.e., they are in solid or liquid state, and a vapor pressure at operating temperature which is sufficient to maintain useful light output.
  • the ratio of the volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm. As discussed above, this promotes high efficacy.
  • the preferred ratio of volume to surface area is above 0.6 cm.
  • the "surface area” in the term “volume to surface area” refers to the outside surface area of the bulb envelope (the volume being internal to the inside surface area).
  • the concentration of the sulfur, selenium, or tellurium during operation is below 1.75 mg/cc and the power density is below about 100 watts/cc and above about 5 watts/cc.
  • the lamp of the invention achieves operation at power densities which are below 20 watt/cc.
  • power density refers to the power inputted to the bulb divided by the bulb volume.
  • any fill including one or a combination of fill materials which, at lamp operating temperature and at the selected power density, yields sufficient concentration of sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium in the envelope to provide useful illumination.
  • the lamp may output a reduced amount of spectral energy in the infrared, and spectral shifts with variations in power density have been observed. Forced air cooling may be required at higher power densities.
  • a spherical bulb of outside diameter 4.7 cm (wall thickness of 1.5 mm) was used, resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.64 cm.
  • the applied power was 1100 watts
  • the fill was sulfur at a concentration of 1.3 mg/cc, resulting in a power density of 19.5 watts/cc, and the bulb was rotated at 300 RPM. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the average efficacy around the bulb was 165 lumens/watt (microwave watt).
  • the ratio of the visible spectral power produced to the infrared spectral power was 10 to 1.
  • the fill included an inert gas, specifically 150 torr of argon.
  • an electrodeless quartz bulb of spherical shape having an internal diameter of 2.84 cm, (O.D. 30 mm), and a volume to surface area ratio of 0.43 cm was filled with 0.062 mg-moles/cc (1.98 mg/cc) of sulfur, and 60 torr of argon.
  • the efficacy around the lamp was 140 lumens/watt.
  • a spherical bulb of diameter 40 mm OD (37 mm ID), resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.53 cm was filled with 34 mg of Se, and 300 torr of xenon gas, resulting in a selenium concentration of 1.28 mg/cc.
  • the lamp was powered by 1000 microwave watts inside a resonant cavity. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 4. The average efficacy around the bulb exceeded 180 lumens/watt.
  • an electrodeless quartz bulb having a volume of 12 cc (wall thickness of 1.5 mm) was filled with 54 mg of selenium and with 60 torr of argon.
  • the bulb was placed in a microwave cavity and excited with 3500 watts of microwave energy.
  • the average efficacy around the bulb was about 120 lumens/watt.
  • a spherical bulb of 40 mm OD (37 mm ID) resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.53 cm was filled with 20 mg of tellurium and 100 torr of xenon, resulting in a tellurium concentration of 0.75 mg/cc.
  • the lamp was powered with about 1100 watts inside a microwave cavity. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 5. The average efficacy around the bulb was at least 105 lumens/watt.

Abstract

A sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium based lamp for providing visible light. The lamp is operated in a regime for providing high efficacy wherein the ratio of the volume to surface area of the bulb is greater than 0.45 cm, the concentration of the sulfur, selenium, or tellurium is less than 1.75 mg/cc, and the power density is between about 100 watts/cc and 5 watts/cc.

Description

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/136,078, filed Oct. 15, 1993, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to an improved method for generating radiation, and to an improved lamp.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Electrodeless lamps which are used for illumination applications, and which are powered by electromagnetic energy, including microwave and R.F., are known. It is also known that such lamps may include a fill where the emission is generated with sulfur or selenium, or a compound thereof. Such a lamp is disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 071,027, filed Jun. 3, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,076, and PCT International Publication No. WO 92/08240, which are incorporated herein by reference.
As is well known, an important figure of merit of lamp performance is efficacy, i.e., the visible light output as compared to the electrical power inputted to the lamp, as this determines the cost of operating the lamp. The lamp disclosed in the above-mentioned PCT Publication is of a type having a high efficacy. In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that the efficacy of such a lamp can be improved still further to a substantial extent by operating the lamp in a specific regime.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention, a lamp wherein sulfur, selenium, or tellurium is the primary light emitting substance is operated in a regime wherein the ratio of volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm.
Providing a large volume to surface area ratio minimizes the heat which is lost through the wall of the lamp envelope. Since the electrical power inputted is converted to either light or heat, increasing the volume to surface area ratio has the effect of increasing the efficiency of light emission. In the case of a spherical envelope, the volume to surface area ratio is increased by increasing the diameter of the envelope.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, a lamp wherein sulfur, selenium, or tellurium is the primary light emitting substance is operated in a regime wherein the ratio of volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm, the concentration of the sulfur, selenium, or tellurium during operation is less than 1.75 mg/cc, and the power density is less than about 100 watts/cc and greater than about 5 watts/cc. Operation in this regime produces the unexpected result of a substantial improvement in efficacy.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will be better appreciated in accordance with the accompanying figures, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a spectrum of emitted light using a sulfur fill.
FIG. 4 is a spectrum of emitted light using a selenium fill.
FIG. 5 is a spectrum of emitted light using a tellurium fill.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Referring to FIG. 1, lamp 2 is depicted which is an embodiment of the invention which is powered by microwave energy, it being understood that R.F. energy may be used as well.
Lamp 2 includes a microwave cavity 4 which is comprised of metallic cylindrical member 6 and metallic mesh 8. Mesh 8 is effective to allow the light to escape from the cavity while retaining the microwave energy inside.
Bulb 10 is disposed in the cavity, which in the embodiment depicted is spherical. Referring to FIG. 2, the bulb is supported by stem 12, which is connected with motor 14 for effecting rotation of the bulb. This rotation promotes stable operation of the lamp.
Microwave energy is generated by magnetron 16, and waveguide 18 transmits such energy to a slot (not shown) in the cavity wall, from where it is coupled to the cavity and particularly to the fill in bulb 10.
Bulb 10 consists of a bulb envelope and a fill in the envelope. The fill includes sulfur, selenium, or tellurium, or a compound of one of these substances. Examples of substances which may be used in the fill are InS, As2 S3, S2 Cl2, CS2, In2 S3, SeS, SeO2, SeCl4, SeTe, SCe2, P2 Se5, Se3 As2, TeO, TeS, TeCl5, TeBr5, and TeI5.
Additionally, other sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds may be used, for example those which have a relatively low vapor pressure at room temperature, i.e., they are in solid or liquid state, and a vapor pressure at operating temperature which is sufficient to maintain useful light output.
In accordance with an aspect of the invention, the ratio of the volume to surface area of the lamp envelope is at least 0.45 cm. As discussed above, this promotes high efficacy. The preferred ratio of volume to surface area is above 0.6 cm. As used herein, the "surface area" in the term "volume to surface area" refers to the outside surface area of the bulb envelope (the volume being internal to the inside surface area).
Additionally, the concentration of the sulfur, selenium, or tellurium during operation is below 1.75 mg/cc and the power density is below about 100 watts/cc and above about 5 watts/cc.
It is notable that the lamp of the invention achieves operation at power densities which are below 20 watt/cc.
The term "power density" refers to the power inputted to the bulb divided by the bulb volume. One may employ in the lamps of the invention any fill including one or a combination of fill materials which, at lamp operating temperature and at the selected power density, yields sufficient concentration of sulfur, selenium, and/or tellurium in the envelope to provide useful illumination.
The lamp may output a reduced amount of spectral energy in the infrared, and spectral shifts with variations in power density have been observed. Forced air cooling may be required at higher power densities.
EXAMPLE I
In a specific embodiment of the invention which was tested, a spherical bulb of outside diameter 4.7 cm (wall thickness of 1.5 mm) was used, resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.64 cm. The applied power was 1100 watts, the fill was sulfur at a concentration of 1.3 mg/cc, resulting in a power density of 19.5 watts/cc, and the bulb was rotated at 300 RPM. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 3. The average efficacy around the bulb was 165 lumens/watt (microwave watt). The ratio of the visible spectral power produced to the infrared spectral power was 10 to 1. As is typical in lamps of this general type, the fill included an inert gas, specifically 150 torr of argon.
Comparison (Example I)
In the example in the above-mentioned PCT Publication having a "sulfur only" fill, an electrodeless quartz bulb of spherical shape having an internal diameter of 2.84 cm, (O.D. 30 mm), and a volume to surface area ratio of 0.43 cm, was filled with 0.062 mg-moles/cc (1.98 mg/cc) of sulfur, and 60 torr of argon. When excited with microwave energy at a power density of about 280 watts/cc, the efficacy around the lamp was 140 lumens/watt.
EXAMPLE II
A spherical bulb of diameter 40 mm OD (37 mm ID), resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.53 cm was filled with 34 mg of Se, and 300 torr of xenon gas, resulting in a selenium concentration of 1.28 mg/cc. The lamp was powered by 1000 microwave watts inside a resonant cavity. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 4. The average efficacy around the bulb exceeded 180 lumens/watt.
Comparison (Example II)
As disclosed in the above-mentioned PCT Publication, an electrodeless quartz bulb having a volume of 12 cc (wall thickness of 1.5 mm) was filled with 54 mg of selenium and with 60 torr of argon. The bulb was placed in a microwave cavity and excited with 3500 watts of microwave energy. The average efficacy around the bulb was about 120 lumens/watt.
As can be seen by referring to the above examples, a substantial improvement in efficacy is achieved by operating in the regime which is taught herein.
EXAMPLE III
A spherical bulb of 40 mm OD (37 mm ID) resulting in a volume to surface area ratio of 0.53 cm was filled with 20 mg of tellurium and 100 torr of xenon, resulting in a tellurium concentration of 0.75 mg/cc. The lamp was powered with about 1100 watts inside a microwave cavity. Visible light was produced having a spectrum as shown in FIG. 5. The average efficacy around the bulb was at least 105 lumens/watt.
A lamp having improved efficacy has been disclosed. While the invention has been disclosed in connection with preferred and illustrative embodiments, it should be understood that variations of this invention which fall within its spirit and scope may occur to those skilled in the art, and the invention is to be limited only by the claims appended hereto and equivalents.

Claims (11)

We claim:
1. A lamp for providing visible light, comprising,
a lamp envelope of light transmissive material having a ratio of volume to outer surface area of at least 0.45 cm, which includes a fill containing during excitation at least one member selected from the group consisting of sulfur, selenium and tellurium, wherein said member is present at a concentration of less than 1.75 mg/cc, sufficient to cause said member to emit primarily visible light in the form of molecular radiation at the operating temperature of the lamp, and
means for coupling electromagnetic energy to the fill at a power density between about 5 watts/cc and about 100 watts/cc, sufficient to cause emission of said visible light from said envelope.
2. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said member selected is sulfur.
3. The lamp of claim 2 wherein said ratio is volume to surface area of at least 0.6 cm.
4. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said member selected is selenium.
5. The lamp of claim 4 wherein said a ratio is volume to surface area of at least 0.6 cm.
6. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said member selected is tellurium.
7. The lamp of claim 6 wherein said a ratio is volume to surface area of at least 0.6 cm.
8. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said lamp provides mostly visible light, which is emitted primarily by said selected member or members.
9. The lamp of claim 8 wherein said electromagnetic energy is microwave energy.
10. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic energy is microwave energy.
11. The lamp of claim 1 wherein said lamp envelope has a volume to surface area ratio of at least 0.6 cm.
US08/324,475 1993-10-15 1994-10-17 Electrodeless lamp with improved efficacy Expired - Lifetime US5831386A (en)

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US08/324,475 US5831386A (en) 1993-10-15 1994-10-17 Electrodeless lamp with improved efficacy

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EP (2) EP0723699B1 (en)
JP (2) JPH09503883A (en)
KR (1) KR100331917B1 (en)
CN (2) CN1047260C (en)
AT (1) ATE210891T1 (en)
AU (2) AU689194B2 (en)
BR (1) BR9407816A (en)
CA (1) CA2173490A1 (en)
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DE (2) DE69429443T2 (en)
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US20050057158A1 (en) * 2000-07-31 2005-03-17 Yian Chang Plasma lamp with dielectric waveguide integrated with transparent bulb
US20050099130A1 (en) * 2000-07-31 2005-05-12 Luxim Corporation Microwave energized plasma lamp with dielectric waveguide
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KR101241049B1 (en) 2011-08-01 2013-03-15 주식회사 플라즈마트 Plasma generation apparatus and plasma generation method
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