US4265660A - High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses - Google Patents

High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US4265660A
US4265660A US06/054,527 US5452779A US4265660A US 4265660 A US4265660 A US 4265660A US 5452779 A US5452779 A US 5452779A US 4265660 A US4265660 A US 4265660A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
weight
machining
cutting
steel
material removal
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US06/054,527
Inventor
Henrik Giflo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US06/054,527 priority Critical patent/US4265660A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4265660A publication Critical patent/US4265660A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22CALLOYS
    • C22C38/00Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/60Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing lead, selenium, tellurium, or antimony, or more than 0.04% by weight of sulfur

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses and exhibiting a high strength, even without hardening, and an excellent aptitude for machining by removal of material, which is intended for making, on machines working by removal of cuttings, high-strength machine elements intended to be put under great stress.
  • the capability for machining by material removal is a physical property of the materials, just as mechanical strength or density are, and is therefore characteristic of each material; it results from complex physical properties such as:
  • chip-breaking alloyed elements and surface lubricants actually constitute impurities of the steel, to a certain extent they govern the parameters of the mechanical properties of the free-cutting steels, and particularly the resistance to dynamic stresses and at times even their mechanical strength.
  • Improvement of the capability or aptitude for machining by material removal therefore involves a reduction or notable limitation of the useful properties of the steels. This is the reason it is not possible to use these economic machines which are automated for material removal, to produce machine elements intended to undergo stresses exceeding the aptitude of known free-cutting steels. Therefore, these steels are no longer able to meet present requirements of aptitude for machining by material removal and for stress and they can no longer be machined on profitable automatic machines.
  • These steels generally contain 0.07 to 0.65% (by weight) of C, at most 0.40% (by weight) of Si, 0.30 to 1.10% (by weight) of Mn, 0.15 to 0.40% (by weight) of S, at most 0.10% (by weight) of P; in addition, some grades further contain at most 0.15% (by weight) of Pb, 0.80 to 1.50% (by weight) of Cr, 0.15 to 0.50% (by weight) of Mo and 0.05% (by weight) of Se.
  • the parameters of steels have not undergone heat treatment were used as a basis of comparison.
  • the tensile strength of these steels is, without cold deformation, between 290 and 900 N/mn 2 and in the cold drawn state it is between 370 and 1100 N/mn 2 (da N/mn 2 ), values to which correspond an apparent elastic limit between 24 and 6 (da N/mn 2 ) and an elongation between 5 and 10%.
  • a group of now known free-cutting steels therefore exhibits a relatively good mechanical strength, which can be adjusted to desired values by hardening or tempering, but the plasticity of these steels and their resistance to dynamic stresses no longer meet present requirements.
  • This invention has for its object the development of such a high-strength steel, exhibiting an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal and intended for making machine elements subjected to great stresses, a steel that not only exhibits, without hardening, a high resistance to dynamic stresses but which further can be machined with formation of cuttings suitable for automatic machines.
  • the steel made according to this invention contains, besides iron, 0.10 to 0.70% (by weight) of C, 1.20 to 3.00% (by weight) of Mn, at most 1.00% (by weight) of Si, at most 0.1% (by weight) of P, 0.05 to 0.15% (by weight) of S, at least 0.10% (by weight) of Pb, 0.001 to 0.03% (by weight) of Ca, 0.001 to 0.005% (by weight) of B, 0.007 to 0.035% (by weight) of N, 0.01 to 0.20% (by weight) of Nb and/or V, at most 0.25% (by weight) of Zr and/or Ce, at most 0.20% (by weight) of Be and/or Bi and at most 1.00% (by weight) of Mo and/or Ni.
  • a particularly preferred composition according to the invention comprises, besides iron the elements in the following proportions.
  • alloy elements assure the steel, when they are in the ratio according to the invention and without hardening, has a sufficient mechanical strength, while retaining for it the necessary plasticity; other alloy elements assure the cutting a suitable fragmentation capability, without entailing a reduction in the resistance of the steel to dynamic stresses, and said steel according to this invention also contains alloy elements that contribute to an increase in the lubricating power of the metal surfaces in contact with one another, and thereby, contribute to the excellent aptitude of this steel to machining by material removal.
  • the steel according to this invention exhibits a relatively high mechanical strength, even in the rolled state, so that one sizing stand suffices to achieve the section necessary for automatic removal of cuttings and which can eliminate section reduction which has had to be preformed until now to assure the free-cutting steel a suitable mechanical strength and which required much work.
  • the steel according to the invention exhibits an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal, and the ratio of alloy elements according to this invention makes it possible--with suitable parameters for material removal --to obtain sufficiently small suttings, even without chip-breaking, and a good lubricating and a very good surface quality, which makes it possible to increase considerably the removal parameter of the material used.
  • the steel according to this invention can be hardened or treated by hardening followed by tempering, both by a regular heat treatment and by an induction treatment, the surface hardening therefore being able, if needed, to be established and regulated in a simple way and over a wide range.
  • the steel according to this invention unites high resistance to dynamic stresses of mechanical construction steels, unalloyed or slightly alloyed, with excellent aptitude for machining by material removed exhibited by free-cutting steels, and further a mechanical strength obtained without hardening and which meets the needs of most modern machine elements.
  • Charges 1 and 2 were made in a 70 ton arc furnace and poured in square-shaped 6.4 ton shells. Ingots were made by rolling without surface cleaning, under normal conditions, in the shape of square ingots having an edge length of 210 mm, then transformed by rolling into steel rods with a 16 mm diameter, which was air cooled on coolers.
  • Charge 2 was made by melting in a 60 ton arc furnace, then refined in a metallurgical installation equipped with ladles.
  • the molten metal was poured in a continuous casting installation with four dies, square in shape, the edge length of the billets being 240 mm.
  • the billets were transformed, by rolling, into steel rods with a diameter of 20 mm, then air cooled on coolers.
  • the test results are shown in the following tables.
  • the charges are prepared by usual metallurgical methods consisting in melting the iron charge in the furnace above indicated, in analysing the composition of the melt and in adding eventually the necessary supplementary ingredients in order to balance the composition.
  • the molten charge is overheated at a temperature superior of about 145° F. to the temperature of the casting and then poured into refining ladles.
  • the different powder additive as indicated in table 1 are respectively added in order to have the final composition as indicated in table 1.
  • the content of the ladles is then poured in shells or in a continuous casting installation as indicated above.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)

Abstract

A free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses and exhibiting a high strength, even without hardening, and an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal, which is intended for making machine elements subjected to great stresses, which comprise, besides iron, 0.1 to 0.7% (by weight) of C, 1.2 to 3% (by weight) of Mn, at most 1% (by weight) of Si, at least 0.1% (by weight) of P, 0.05 to 0.15% (by weight) of S, at most 0.1% (by weight) of Pb, 0.001 to 0.03% (by weight) of Ca, 0.001 to 0.005% (by weight) of B, 0.007 to 0.035% (by weight) of N, 0.03 to 0.2% (by weight) of Nb and/or V, at most 0.25% (by weight of Zr and/or Ce, at most 0.2% (by weight) of Be and/or Bi, and at most 1% (by weight) of Mo and/or Ni.

Description

This invention relates to a free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses and exhibiting a high strength, even without hardening, and an excellent aptitude for machining by removal of material, which is intended for making, on machines working by removal of cuttings, high-strength machine elements intended to be put under great stress.
In the transformation technique, automatic machines working by material removal and the lines made up of these machines are modern and efficient means that make it possible to reduce operations and costs, in particular for mass production. But utilization of these automatic machines working by material removal is profitable for machining steels only when it is not necessary to provide constant supervision and the cuttings can be removed from the piece or machine without manual intervention. The materials used for making products by removal of cuttings must meet one important requirement, namely, a good capability for machining by material removal and give cuttings of a suitable shape for the automatic or free-cutting machines.
The capability for machining by material removal is a physical property of the materials, just as mechanical strength or density are, and is therefore characteristic of each material; it results from complex physical properties such as:
the aptitude of the material for removal of cuttings,
a property of the material guaranteeing a good quality of the surfaces by removal of the cuttings,
the abrasive action of the material on the tool.
The aptitude for machining by material removal consequently involves, as a function of the manufacturing aims, the following characteristic parameters:
cutting force or resistance,
shape of the cuttings,
quality of the surface worked by removal of cuttings,
the cutting life of the cutting tool, or parameter corresponding to the combined concepts.
It is generally accepted that materials exhibiting an optimal aptitude for machining by material removal are those from which a maximal amount can be cut, in minimal time, by removal of cuttings, between two sharpenings of the tool, and with a suitable surface quality. Thus, the cutting yield, depending on the process intervening during cutting removal, is obtained from two factors that differ from one another:
the properties of the material, and
the characteristic conditions of the cutting removal.
In connection with what has just been said, special alloy, free-cutting steels have been developed and whose aptitude for machining by material removal has been considered.
The most important requirement that free-cutting steels should meet is that their machining by material removal should give cuttings of a suitable size and able automatically to be removed from the machine by the cooling liquid, without outside intervention. To impart good fragmenting characteristics to the cuttings, it has been necessary, in making free-cutting steels, to use alloy elements that are not put into solution in the iron or else only in a slight amount, which makes it possible, during cutting fragmentation, to take advantage of the action favorable to the formation of inclusions, which reduces friction between the metal surfaces.
Since the chip-breaking alloyed elements and surface lubricants actually constitute impurities of the steel, to a certain extent they govern the parameters of the mechanical properties of the free-cutting steels, and particularly the resistance to dynamic stresses and at times even their mechanical strength.
Improvement of the capability or aptitude for machining by material removal therefore involves a reduction or notable limitation of the useful properties of the steels. This is the reason it is not possible to use these economic machines which are automated for material removal, to produce machine elements intended to undergo stresses exceeding the aptitude of known free-cutting steels. Therefore, these steels are no longer able to meet present requirements of aptitude for machining by material removal and for stress and they can no longer be machined on profitable automatic machines.
However, a good aptitude for machining by material removal and with cuttings in a good shape constitutes, for a steel able to support great stresses, even without hardening, such an economic advantage not only for automatic machines but also for any mode of machining by cuttings removal, that the time and money devoted to output of the final product represents, under favorable conditions, only a fraction of present costs in time and money.
Therefore, it has become essential to develop a new free-cutting steel whose mechanical strength, obtained without hardening, to meet the above mentioned needs of machine elements, whose resistance to dynamic stresses is sufficient and meets present requirements, and which exhibits a good aptitude for machining by material removal, with cuttings of a suitable shape for automatic machines.
Presently known free-cutting steels that exhibit a good aptitude for machining by material removal can be divided into three groups:
1. steels of the first group cannot be subjected to a heat treatment,
2. those of the second group can undergo a hardening during their utilization, and
3. finally those of the third group can undergo a hardening treatment or hardening followed by tempering.
By way of example, there can be mentioned the following steels that belong to the three groups:
United States: MK 1213 Ledley, Multikut;
Federal Republic of Germany: 9SMnPb 36, 10 SPb and 60 S 20;
Italy: 10 S 22, 40 SMnPb 10;
Hungary: AS 5, ABS 2, ANS 3.
These steels generally contain 0.07 to 0.65% (by weight) of C, at most 0.40% (by weight) of Si, 0.30 to 1.10% (by weight) of Mn, 0.15 to 0.40% (by weight) of S, at most 0.10% (by weight) of P; in addition, some grades further contain at most 0.15% (by weight) of Pb, 0.80 to 1.50% (by weight) of Cr, 0.15 to 0.50% (by weight) of Mo and 0.05% (by weight) of Se.
The mechanical properties of these steels vary as a function of the group of heat treatments applied.
The parameters of steels have not undergone heat treatment were used as a basis of comparison. The tensile strength of these steels is, without cold deformation, between 290 and 900 N/mn2 and in the cold drawn state it is between 370 and 1100 N/mn2 (da N/mn2), values to which correspond an apparent elastic limit between 24 and 6 (da N/mn2) and an elongation between 5 and 10%.
These steels exhibit the drawback of having a resistance to dynamic stresses or a tendency to fragility that are unsatisfactory, because of the nature and amount of the additive material intended to improve the aptitude for machining by material removal, which in the end limits their utilization. The various alloy elements that are added to improve the aptitude for machining by material removal cause such a great reduction of some of the useful properties of these known free-cutting steels that their utilization as mechanical construction steels is considerably limited, as a function of the stresses the machine elements must undergo during operation.
A group of now known free-cutting steels therefore exhibits a relatively good mechanical strength, which can be adjusted to desired values by hardening or tempering, but the plasticity of these steels and their resistance to dynamic stresses no longer meet present requirements.
This invention has for its object the development of such a high-strength steel, exhibiting an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal and intended for making machine elements subjected to great stresses, a steel that not only exhibits, without hardening, a high resistance to dynamic stresses but which further can be machined with formation of cuttings suitable for automatic machines.
This invention makes it possible to achieve this objective by the fact that the steel made according to this invention contains, besides iron, 0.10 to 0.70% (by weight) of C, 1.20 to 3.00% (by weight) of Mn, at most 1.00% (by weight) of Si, at most 0.1% (by weight) of P, 0.05 to 0.15% (by weight) of S, at least 0.10% (by weight) of Pb, 0.001 to 0.03% (by weight) of Ca, 0.001 to 0.005% (by weight) of B, 0.007 to 0.035% (by weight) of N, 0.01 to 0.20% (by weight) of Nb and/or V, at most 0.25% (by weight) of Zr and/or Ce, at most 0.20% (by weight) of Be and/or Bi and at most 1.00% (by weight) of Mo and/or Ni.
A particularly preferred composition according to the invention comprises, besides iron the elements in the following proportions.
______________________________________                                    
C         0.10-0.70%  V        0.01-0.15%                                 
Mn        1.20-2%     Zr       0.01-0.15%                                 
Si        0.1-1%      Mo       0.01-0.5%                                  
P         0.0-0.10%   B        0.001-0.005%                               
S         0.05-0.15%  Bi       0.001-0.005%                               
Pb        0.1-0.4%    Ca       0.001-0.01%                                
Nb        0.01-0.15%  N        0.007-0.035%                               
______________________________________                                    
As may be seen from the foregoing, the broad range for the various components indicated is as follows:
______________________________________                                    
C        0.1-0.7%      B        0.001-.005%                               
Mn       1.2-3%        N        .007-0.035%                               
Si       0.1-1%        Nb/V     0.01-0.2%                                 
P        0-0.10%       Zr/Ce    0.01-0.25%                                
S        0.05-0.15%    Be/Bi    0.001-0.2%                                
Pb       0.1-0.6%      Mo/Ni    0.01-1%                                   
Ca       0.001-0.03%                                                      
______________________________________                                    
Some of the alloy elements assure the steel, when they are in the ratio according to the invention and without hardening, has a sufficient mechanical strength, while retaining for it the necessary plasticity; other alloy elements assure the cutting a suitable fragmentation capability, without entailing a reduction in the resistance of the steel to dynamic stresses, and said steel according to this invention also contains alloy elements that contribute to an increase in the lubricating power of the metal surfaces in contact with one another, and thereby, contribute to the excellent aptitude of this steel to machining by material removal.
Because of its chemical composition, the steel according to this invention exhibits a relatively high mechanical strength, even in the rolled state, so that one sizing stand suffices to achieve the section necessary for automatic removal of cuttings and which can eliminate section reduction which has had to be preformed until now to assure the free-cutting steel a suitable mechanical strength and which required much work.
Despite its high strength, the steel according to the invention exhibits an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal, and the ratio of alloy elements according to this invention makes it possible--with suitable parameters for material removal --to obtain sufficiently small suttings, even without chip-breaking, and a good lubricating and a very good surface quality, which makes it possible to increase considerably the removal parameter of the material used.
The steel according to this invention can be hardened or treated by hardening followed by tempering, both by a regular heat treatment and by an induction treatment, the surface hardening therefore being able, if needed, to be established and regulated in a simple way and over a wide range.
The steel according to this invention unites high resistance to dynamic stresses of mechanical construction steels, unalloyed or slightly alloyed, with excellent aptitude for machining by material removed exhibited by free-cutting steels, and further a mechanical strength obtained without hardening and which meets the needs of most modern machine elements.
This invention and the properties of the steels thus made will be better understood from the following detailed description of several embodiments taken as non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLE I
By way of example, three charges made up of the steel according to this invention are presented here. Charges 1 and 2 were made in a 70 ton arc furnace and poured in square-shaped 6.4 ton shells. Ingots were made by rolling without surface cleaning, under normal conditions, in the shape of square ingots having an edge length of 210 mm, then transformed by rolling into steel rods with a 16 mm diameter, which was air cooled on coolers.
Charge 2 was made by melting in a 60 ton arc furnace, then refined in a metallurgical installation equipped with ladles. The molten metal was poured in a continuous casting installation with four dies, square in shape, the edge length of the billets being 240 mm.
The billets were transformed, by rolling, into steel rods with a diameter of 20 mm, then air cooled on coolers. The test results are shown in the following tables.
The charges are prepared by usual metallurgical methods consisting in melting the iron charge in the furnace above indicated, in analysing the composition of the melt and in adding eventually the necessary supplementary ingredients in order to balance the composition. The molten charge is overheated at a temperature superior of about 145° F. to the temperature of the casting and then poured into refining ladles. The different powder additive as indicated in table 1 are respectively added in order to have the final composition as indicated in table 1. The content of the ladles is then poured in shells or in a continuous casting installation as indicated above.
The method and devices used are namely described by L. Backer and P. Gosselin Journal of Metal, May 1971 No. 23, p. 26 to p. 27.
                                  TABLE 1                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
1.1 Chemical Composition                                                  
             Chemical composition in percentages (by weight)              
Charge       C  Mn Si P  S  Pb Nb V  Zr  Mo  B   Bi  Ca   N               
__________________________________________________________________________
1            0.32                                                         
                1.32                                                      
                   0.41                                                   
                      0.015                                               
                         0.083                                            
                            0.27                                          
                               0.05                                       
                                  0.03                                    
                                     0.027                                
                                         0.11                             
                                             0.0028                       
                                                 0.0027                   
                                                     0.005                
                                                          0.023           
2            0.46                                                         
                1.36                                                      
                   0.23                                                   
                      0.013                                               
                         0.071                                            
                            0.25                                          
                               0.033                                      
                                  0.05                                    
                                     0.03                                 
                                         0.045                            
                                             0.0035                       
                                                 0.0024                   
                                                     0.0063               
                                                          0.0197          
3            0.65                                                         
                1.24                                                      
                   0.37                                                   
                      0.023                                               
                         0.10                                             
                            0.57                                          
                               0.041                                      
                                  0.04                                    
                                     0.02                                 
                                         0.17                             
                                             0.0026                       
                                                 0.0030                   
                                                     0.0059               
                                                          0.029           
__________________________________________________________________________
                                  TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
1.2. Mechanical properties                                                
Designation rolled.sup.1                                                  
                     400° C..sup.2                                 
                              700° C..sup.3                        
                                       1250° C..sup.4              
Unit of                                                                   
Measure     1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.                           
__________________________________________________________________________
Rp.sup.0.002                                                              
        N/mm.sup.2                                                        
            570                                                           
               640                                                        
                  809                                                     
                     650                                                  
                        700                                               
                           863                                            
                              500                                         
                                 532                                      
                                    700                                   
                                       600                                
                                          744                             
                                             900                          
Rm      N/mm.sup.2                                                        
            800                                                           
               920                                                        
                  1079                                                    
                     810                                                  
                        924                                               
                           1090                                           
                              710                                         
                                 800                                      
                                    970                                   
                                       840                                
                                          972                             
                                             1100                         
A.sub.5 %   18 15.5                                                       
                  14 19 15.5                                              
                           16 24 23 21 16 10 10                           
Z       %   52 45.8                                                       
                  40 53 46.4                                              
                           48 63 52.4                                     
                                    52 50 30 28                           
KCU + 20° C.                                                       
            7- 6- 6- 10-                                                  
                        7- 6  16-                                         
                                 8- 7- 7- 5- 4-                           
da/J/cm.sup.2                                                             
            -10                                                           
               -8 -8 -15                                                  
                        -10                                               
                           -9 -20                                         
                                 -12                                      
                                    -11                                   
                                       -10                                
                                          -6 -5                           
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.1 Rolled state without heat treatment                               
 .sup.2 kept hot, at 400° C., for 90 minutes, the air cooled       
 .sup.3 kept hot, at 800° C., for 90 minutes, then air cooled      
 .sup.4 kept hot, at 1250° C., for 45 minutes, then air cooled     
1.3 Aptitude for Machining by Material Removal
Checking of the aptitude for machining by material removal was made by crater wear measurements, whose critical value at K crit.=0.05 mm was determined. The check was made, during outside turning, with a single-edge tool, by hard-alloy, high-speed cutting plates, with mechanical locking. Removal of cuttings was made and check on samples of charge 1 of the steel according to this invention, which had previously undergone a detensioning treatment at 400° C., and on samples treated by hardening and tempering, of a steel used as a basis of comparison. The chemical composition of this steel used for a basis of comparison appears in Table 3, and its mechanical properties in Table 4.
              TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Chemical composition in percentages (by weight)                           
C        Mn     Si     P    S    Cr   Ni   Cu   Al                        
______________________________________                                    
Steel 0.47   0.90   0.27 0.030                                            
                              0.09 0.17 0.12 0.20 0.08                    
Used                                                                      
at basis                                                                  
of                                                                        
com-                                                                      
parison                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
              TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Values relating to steel used                            
                 as basis of comparison, treated                          
Designation      by hardening and tempering                               
       Unit of measure                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Rp.sup.0.002                                                              
         N/mm.sup.2  280                                                  
Rm       N/mm.sup.2  790                                                  
A.sub.5  %           19                                                   
Z        %           53                                                   
Kcu + 20° C.                                                       
         da J/cm.sup.2                                                    
                     4-6                                                  
______________________________________                                    
The result of the check of the aptitude for machining by material removal, made with the high-speed steel tool, is summerized in Table 5.
              TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Cutting life to crater wear                              
                 K.sub.crit = 0.05 mm/mn                                  
Material removal parameters                                               
                     Steel serving as                                     
Designation Parameter                                                     
              Charge 1     basis of comparison                            
______________________________________                                    
Cutting removal                                                           
speed m/mn 70     240-300      18-22                                      
Advance mm 0.12                                                           
Depth of cut                                                              
mm/U       2.5                                                            
Shape of cuttings Suitable for auto-                                      
                               flowing cuttings                           
                  matic machines.sup.1                                    
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.1 non-continuous cuttings, not adhering to one another, finely      
 fragmented, and able to be evacuated by cooling liquid.                  
The results of the check of the aptitude for machining by material removal, made with the hard-alloy tool are summerized in Table 6.
              TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
                 Cutting life to crater wear                              
                 K.sub.crit = 0.05 mm/mn                                  
Material removal parameters                                               
                     Steel serving as                                     
Designation Parameter                                                     
              Charge 1     basis of comparison                            
______________________________________                                    
Cutting removal                                                           
speed m/mn 200    360-480      28-40                                      
Advance mm 0.10                                                           
Depth of cut                                                              
mm/U       1.5                                                            
Shape of cuttings Suitable for auto-                                      
                               flowing cuttings                           
                  matic machines                                          
______________________________________                                    

Claims (3)

I claim:
1. A free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses and exhibiting a high strength, even without hardening, and an excellent aptitude for machining by material removal, which is intended for making machine elements subjected to great stresses, consisting essentially of, besides iron, 0.1 to 0.7% (by weight) of C, 1.2 to 3% (by weight) of Mn, 0.1 to 1% (by weight) of Si, at most 0.1% (by weight) of P, 0.05 to 0.15% (by weight) of S, at least 0.1% (by weight) of Pb, 0.001 to 0.03% (by weight) of Ca, 0.001 to 0.005% (by weight) of B, 0.007 to 0.035% (by weight) of N, 0.03 to 0.2% (by weight) of Nb or V or their mixture, 0.01 to 0.25% (by weight) of Zr or Ce or their mixture, at most 0.2% (by weight) of Be or Bi or their mixture, and at most 1% (by weight) of Mo or Ni or their mixture.
2. A steel according to claim 1 consisting essentially of, besides iron,
______________________________________                                    
C      0.1-0.7%     B           0.001-.005%                               
Mn     1.2-3%       N           .007-0.035%                               
Si     0.1-1%       Nb or V                                               
                    or their                                              
                    mixture     0.01-0.2%                                 
P      0-0.1%       Zr or Ce                                              
                    or their                                              
                    mixture     0.01-0.25%                                
S      0.05-0.15%   Be or Bi                                              
                    or their                                              
                    mixture     0.001-0.2%                                
Pb     0.1-0.6%     Mo or Ni                                              
                    or their                                              
                    mixture     0.01-1%                                   
Ca     0.001-0.03%                                                        
______________________________________                                    
3. A free cutting steel according to claim 1 consisting essentially of, besides iron,
______________________________________                                    
C         0.1-0.7%    V        0.01-0.15%                                 
Mn        1.2-2%      Zr       0.01-0.15%                                 
Si        0.1-1%      Mo       0.01-0.5%                                  
P         0.0-0.04%   B        0.001-0.005%                               
S         0.05-0.15%  Bi       0.001-0.005%                               
Pb        0.1-0.6%    Ca       0.001-0.01%                                
Nb        0.01-0.15%  N        0.007-0.035%                               
______________________________________                                    
US06/054,527 1979-07-03 1979-07-03 High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses Expired - Lifetime US4265660A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/054,527 US4265660A (en) 1979-07-03 1979-07-03 High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/054,527 US4265660A (en) 1979-07-03 1979-07-03 High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US4265660A true US4265660A (en) 1981-05-05

Family

ID=21991716

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US06/054,527 Expired - Lifetime US4265660A (en) 1979-07-03 1979-07-03 High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US4265660A (en)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4344634A (en) * 1979-12-04 1982-08-17 Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. Compression rings
EP0265402A1 (en) * 1986-09-29 1988-04-27 Ovako Steel Oy AB Calcium treated boron alloyed steel with improved machinability
EP0312054A1 (en) * 1987-10-15 1989-04-19 Aichi Steel Works, Ltd. Free-cutting steel having high fatigue strength
US4913739A (en) * 1982-05-22 1990-04-03 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh Method for powder metallurgical production of structural parts of great strength and hardness from Si-Mn or Si-Mn-C alloyed steels
US20070042286A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
EP1785772A1 (en) 2005-11-14 2007-05-16 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20070119532A1 (en) * 2003-08-04 2007-05-31 Atsushi Tanno Pneumatic tire
US7468232B2 (en) 2005-04-27 2008-12-23 Xerox Corporation Processes for forming latexes and toners, and latexes and toner formed thereby
US20100239973A1 (en) * 2009-03-17 2010-09-23 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8124307B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2012-02-28 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8431306B2 (en) 2010-03-09 2013-04-30 Xerox Corporation Polyester resin containing toner
US10315409B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2019-06-11 Xerox Corporation Method of selective laser sintering
US10649355B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2020-05-12 Xerox Corporation Method of making a polymer composite

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US411511A (en) * 1889-09-24 Work-bench
US3634074A (en) * 1968-04-03 1972-01-11 Daido Steel Co Ltd Free cutting steels
US4004422A (en) * 1975-04-14 1977-01-25 Van Allyn, Inc. Method and apparatus for utilizing moving traffic for generating electricity and to produce other useful work
US4043807A (en) * 1974-01-02 1977-08-23 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Alloy steels
FR2281988B2 (en) 1974-08-14 1978-04-21 Inland Steel Co
FR2338995B1 (en) 1976-01-23 1978-08-18 Marrel Freres
FR2395323A1 (en) 1977-06-24 1979-01-19 Pompey Acieries FINE GRAIN CONSTRUCTION STEEL, IMPROVED MACHINABILITY
FR2246650B1 (en) 1973-10-03 1979-02-16 Inland Steel Co

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US411511A (en) * 1889-09-24 Work-bench
US3634074A (en) * 1968-04-03 1972-01-11 Daido Steel Co Ltd Free cutting steels
FR2246650B1 (en) 1973-10-03 1979-02-16 Inland Steel Co
US4043807A (en) * 1974-01-02 1977-08-23 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Alloy steels
FR2281988B2 (en) 1974-08-14 1978-04-21 Inland Steel Co
US4004422A (en) * 1975-04-14 1977-01-25 Van Allyn, Inc. Method and apparatus for utilizing moving traffic for generating electricity and to produce other useful work
FR2338995B1 (en) 1976-01-23 1978-08-18 Marrel Freres
FR2395323A1 (en) 1977-06-24 1979-01-19 Pompey Acieries FINE GRAIN CONSTRUCTION STEEL, IMPROVED MACHINABILITY

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4344634A (en) * 1979-12-04 1982-08-17 Nippon Piston Ring Co., Ltd. Compression rings
US4913739A (en) * 1982-05-22 1990-04-03 Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Gmbh Method for powder metallurgical production of structural parts of great strength and hardness from Si-Mn or Si-Mn-C alloyed steels
EP0265402A1 (en) * 1986-09-29 1988-04-27 Ovako Steel Oy AB Calcium treated boron alloyed steel with improved machinability
EP0312054A1 (en) * 1987-10-15 1989-04-19 Aichi Steel Works, Ltd. Free-cutting steel having high fatigue strength
US4915900A (en) * 1987-10-15 1990-04-10 Aichi Steel Works, Ltd. Free-cutting steel having high fatigue strength
US7549452B2 (en) * 2003-08-04 2009-06-23 The Yokohama Rubber Co., Ltd. Pneumatic tire
US20070119532A1 (en) * 2003-08-04 2007-05-31 Atsushi Tanno Pneumatic tire
US7468232B2 (en) 2005-04-27 2008-12-23 Xerox Corporation Processes for forming latexes and toners, and latexes and toner formed thereby
US7413842B2 (en) 2005-08-22 2008-08-19 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
US20070042286A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-02-22 Xerox Corporation Toner processes
EP1785772A1 (en) 2005-11-14 2007-05-16 Xerox Corporation Toner having crystalline wax
US20100239973A1 (en) * 2009-03-17 2010-09-23 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8076048B2 (en) 2009-03-17 2011-12-13 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8124307B2 (en) 2009-03-30 2012-02-28 Xerox Corporation Toner having polyester resin
US8431306B2 (en) 2010-03-09 2013-04-30 Xerox Corporation Polyester resin containing toner
US10315409B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2019-06-11 Xerox Corporation Method of selective laser sintering
US10649355B2 (en) 2016-07-20 2020-05-12 Xerox Corporation Method of making a polymer composite

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US4265660A (en) High-strength free-cutting steel able to support dynamic stresses
US4719079A (en) Continuous-cast low-carbon resulfurized free-cutting steel
US5244517A (en) Manufacturing titanium alloy component by beta forming
EP1087030B1 (en) Method of producing tool steel and tool
EP0091897A1 (en) Strain hardening austenitic manganese steel and process for the manufacture thereof
KR100254920B1 (en) Roll outer layer material for hot rolling and method of manufacturing roll for hot rolling
US5494540A (en) Abrasion-resistant aluminum alloy and method of preparing the same
US3861906A (en) Calcium deoxidized, fine grain steels
US4780139A (en) Tool steel
US3933480A (en) Method of making stainless steel having improved machinability
US3846186A (en) Stainless steel having improved machinability
US7005017B2 (en) Steel for mechanical construction, method of hot-shaping of a part from this steel, and part thus obtained
US5961747A (en) Tin-bearing free-machining steel
US4473402A (en) Fine grained cobalt-chromium alloys containing carbides made by consolidation of amorphous powders
JP3637375B2 (en) Manufacturing method of connecting rod
JPH02182867A (en) Powdered tool steel
JP2618309B2 (en) Centrifugal casting sleeve roll and its manufacturing method
US6994758B2 (en) Steel for mechanical construction, method of hot-shaping of a part from this steel, and part thus obtained
US6200395B1 (en) Free-machining steels containing tin antimony and/or arsenic
US2157673A (en) Free machining open hearth steel
US3846189A (en) Stainless steel having improved machinability
US4243437A (en) Process for forming articles from leaded bronzes
JP2002003988A (en) Cold working tool steel having excellent machinability
US2026572A (en) Free cutting alloys
US2598714A (en) Machinable high cobalt low carbon alloys for die-casting molds

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STCF Information on status: patent grant

Free format text: PATENTED CASE