DETAILED DESCRIPTION
BACKGROUND
Coating method is becoming an important method for modifying properties of materials. The adhesive strength and tribology of the coating layer can change the surface condition. The complexed layer includes a hard coated film and a nitrided layer. For instance, in 1995, E. T. Meletis et al. reported in Surface and Coatings Technology, volume 73, page 39, and S. C. Lee et al. also reported in volume 73, page 34 in the same journal, regarding the coating property and capability of a hard coated film that could be improved by using diffusional plasma nitriding on the surface of hard material, followed by combining with titanium nitride(TiN) to form a complexed layer.
The property of a coated film is dependent on the hardness and adhesive strength of the coated layer. For instance, in 1994, F. D. Lai et al. revealed in Surface and Coatings Technology, volume 64, page 53, regarding the ion plating method, which could give a coated film with high density and good adhesion. When coated with CrN, properties such as hardness, density, adhesive strength, and anti-corrosion, were significantly enhanced.
The primary purpose of the present invention was to provide a novel method for modify the surface property of tool steel, so that the surface adhesive strength and hardness were enhanced, and the life of usage was significantly increased. Another purpose of the present invention was to provide a standard procedure of pretreatment, nitriding, repolishing, and CrN coating deposited on the surface of steel tool.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention was a novel method for surface modification of tool steel. The adhesive strength and hardness of CrN film deposited on SKD 61 tool steel was enhanced. The modification process included plasma nitriding, or gas nitriding, or nitrocarburizing. Then the tool steel was cleaned and repolished with different grinding papers. The adhesive strength and hardness of CrN film deposited on the surface of the tool steel was significantly increased.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE TABLES AND DRAWINGS
Table 1.The amounts nitrogen and carbon weight percents in the surface of the plasma nitrided(PNSKD), gas nitrided(GNSKD) and nitrocarburized(NCSKD) samples.
Table 2. Microhardness of various samples. HV0.050, HV0.100, HV0.300 referred to values of hardness obtained by a Vickers hardness tester under a load of 50, 100, 300 g for 10 Sec., respectively.
Table 3. Fracture surface of various samples, followed by repolishing with #1000 granding paper and CrN deposition, after indentation test. P--Perfect C1--slightly horizontal crack C2--light vertical and horizontal crack F1--C2with slight peeling off F2--C2with completely peeling off
Table 4. The critical load for causing coating damage by scratch test.
Repolishing processes included without repolishing, #600 grinding paper, #1000 granding paper, #1800 grinding paper, #1000 granding paper and diamond paste, respectively.
No: without repolishing, but CrN deposition immediately
600:repolishing with #600 grinding paper, followed by CrN deposition
1000:repolishing with #1000 grinding paper, followed by CrN deposition
1800:repolishing with #1800 grinding paper, followed by CrN deposition
D: repolishing with #1000 grinding paper and diamond paste, followed by CrN deposition
FIG. 1. The flow chart of the present invention
FIG. 2. (a) Cross-section micrographs of a 3.6 μm CrN layer. X-ray map showing (b) the Cr-rich and (c) the Fe-rich phases on the coating.
FIG. 3. Surface failure modes around Rockwell-N impact indentation.
FIG. 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of (a) nitrocarburized, (b) gas nitrided, (c) plasma nitrided layers and (d) SKD 61 tool steel.
FIG. 5. X-ray diffraction patterns of CrN coating deposited on (a)nitrocarburized, (b)gas nitrided, (c)plasma nitrided layers and (d) single CrN coating samples.
FIG. 6. Concentration profiles of CrN coating deposited on a) nitrocarburized, (b) gas nitrided, (c) plasma nitrided layers and (d) single CrN coating sample by GDS.
FIG. 7. Typical indentation crack patterns observed on (a)P, 100 Kgf, CrNPN, (b) C2, 15 Kgf, CrNonly, (c) C2, 100 Kgf, CrNNC, (d) F1, 30 Kgf, CrNonly and (e) F2, 100 Kgf, CrNonly. P--Perfect C1--slightly horizontal crack C2--light vertical and horizontal crack F1--C2with slight peeling off F2--C2with completely peeling off
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention included pretreatment, nitriding, repolishing, and CrN hard layer deposition. The pretreatment included polishing the tool steel with up to #1000 SiC griding paper, followed by cleaning with acetone and watching with deionized water in an ultrasonic cleaner.
Once the tool steel was cleaned, it was placed in a furnance for carburizing at temperature of 460° to 560° C. Upon carburizing, the ratio of nitrogen to carbon for the film on the surface of the tool steel was analyzed by a glow discharge spectrophotometer(GDS). Then repolishing, cleaning with acetone and watching with deionized water were performed. Again the tool steel was placed in cathodic arc plasma deposition chamber to clean, followed by CrN layer deposition. As illustrated in FIG. 1, repolishing adopted #600, #1000, #1800, and #1000 grinding papers and diamond paste, respectively. The present invention was applicable to all tool steels for cutting and molding.
The common method for nitriding generally included (1) nitrocarburizing, (2) gas nitriding, (3) plasma nitriding. Any one of these was a good choice for the present invention. However, the condition and apparatus needed slight modifications. For nitrocarburizing, the furnance was filled with 50% of ammonia and 50% of RX, the temperature setting was 460° to 560° C. The treatment was under pressure for 4 hours. The gas RX was produced in a 950° C furnance by mixing 63% of air and 37% of propane. For gas nitriding, the furnance was filled with ammonia gas, the temperature setting was 460° to 560° C. For plasma nitriding, a plasma deposition furnance equipped with 460 V arc was used, and the furnance was filled with 25% nitrogen and 75% hydrogen, and the temperature setting was 460° to 560° C. The pressure setting was 300 Pa.
X-ray diffraction was used to examine the structures of such coated sample. As shown in FIG. 1, the main phase of plasma nitrided, gas nitrided and nitrocarburized layers is ε--Fe2-3 N, and ε--Fe2-3 (C, N) respectively. X-ray diffraction analysis for the CrN coating was also shown in FIG. 2. It was found that the coatings are composed mainly of CrN. Glow discharge spectrometer(GDS) was used to analyze the quantitative concentration depth profile and each element concentration in the coated layer. When a GDS was applied with voltage of 699 V and current of 21 mA, sputter rate of GDS is approximately 20 nm/sec. Ratios of nitrogen to carbon for different methods were found as follows: gas nitriding was 8.69%: 0. Nitrocarburizing, 6.02%: 3.22%. Plasma nitriding, 7.65%: 0.
The surface hardness required for the tool steel was 392 HV0.010. Values of hardness measured after different methods of treatment were listed in Table 2. HV0.050 referred to hardness obtained by using a Vickers hardness tester. From results shown in Table 3 and 4, nitriding tool steel repolished with different grinding papers, followed by CrN deposition obtained a film with superior adhesive strength. The highest adhesive strength of CrN film was found to be the one treated respectively with CrNPN and CrNPN, and repolishing by #1000 grinding paper, followed by CrN deposition.
EXAMPLES
Example 1A
Treatment for nitrocarburized tool steel (NCSKD)
The tool steel used in this example contained 0.30% carbon, 0.73% of silicon, 0.69% manganese, 0.12% sulfur, 4.95% of chromium, 1.01% of molybdenum, 0.41% vanadum. Commercial tool steel hardness was HRC 37.
The tool steel was first polished with SiC grinding paper down to 1000 grit, followed by cleaning with acetone and watching with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. Then the tool steel was placed in a furnance, the temperature was 500° to 580° C., and the furnance was filled with 50% amonia gas and 50% of RX gas. This thermal treatment for nitrocarburizing took 4 hours. The RX gas was produced by 63% air and 37% propane at 950° C.
The ratio of nitrogen to carbon in the film on the surface of the tool steel(NCSKD) was determined to be 6.02%:3.22%.
Example 1B
Repolishing and deposition of CrN film
The nitrocarburized tool steel(NCSKD) in example 1A was repolished with different grinding papers, then cleaned with acetone and watched with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. The tool steel was placed in a cathodic arc plasma deposition chamber. Before coating, the tool steel was cleaned again under hydrogen gas at a pressure of 120 millitorr and -1000 volts for 30 minutes. Then the CrN film(CrNNC) deposition was started for 30 minutes under nitrogen gas pressure of 25 millitorr, the voltage was -100 volts, and the temperature was 200° C., the rate of deposition was 2 nm/sec.
The repolishing processes included (1) without repolishing, (2) repolishing with #600 grinding paper, (3) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper, (4) repolishing with #1800 grinding paper, (5) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper and diamond paste, respectively.
Example 2A
Gas nitriding of tool steel (GNSKD)
The tool steel used in this example contained 0.30% carbon, 0.73% of silicon, 0.69% manganese, 0.12% sulfur, 4.95% of chromium, 1.01% of molybdenum, and 0.41% vanadum. The commercial tool steel hardness was HRC 37.
The tool steel was polished with SiC grinding paper down to 1000 grit, followed by cleaning with acetone and watching with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. Then the tool steel was placed in a thermal furnace, the temperature was 460° to 560° C., and the furnace was filled with pure amonia gas. The gas nitriding process took about 6 hours.
The ratio of nitrogen to carbon in the film on the surface of the tool steel(GNSKD) was determined to be 8.692%: 0%.
Example 2B
Repolishing and deposition of CrN film
The gas nitrited tool steel(GNSKD) in example 2A was repolished with different grinding papers, then cleaned with acetone and watched with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. The tool steel was placed in a cathodic arc plasma deposition chamber. Before coating, the tool steel was cleaned again under hydrogen gas at a pressure of 120 millitorr and voltage of -1000 volts for 30 minutes. Then the CrN film(CrNGN) coating process was started for 30 minutes under nitrogen gas pressure of 25 millitorr, the voltage was -100 volts, and the temperature was 200° C., the rate of coating was 2 nm/sec.
The repolishing process included (1) without repolishing, (2) repolishing with #600 grinding paper, (3) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper, (4) repolishing with #1800 grinding paper., (5) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper and diamond paste, respectively.
Example 3A
Plasma nitriding of tool steel (PNSKD)
The tool steel used in this example contained 0.30% carbon, 0.73% of silicon, 0.69% manganese, 0.12% sulfur, 4.95% of chromium, 1.01% of molybdenum, and 0.41% vanadum. The commercial tool steel hardness was HRC 37.
The tool steel was polished with SiC grinding paper down to 1000 grit, followed by cleaning with acetone and watching with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. Then the tool steel was placed in a plasma nitriding furnance, the temperature was 460° to 560° C., and the furnance was filled with 25% nitrogen gas and 75% of hydrogen gas, the total pressure was 300 Pa. The voltage of the arc plasma nitriding furnance was 460 V.
The ratio of nitrogen to carbon in the film on the surface of the tool steel(PNSKD) was determined to be 7.65%: 0%.
Example 3B
Repolishing and deposition of CrN film
The plasma nitrided tool steel(PNSKD) in example 3A was repolished with different grinding papers, then cleaned with acetone and watched with deionized water in a ultrasonic cleaner for 15 minutes. The tool steel was placed in a cathode arc plasma deposition chamber. Before coating, the tool steel was cleaned again under hydrogen gas at a pressure of 120 millitorr and -1000 volts for 30 minutes. Then the CrN film(CrNPN) coating process was started for 30 minutes under nitrogen gas pressure of 25 millitorr, the voltage was -100 volts, and the temperature was 200° C. , the rate of coating was 2 nm/sec.
The repolishing processes included (1) without repolishing, (2) repolishing with #600 grinding paper, (3) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper, (4) repolishing with #1800 grinding paper, (5) repolishing with #1000 grinding paper and diamond paste, respectively.
TABLE 1
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Sample PNSKD GNSKD NCSKD
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Nitrogen 7.65% 8.69% 6.02%
(wt %)
Carbon 0% 0% 3.22%
(wt %)
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TABLE 2
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Sample Condition HV.sub.0.050
HV.sub.0.100
HV.sub.0.300
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CrNNC CrN/nitrocarburized
1354 1159 881
CrNGN CrN/gas nitrided
1282 1192 1083
CrNPN CrN/plasma nitrided
1460 1322 1003
CrNonly CrN coating only
1138 906 560
NCSKD Nitrocarburized
735 654 513
GNSKD Gas nitrided 702 702 694
PNSKD Plasma nitrided
721 683 612
SKD61 Substrate (SKD 61)
392 390 386
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TABLE 3
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Load Load Load Load Load
15 kgf 30 kgf 45 kgf 60 kgf 100 kgf
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CrNNC P P P P C2
CrNGN P P P P P
CrNPN P P P P P
CrNonly C1 F1 F2 F2 F2
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TABLE 4
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Sample CrNonly CrNPN CrNGN CrNNC
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No* 30.3 N 29.5 N
20.8 N
600** 33.9 N 33.5 N
21.4 N
1000** 12.2 N 38.3 N 38.2 N
25.9 N
1800** 36.4 N 36.6 N
25.4 N
D*** 14.3 N 24.8 N 26.1 N
18.2 N
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