US475177A - Calculator - Google Patents

Description

mme J. HBRRAN Y BoLADo.

CALCULATOR.

No. 475,177. Patented May 17,1892.

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UNITED STATES JosE HEREAN Y BoLADo, or

PATENT OFFICE.

AGUAS CALIENTES, MEXICO.

CALCU LATO R.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Application filed .Tune 13, 1891.

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Beit known that I, Josu HERRAN Y BoLADo, ot'Aguas Calientes, Estado deAguas Calientes, Mexico, have invented a new and Improved Calculator, of which the following is a full, clear, and exact description.

The object of the invention is to provide a new and improved calculator which is simple and durable in construction, can be easily carried in the pocket, and can be arranged to perform mechanically arithmetical and math* ematical calculations-such as multiplication, division, exponental quantities, extraction of roots, and other problems treating of relative proportions.

The invention consists of a series of cylinders fitted to slide upon a common shaft.

The invention further consists of a leadpencil having a hollow stem and carrying movable leads, and cylinders mounted to slide upon the said stem.

The invention also consists of certain parts and details and combinations of the same, as will be described hereinafter,and then pointed out in the claims.

Reference is to be had tothe accompanying drawings, forming a part of this specification, in which similar letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the iigures.

Figure l is a sectional side elevation of the improvement. Fig. 2 is a transverse section of the same. Fig. 3 is a sectional side elevation of one of the cylinders. Fig. 4L is a plan View of the improvement, and Figs. 5 and G are diagrammatic views of the exterior surfaces of the cylinders.

The improved calculator is provided with a stem A, which is hollow, so as to be adapted to receive a lead-pencil B, secured in place at the front end of the stem A by the usual nut C, screwing on the threaded end of the stem A and adapted to abut against the head D, formed integral with the stem A. The head D is provided with a reduced portion E, onto which fits the vlarge end G of a cylinder F, having a reduced portion G, formed with a transversely-extending recess G2, adapted to engage a key A', arranged longitudinally on the shaft A. The reduced portion G of the cylinder F is adapted to be engaged by the large end G of the cylinder F', similar in construction to the cylinder F and likewise en- Patent NO. 475,177, dated May 17, 1892.

Serial No. 396,151. (No model.)

gaged by a cylinder F2, similar to the cylinders F and F. This cylinder F2 and the next following' cylinders are all alike in construction, one having its large end fitted over the small or reduced end ot' thepreceding one, as is plainly shown in Fig. l. The several cylinders are held on the key A of the shaft A, so as to be prevented from turning, and are free to slide lengthwise, so that the positions of the cylinders can be changed. The re: duced portion G of the last cylinder F* (shown in Fig. l) is engaged by the enlarged end H of a cap H, provided in its reduced portion with a rubber gasket or ring l, iitted onto the end of the stem A, so as to hold the several cylinders in place on the said stem.

The head D is provided on its exterior surface with a set of numerals D,indicating division and ranging from O to 8, inclusive. The numerals of the division are pref erably printed in red. Next to the set of numerals D is a set of 1nultiplying-numerals D2 from l to 9, arranged successively, but in the opposite direction to the division-numerals D.

Cn the reduced portion E of the head D is formed, printed, or otherwise arranged a large numeral E', representing 0, as is plainly shown in Fig. 6, and also a set of smaller numerals E2, arranged in a triangle in the manner shown in said Fig. G. The large numeral E can be seen through an opening G3 in the enlarged end of one of the cylinders fitted over the reduced end of the head D. The numerals E2 appear through openings G4, also arranged in the large ends Gof the cylinders and arranged in the manner illustrated in Fig. 5. In a like manner the reduced por tions G of the cylinders F, F, F2, and F3, tbc., are likewise provided with numerals G5, corresponding to the numerals E and seen through the respective openings G3 in the enlarged portion of the following cylinder. The large numerals G5 on the several cylinders F F F2, the., are arranged successively, beginning with l 2 3, the., respectively. The reduced parts G ot' the cylinders F F F2 F3, the., are also provided with triangular sets of numerals GG, similar to the triangular set of numerals E2 on the reduced part E of the head D. Some of the numerals in each set oi' numerals GG are printed in black and the re- IOO maining ones in red, as indicated in full and dotted lines, respectively, in Fig. G. The openings G3 in the several cylinders F F F2, duc., are so arranged with relation to the grooves engaging the key A that the said openings are in line with each other when placed on the stem A, as shown in Fig. 4.

The operation is as follows: In order to multiply, I proceed as follows: the several cylinders F F F2 F2, the., as well as the cap Il, are removed from the stem A and are replaced on the stem according to the order indicated by the multiplicand, taking as a guide the large numerals G5, above described, and shown in Figs. 5 and G. The set of black numerals D2 corresponds to the multiplier, so that when the cylinders are once placed in such a position that the multiplicand is read in the small openings G4 it is only necessary to write on a piece of paper thc amount which appears in the said openings, taking the direction from left to right from each figure of the multiplier and afterward adding the figures to find the product sought. For instance, if I desire to obtain the product of four hundred and twenty-five multiplied by thirty-six I will first have to place the cylinder F2, having the numeral yon its reduced end, on the stem A, so that the enlarged end of the said cylinder will tit over the reduced end E of the head D. Thenext cylinder placed on the stem A is F', which contains the large numeral 2, so that the opening Gs of this cylinderpasses over the numeral l of the preceding cylinder, and consequently the large numeral a is visible. In a like manner the third cylinder F1, having the large numeral 5, is placed outhe stem A,it.slarge opening G3 registering with the numeral 2 2 of the preceding cylinder. Finally the cap II is placed on the stem A to engage the last cylinder, so as to hold the several cylinders in place on the stem, being itself heldin place by its rubber gasket I. Now the operator takes the numeral G of the set of numerals D2 and following the direction from left to right, lengthwise of the calculator, he reads the quantity which appears through the round openings G4 of the cylinders F2, F', and F4, which is 2,550. Then I notice the numerals which appear through the round openings Glin thelineof thenumeral3of the set of numerals D2, and placing` it one spacev to the left I write 1,275, which, added to the preceding product, gives 15,300, which equals the product of four hundred and twenty-five multiplied by thirty-six. lVhen one of the red numerals in the sets of numerals GG appears through one of the openings G4, a unitmust be added to the figure which precedes it at the left. In case there is a 0 in the multiplier the next following product is moved two spaces to the left instead of one, and is then written down the same as an ordinary multiplicand. For instance, if three hundred and forty-six is to be multiplied by one hundred and seven the multiplicand three hundred and forty-six is putin the square openings G3 and the numerals which appear in the openings G4 are read in the direction of the numerals of the set D2, so that I havem sie 7 2,422 Slf ltleaviug two placesat theright) 340 The product sought 37,022 In order to divide, the device is used in a similar manner to that above described with relation to multiplying, the only difference heilig that instead of using the sets of numerals D2 the sets of numerals D (shown in red) are used. The small apertures show the quotients instead of showing the products; but they are considered as products. Thus to divide, the cylinders are placed according to the order of the dividend, a unit having been previously subtracted from the divisor, and thus modified I find the quotient of the dividend by each tigu re of the divisor. The partial quotients are found, which I write exactly as if they were products, and then add and separate as many decimal places as there are figures in the divisor, and the result is the first quotient. This first quotient is taken as the dividend, and by again placing the cylinders according to the whole numbers which they contain I repeat the above operation, so as to obtain a second quotient, which is written under the first. This second quotient serves in its turn as a dividend, the cylinders being again placed, according to their whole numbers, on the stem A, and the same operation is again repeated to obtain a third quotient, which is to be added to the former ones. In this mannerafourth, fifth, and sixth quotient is sought untila quotient 07 is found, which terminates the proceeding. Subsequently the several quotients are added to the iirst dividend, one or two units are added to the same, according to the number of decimal-figures, (of which no account was taken,) and afterward as many decimal-figures are separated from this sum as there are decimal-figures contained in the divisor, and the final result is the one sought. For example, to divide three thousand two hundred 'and forty-five by seven hundred and forty-six I proceed as follows: First, a nuit is subtracted from the divisor and I have 3345+745. I proceed further by writing the following on apiece of paper, following the above rule.

Dividend .3,2l5

lst quotient S24 2d quotient 200 3d quotient 4th quotient 13 5th quotient 023 6th quotient. (In practice this result not written) 0 I add for decimals lost 2 Finalquotient of 3345+746 .4.349

From the above it will be seen that the first and second quotients of the first example are IOO IIO

already each one the sum of the partial quotients given by the dividend for each iigure of the divisor, so that the following rules have to be observed: W'hen there is a O in the divisor, whether it is a final or intermediate figure, I must not omit to look for the partial quotient of the numeral 0 in the division set of numerals D', as in the apparatus no quantity divided by O will give 0. lVhen the divisor contains a 9, I operate the same as when there is a O in the operation of multiplying-that is, Imove the following amount two places to the left instead of only one place. For this reason any amount divided by 9 by the apparatus gives O for the partial quotient, and therefore the numeral 9 is omitted from the set of numerals D.

Example: 23,54e8`f406. Afterarrangingthe divisor I have 23,548+405. First, the dividend in the openings G3 of the apparatus is observed and then the numerals in the openings Gr1 are read, according to the numerals on the division set of numerals D.

Inline with figure 5 I have .94,192 In line with figure O I have,

writing one place to the left.. 211,932 In line with figure 4 I have,.

writing one place to the left. 117,740

This will be the irst quotient 13,987.512

Further example: 16,408+294. The divisor is changed for operation with this apparatus and we have 16,408-2-293. I place the dividend in the several openings G3, as previously described, and then iind in the openings Gl in line with the respective numerals in the set of numerals D', first In line with iigure 3 I have.. As there is no quotient for 9 I next follow in line of figure 2 and I have, two places to left. 114:,356

Thus I have obtained first quotient 11,584.0l8

In the last two examples I have'only tried to find the lirst quotient, the second, third, duc., being found as described in the iirst example above given. The relative proportions are found by multiplying and dividing, as the case may require.

I do not limit myself to the special shape of the cylinders shown and described, as other forms may be selected with the numeral-tables arranged thereon to produce the same result.

I-Iaving thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-

l. In acalculator, aseries of cylinders fitted one upon the other and each provided with an enlarged portion having apertures, and a reduced portion having a set of numerals aposais pearin g through the apertures of the next following cylinder, substantially as shown and described.

2. In a calculator, the combination, with a lead-pencil having a hollow stem and carrying movable leads, of cylinders fitted to slide on the said hollow stem and one itted upon the other, each cylinder being provided with an enlarged portion having apertures and a reduced portion having a set of numerals, the latter appearing through the apertures of the next following cylinder, substantially as shown and described.

3. In a calculator, the combination, with a stem formed with a key and a head having two sets of numerals, one for division and the other for multiplication, the said head being also provided with a reduced portion having a set of numerals, of a series of cylinders, each having an enlarged and a reduced part, of which the enlarged part tits on the reduced part of the preceding cylinder, the reduced part being formed with lon gitudinally-extending grooves engaging the key on the said stem, substantially as shown and described.

4 In a calculator, the combination, with a stem formed with a key and a head having two sets of numerals, one for division and the other for multiplication, the said head being also provided with a reduced portion having a set of numerals, of a series of cylinders, each having an enlarged and a reduced part, of which the enlarged part tits on the reduced part of the preceding cylinder, the reduced part being formed with longitudinallyextending grooves engaging the key on the said stem, each of the reduced parts being also provided with a large numeral and the enlarged part with a large opening, through which appears the large numeral of the preceding cylinder, substantially as shown and described.

5. In a calculator, the combination, with a stem formed with a key and a head having two sets of numerals, one for division and the other for multiplication, the said head being also provided with a reduced portion having a set of numerals, of a series of cylinders, each having an enlarged and a reduced part, of which the enlarged part tits 011 the reduced part of the preceding cylinder, the reduced part bein g formed with longitudinally-extending grooves engaging the key on the said stem, each of the reduced parts being also provided with a large numeral and the enlarged part with a large opening, through which appears the large numeral of the preceding cylinder, and a cap for holding the several cylinders in place on the said stem, substantially as shown and described. I

JOSE HERRAN Y BOLADO.

Witnesses:

JEsUs VALDEPAA, NESTOR ZIMENEZ,

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