US4506009A - Heterogeneous immunoassay method - Google Patents
Heterogeneous immunoassay method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4506009A US4506009A US06/363,481 US36348182A US4506009A US 4506009 A US4506009 A US 4506009A US 36348182 A US36348182 A US 36348182A US 4506009 A US4506009 A US 4506009A
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- insolubilizing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/536—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with immune complex formed in liquid phase
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/81—Packaged device or kit
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
- Y10S435/975—Kit
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel heterogeneous immunoassay method for determining the amount of antigens (including ligands and other compounds having antigenic sites or determinants) or antibodies.
- immunoassays are generally of two types, the so-called separation-free or homogeneous immunoassay, i.e. the method does not require the separation of the unreacted or unbound antibody or antigen from the antigen bound to the antibody, and the so-called separation or heterogeneous immunoassay, i.e. this method requires such a separation step.
- the general procedure is to utilize antigen-antibody bindings with either immobilized antigen or antibody as the means to separate the unbound fraction from the bound fraction.
- the reaction between the antigen and antibody takes place at a solid-liquid interphase because either the antigen or the antibody is immobilized on a solid material.
- a marker which is easy to measure quantitatively because of its activity (e.g. the marker may be an enzyme; a fluorescent molecule which emits light upon excitation by an appropriate light source; a chemiluminescent molecule which will emit light after a chemical reaction such as oxidation; a radioactive molecule; etc.) is linked or bound to either the antibody or the antigen.
- the marker-antibody or antigen conjugate which precipitates or is insolubilized had been complexed with either the corresponding antibody or antigen. This has more than one disadvantage.
- the percentage of marker-antigen or antibody conjugate which is insolubilized decreases as the concentration of the component (either antigen or antibody) which is being analyzed increases. Therefore, the standard curve when using these methods results in a negative slope.
- the present invention in a relatively simple manner, avoids the problems of the previous heterogeneous immunoassay methods described herein.
- the insoluble fraction of the marker-antigen or marker-antibody is not derived from the antigen-antibody reaction and therefore is not the basis of the separation step which is, of course, necessary in all heterogeneous immunoassay methods.
- the marker-antigen or antibody conjugate which is part of the insolubilized phase is completely free of the corresponding antibody or antigen.
- the precipitate having the marker increases in concentration as the concentration of the antigen or antibody to be analyzed increases. Therefore, the standard curve, using the method, diagnostic kit or novel conjugate of the present invention, is a positive slope if the activity of the precipitate is measured.
- the present invention is useful to determine the amount of antigen or antibody (hereinafter sometimes referred to as the component to be analyzed) dissolved in a liquid sample.
- the component to be analyzed is a reactant or component in the reaction of two immunobinding partners (antigen-antibody reaction).
- the present invention is based, in large part, on a novel conjugate which is added to the liquid sample containing the component to be analyzed.
- the novel conjugate has three essential components: 1.
- a marker such as those discussed above with respect to the prior art.
- An immunoreactive component which has the same immunochemical properties as the component to be analyzed (i.e. either the antigen or antibody) has. 3.
- An insolubilizing binding component which, when the conjugate is contacted with an insolubilizing receptor, will react with the receptor to form a reaction product which is solid (i.e. insoluble) in the liquid sample containing the antigen or antibody which is the subject of the analysis.
- the reactivity of the conjugate for the insolubilized receptor is masked thereby preventing the reaction when the conjugate is contacted by and is bound to the corresponding antibody or antigen which is being analyzed (sometimes referred to as the immunobinding partner of the component to be analyzed).
- the conjugate is in a liquid sample containing an unknown amount of, for example, antibody and the corresponding antigen is added to the liquid sample, the reaction between the antigen and conjugate will prevent the reaction of the conjugate with the insoluble receptor. If, thereafter, the liquid sample is contacted with an insolubilizing receptor, only the free conjugate (i.e. the conjugate which, in the example, is not bound or reacted with the antigen) will react with the insolubilizing receptor and only the free conjugate will form a solid phase and be capable of being separated from the liquid phase by known solid-liquid separation techniques.
- the free conjugate i.e. the conjugate which, in the example, is not bound or reacted with the antigen
- the method of the present invention may be generally described as follows:
- a liquid sample containing an unknown amount of e.g., antibody is used.
- a conjugate composed of (i) a marker, (ii) an immunoreactive component which has the same immunochemical properties as the antibody, and (iii) the insolubilizing binding component.
- the corresponding antigen to the antibody which is being analyzed to form a reaction mixture.
- the antigen reacts competitively with the antibody and the conjugate; the more antibody present the less antigen reacts with the conjugate.
- the liquid sample is contacted with an insolubilizing receptor. Only the free conjugate reacts with the insolubilizing receptor.
- the reaction forms a solid precipitate which can be separated from the liquid phase.
- the amount of marker in the precipitate can be measured using the activity of the marker. The more precipitate which is formed the greater the amount of the antibody in the liquid sample since the product which is precipitated is the conjugate which did not react with the antigen.
- the present invention also provides a diagnostic kit for determining the amount of a component to be analyzed (i.e. the antigen or antibody).
- the kit will include the conjugate previously described, as well as the insolubilizing receptor, both separate, one from the other.
- the kit may also include the corresponding antibody or antigen to the component being analyzed.
- the conjugate, apart from the method and kit, is also considered novel.
- the method, kit and conjugate of the instant invention are presently believed to be useful in determining the amount of any antigen or antibody.
- antigens and antibodies to which the present invention is believed to be well adapted include: hormones; steroids such as progesterone, etc.; vitamins; histamine; antibiotics; and various viruses such as hepatitis.
- Markers useful in the present invention are well known in the art and therefore no detailed description will be given. Of course, markers whose activity is easily determined and measured are the most desirable. Such markers include radioactive substances such as radio-iodine, etc.
- markers particularly useful in the present invention are enzymes, particularly those enzymes which are simple to determine by, for example, colorimetry, spectrophotometry, fluorospectrophotometry and gasometry. In order to form the conjugate of the present invention, the marker, e.g. the enzyme must be coupled to the antigen or antibody.
- Enzymes which may be used in the present invention include peroxidase, ⁇ -galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, urease, catalase, glucose oxidase, dehydrogenase, etc.
- the insolubilizing binding component is bound to the marker, e.g. the enzyme either by side chains of the enzyme or, by side chains on the insolubilizing binding component, or the immunoreactive component. If none of the components of the conjugate have the necessary side chains such may be added using, e.g. the polyvalent compounds as previously discussed herein.
- the insolubilizing binding component of the instant conjugate must be able to react with the insolubilizing receptor to form an insoluble reaction product in the liquid sample which can be easily separated from the liquid phase using known solid-liquid separation techniques, e.g. centrifugation.
- solid-liquid separation techniques e.g. centrifugation.
- the insolubilizing binding component after reaction with the marker to form the conjugate, will contain a group or groups reactive with the insolubilizing receptor but which will be masked or deactivated by the antibody or antigen which is bound to the immunoreactive component.
- the insolubilizing binding component may be any molecule which has a high and specific affinity for an insolubilizing receptor and which is stearically hindered by the immunobinding partner's immunoreaction with the immunoreactive component of the conjugate.
- “high affinity” is meant that the insolubilizing receptor and insolubilizing binding component have a binding constant of at least about 10 6 molar and preferably about at least 10 9 molar.
- haptens capable of inducing high affinity antibodies are useful as insolubilizing binding components in the instant invention.
- exemplary haptens meeting the foregoing criteria are those having an azobenzene immunoreactive group such as diazotized sulfonilic acid in which case the insolubilizing receptor would be its corresponding immobilized antibody.
- the insolubilizing receptor is chosen so that it will react with the insolubilizing binding component.
- a particular insolubilizing receptor for example, can be a "universal" receptor because it may be used with any antibody or antigen as long as the marker is bound to the same insolubilizing binding component, which can be easily accomplished by use of the polyvalent compounds previously described.
- avidin which is a 70 kilodalton protein in egg white, is an excellent insolubilizing receptor, particularly when used with biotin as the insolubilizing binding component, because avidin has a very high affinity (about 10 15 molar) for biotin. In this regard it should be noted that the roles of biotin and avidin may be easily reversed.
- the avidin may be the insolubilizing binding component and the immobilized biotin may be the insolubilizing receptor.
- the separation step of the liquid and solid phase which, in common with all heterogeneous immunoassay methods is required in the method of the present invention, is easily accomplished by means known in the art, e.g. centrifugation. However, this step may be eliminated by using a tube coated with insolubilizing receptor or by using a column or insolubilizing receptor which is insoluble in the liquid sample.
- the amount of immunobinding partner of the component to be analyzed which is present in the liquid sample containing the conjugate and component to be analyzed should be less than that which would be necessary to react with all of the conjugate, i.e. there should be free or unreacted conjugate after the reaction of the binding partner with the conjugate.
- reaction product of the immunobinding partner and the conjugate should be soluble in the liquid sample.
- the amount of insolubilizing receptor is not particularly important except there should be a sufficient amount present to react with all of the free conjugate in the liquid sample, i.e. there should be a stoichiometric excess based on the amount of unreacted or free conjugate in the liquid sample.
- the enzyme used is beta-galactosidase
- the insolubilizing component is activated biotin (N-hydroxysuccinimido biotin)
- the antigen is DNP-lysine
- the insolubilizing receptor is avidin immobilized on AH-Sepharose.
- Avidin was immobilized on AH-Sepharose using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. Washed AH-Sepharose (10 ml) was suspended in 400 ml 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M NaHCO 3 , pH 8.5.
- the suspension was stirred for 1 hour (h) at room temperature (RT), after which the gel was washed successively with 0.5 liters of 0.5 M NaCl and 0.5 liters of 0.1 M NaHCO 3 , pH 8.5.
- the glutaraldehyde activated gel was suspended in 5 ml of avidin (50 mg in 5 ml of 0.1 M NaHCO 3 , pH 8.5), the suspension was stirred at RT for 1 h and at 4° C. for 20 h.
- the avidin gel conjugate was washed sequentially with 1 liter of 0.5 M NaCl in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 8.0 and 1 liter of 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 8.0.
- the amount of avidin bound was 13 mg/10 ml packed gel.
- the immunoreactive component was m-maleimidobenzoyl-DNP-lysine which was made as follows:
- Beta-galactosidase was dialzed against 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 8.0.
- To the dialyzed enzyme (2.8 nmoles in 2 ml of 0.1 M phosphate, pH 8.0) was added 281 nmoles N-hydroxysuccinimide-biotin in 0.1 ml dimethylsulfoxide. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h and at 4° C. for 5 h, and then dialyzed at 4° C.
- biotinyl-enzyme was reacted with m-maleimidobenzoyl-DNP-lysine as follows: To 1 ml biotinyl enzyme (1.5 nmoles) was added 0.2 ml m-maleimidobenzoyl-DNP-lysine (1 ⁇ mole). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The excess unreacted m-maleimidobenzoyl-DNP-lysine was separated from the labeled enzyme on a column (2 ⁇ 45 cm) of Sephadex G-50 C. The eluant was 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2.
- the final product is the conjugate of the present invention and each enzyme molecule is linked to 21 biotin tags and 37 DNP-lysines.
- Varying amounts of 10% avidin-gel suspension were added to 200 ⁇ liters beta-galactosidase linked to DNP-lysine and biotin (1.36 nM).
- the suspensions were adjusted to 600 ⁇ liters with 0.5% gelatin in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 and incubated at 25° C. for 30 min.
- the suspensions were centrifuged for 5 min. using an Eppendorf centrifuge.
- the supernatants 500 ⁇ liters were assayed for beta-galactosidase activity using o-nitrophenyl-beta-galactopyranoside as the substrate.
- pellets after centrifugation were washed by suspending them in 1 ml of 0.5% gelatin in 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.2 followed by centrifugation for 5 min. The washing was repeated three times. The final pellets were assayed for enzyme activity by suspending them in 3 ml substrate solution of o-nitrophenyl-beta-galactopyranoside. All assays were incubated at 25° C. for 30 min.
- Antibody to DNP-lysine prevents the beta-galactosidase linked to DNP-lysine and biotin from binding to avidin-gel.
- Varying amounts of anti-DNP serum were added to 200 ⁇ liters beta-galactosidase linked to DNP-lysine and biotin (1.36 nM). The solutions were adjusted to 600 ⁇ liters. Constant amounts of 10% avidin-gel suspension (400 ⁇ ) were added. The mixtures were incubated at 25° C. for 30 min. and were centrifuged for 5 min. The supernatants (800 ⁇ liters) were assayed for enzyme activities. The pellets were washed three times and assayed for activities as described in Example 1.
- Example 3 demonstrates that DNP-lysine residues of the conjugate competed successfully for the antibodies with the free analyte DNP-lysine.
- DNP-lysine residues of the conjugate competed successfully for the antibodies with the free analyte DNP-lysine.
- the enzyme activity in the supernatant decreased while simultaneously that in the insoluble fraction increased (FIG. 1).
- DNP-lysine compete with immunoreactive components of the conjugate for antibodies, there is more conjugate uncomplexed with antibody and free to bind to the insolubilized receptor.
- the concentration of analyte, DNP-lysine in the range of 1-25 nM can be measured.
Abstract
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Claims (14)
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US06/363,481 US4506009A (en) | 1982-03-30 | 1982-03-30 | Heterogeneous immunoassay method |
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US06/363,481 US4506009A (en) | 1982-03-30 | 1982-03-30 | Heterogeneous immunoassay method |
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Cited By (31)
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US4749647A (en) * | 1984-06-22 | 1988-06-07 | Genetic Systems Corporation | Polymerization-induced separation assay using recognition pairs |
US4778751A (en) * | 1986-05-12 | 1988-10-18 | Diagnostic Products Corporation | Method for measuring antigens or antibodies in biological fluids using ligand labeled antigens or ligand labeled antibodies |
US4803170A (en) * | 1985-05-09 | 1989-02-07 | Ultra Diagnostics Corporation | Competitive immunoassay method, device and test kit |
US4818683A (en) * | 1984-04-10 | 1989-04-04 | Immunotech | Immunoassay for monoamines |
EP0378391A2 (en) * | 1989-01-10 | 1990-07-18 | Biosite Diagnostics Inc. | Threshold ligand-receptor assay |
WO1990011521A1 (en) * | 1989-03-21 | 1990-10-04 | Hygeia Sciences, Inc. | Simultaneous dual analyte assay |
WO1990015076A2 (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1990-12-13 | The Johns Hopkins University School Of Medicine | MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST LEUKOCYTE ADHESION RECEPTOR β-CHAIN, METHODS OF PRODUCING THESE ANTIBODIES AND USE THEREFORE |
WO1991005605A1 (en) * | 1989-10-10 | 1991-05-02 | Kosak Kenneth M | Cyclodextrin labels for immunoassay and biochemical analysis |
EP0475783A1 (en) | 1990-09-14 | 1992-03-18 | Biosite Diagnostics Inc. | Antibodies to ligand analogues and their utility in ligand-receptor assays |
WO1992018866A1 (en) * | 1991-04-10 | 1992-10-29 | Biosite Diagnostics Incorporated | Novel conjugates and assays for simultaneous detection of multiple ligands |
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US5196351A (en) * | 1987-09-30 | 1993-03-23 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Bidentate conjugate and method of use thereof |
US5202253A (en) * | 1988-12-30 | 1993-04-13 | Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation | Monoclonal antibody specific for protein C and antibody purification method |
US5298599A (en) * | 1988-12-30 | 1994-03-29 | Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation | Expression and purification of recombinant soluble tissue factor |
US5534620A (en) * | 1987-09-30 | 1996-07-09 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Method of heterogenous purification using a bidentate conjugate |
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US5298599A (en) * | 1988-12-30 | 1994-03-29 | Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation | Expression and purification of recombinant soluble tissue factor |
US5202253A (en) * | 1988-12-30 | 1993-04-13 | Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation | Monoclonal antibody specific for protein C and antibody purification method |
US7247453B1 (en) | 1988-12-30 | 2007-07-24 | Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation | Calcium binding recombinant antibody against protein C |
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EP0378391A2 (en) * | 1989-01-10 | 1990-07-18 | Biosite Diagnostics Inc. | Threshold ligand-receptor assay |
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US20050158315A1 (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 2005-07-21 | The Johns Hopkins University School Of Medicine | Monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte adhesion receptor beta-chain, methods of producing these antibodies and use therefore |
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