US3921151A - Apparatus for enciphering transmitted data by interchanging signal elements of the transmitted data without overlapping or omitting any elements within the transmitted signal train - Google Patents

Abstract

An information signal train which may, for example, be an audio signal, is divided into equal time intervals and temprarily stored. Each stored element is read out in a random pattern so as to randomly ''''scramble'''' the arrangement of the elements as compared with their original arrangement. The scrambling of the elements is continuously monitored so as to prevent more than one element from being shifted to the same (new) time position and further to prevent any gaps in the transmitted signal train. The process is effectively reversed at the receiving end which is provided with a similar random generating and deciphering means operating in synchronism with the enciphering means at the transmitter facility. Shifting of the element positions may be confined to a group containing a predetermined number of elements or alternatively may be progressively shifted to new positions without concern for limiting shifting in time of elements to a group of predetermined number of elements. Additional techniques may be employed to reverse polarity of selected elements or to randomly superimpose other signals upon selected ones of the elements in a random fashion.

Description

United States Patent Guanella Nov. 18, 1975 [54] APPARATUS FOR ENCIPHERING 3.731.197 5/1973 Clark 179/1.5 s TRANSMI'ITED DATA BY 3.773.977 11/1973 Guanella 179/15 s INTERCHANGING SIGNAL ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSMITTED DATA WITHOUT OVERLAPPING OR OMITTING ANY ELEMENTS WITHIN THE TRANSMITTED SIGNAL TRAIN Primary Examiner-Mark E. Nusbaum Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Orville N. Greene; Frank L. Durr [57] ABSTRACT [75] Inventor: Gustav Guanella, Zurich, An information signal train which may, for example, Switzerland be an audio signal, is divided into equal time intervals [73] Assignee: Patelhold patentwerweflungs & and temprarlly stored. Each stored element is read out in a random pattern so as to randomly scramble the EIektro-Holdmg AG, Glarus,

- arrangement of the elements as compared with their Switzerland orlglnal arrangement. The scrambling of the elements [22] Filed: July 12, 1973 is continuously monitored so as to prevent more than one element from being shifted to the same (new) [2]] Appl' 378570 time position and further to prevent any gaps in the Related US. Application Data transmitted signal train. Division Of Sen .85 une 19 The process is effectively reversed at the receiving end which is provided with a similar random generating 5 S; /2 and deciphering means operating in synchronism with [51] Int. Cl. G06F 7/00 the enciphering means at the transmitter facility. Field Search 340/1725; 179/15 Shifting of the element positions may be confined to a 178/22 group containing a predetermined number of elements I or alternatively may be progressively shifted to new [56] References Cited positions without concern for limiting shifting in time UNITED STATES PATENTS of elements to a group of predetermined number of 2.896.071 7/1969 Druz et a] 179/15 s elemems- 3,l24.748 3/1964 Webb 179/1.5 S Additional techniques may be employed to reverse i; g 9 1 2 5 polarity of selected elements or to randomly onsta e S th 1 3,678,198 7/1972 511m 178/22 5322??? l g fi glfi gg Se wed ones of the 3,689,708 8/l972 Olmstead .i 178/22 3,696,207 10/1972 Lundin et a]. 1. 179/].5 S 17 Claims, 17 Drawing Figures //,A-- Q1) 1 A 1 z |lVl". a*.|%|l% 1 5 4 U1 1 i 4 H t 4 t 4 t 4 2 5 d4 d d M Q 2 2 p 1 11 ll sv%ll T2 d 1 b d b 112 ha d 1: 2 occumnon REGISTER s4 S3 S2 1 02 5 C4 C3 C2 C1 1 4 HUNTING SWITCHES I L0 5w I '81P.

couvearsn US. Patent Nov. 18, 1975 Sheetlof 12 3,921,151

CIPHE (MODUL OR x Z 2 2 CONTROL i SIGNAL ZE1 ,PROCESSORS CIPHER GENERATOR 562 Fig. 20

US. Patent N0v.18, 1975 Sheet80f 12 3,921,151

Sp- 6 s 4 3 21 INr.- 432143214321 32143214321 FNr. 28......25 24......21 2O 1.....17

U.S. Patent Nov. 18, 1975 Sheet 10 of 12 3,921,151

s; y I I I I Fig. 10 1 I SIGN MODULATOR POSITION MODULATOR VM1 DM1 l DM VM x Z1 22 X2 1 BP BP LM LM 4 D/A D/A 1 AAA mm Y 6 s 4 s z l 2 3 4 s*e 7 U.S. Patent Nov. 18, 1975 Sheet 11 01" 12 3,921,151

/\ CIPHER COMPUTER SC CIPHER SG 11 11 11 11 11 SFELECTOR PROGRAM AODULATOR H912 SW1 k sw SE 10 10 1O 1O 1H O LINE MA MATRIX A n I I U so I R0 8 1 woRRELAToR PR U.S. Patent Nov. 18,1975 Sheet 12 of 12 3,921,151

W1 W10 AAAA$A+A 84 T85 86 REGISTER 1 2 f' X R1 l T 1 2 5 u 3 l Fig.14

APPARATUS FOR ENCIPI-IERING TRANSMITTED DATA BY INTERCI-IANGING SIGNAL ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSMITTED DATA WITHOUT OVERLAPPING OR OMITTING ANY ELEMENTS WITHIN THE TRANSMITTED SIGNAL TRAIN This is a division of application Ser. No. 154,851, filed June 21,1971.

The present invention relates to method and apparatus for transmitting data in enciphered fashion and more particularly relates to apparatus and method for enciphering information transmitted, in which the plain language signals to be transmitted are divided into elements of preferably equal time length whose original time sequence prior to transmission is modified by interchange and restored after transmission by a reverse process of interchange, the elements being in part at least interchanged (and the reverse process carried out at the receiving end) by dissimilar time shifts through the utilization of a storage process within an information store.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Methods of the type referred to hereinabove and devices for carrying them out are well known in the prior art as evidenced, for example, in Swiss Pat. Nos. 212,742 and 232,768. However, a very important provision in such systems employing an interchange process, and which is fundamental to the method of the present invention, is that there must be no repetitions and no omissions of individual information elements (i.e., signal sections); the interchanged sequence must contain all the elements of the sequence forming the original plain language signal (i.e., a speech signal), without any overlap between any two elements and without any gaps. With a periodic period of interchange, as used, for example, in the methods disclosed in the aforesaid patent specifications, the compliance with this condition is something which can be achieved of course without difficulty, by appropriate adjustments. This kind of periodically recurring interchange process, however, is unsatisfactory from the cryptological point of view since the periodicity as well as the cipher may be easily detected and reconstructed by unauthorized third parties who may receive the message. Consequently, it has also been proposed in the prior art (for example, see Swiss Pat. Specification No. 220,056) that the interchanges be controlled by correspondingly prepared punched tapes. However, handling of tapes of this kind introduces many attendant problems, among which are the necessity of a tape of great length, the need for synchronism between transmitting and receiving ends at the time of start-up and halting of the punched tapes, as well as the fact that the tapes are relatively fragile and are incapable of being used over and over again.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to overcome these drawbacks. In accordance with the invention, this is achieved in that the transmitting and receiving ends are provided with coinciding aperiodic cipher signals which are produced by cipher signal generators and supplied to ancillary devices whereby special control signals are derived from the cipher signals which are utilized to determine the storage positions of the individual elements in the information store; in that additional devices each containing an additional storage means serve as an occupation register in which binary pulses are stored, each of which is assigned to an information element; in that by means of hunting pulses which depend in part at least upon the cipher signals, the (state of) occupancy of individual positions in the occupation register is modified in an irregular sequence in the sense that occupied positions are evacuated and empty positions are occupied; in that, when a hunting pulse tests a register position which has already undergone the aforesaid change in occupancy, i.e., has either been evacuated or occupied, the hunting operation is continued for register positions which have not yet been changed in this manner, without any further modification of the occupancy of the said register position in question; and in that, with any change in occupancy of one or the other of the two types mentioned, a control signal is produced which determines the storage position of the corresponding element in the information store, so that automatic monitoring of the occupancy of the information as stored is achieved, whereby on the one hand, control signals which are required to avoid omissions of individual elements is insured, and on the other hand, control signals which lead to repetition of individual elements are suppressed.

In one embodiment of the present invention, first and second stores are provided which are capable of storing a predetermined number of elements of equal time length. One of said stores is filled while the other is emptied and the process is then reversed whereby the store being emptied is emptied in such a manner as to interchange the positioning of the stored elements in an aperiodic fashion with monitoring means continuously monitoring the interchange operations so as to prevent the occurrence of overlapping or gaps in the interchanged signal train. The process is reversed at the receiving end.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a single store is provided in which continuous interchange of the signal elements is performed.

it is therefore a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus and method for enciphering a signal transmission by aperiodic interchange of the time position of the signal elements and monitoring the interchanged operation so as to prevent the occurrence of overlapping of elements or the occurrence of gaps within the transmitted signal train.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a novel apparatus and method as described herein wherein the deciphering of the enciphered signal train occurs by a technique reverse from that set forth in the previous object.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES These as well as other objects of the present invention will become apparent when reading the ensuing description and drawings in which:

FIG. I is a block diagram illustrating the fundamental principles of the invention;

FIG. 2a illustrates information signal wave forms showing the manner in which the wave form is broken down into individual elements and further illustrating the interchange and reversal of the individual signal elements;

FIG. 2b symbolically represents the interchange of signal elements at the transmitting end and the reverse operation at the receiving end;

F IG. 3a symbolically represents the principle of interchange of signal elements within equilength groups 3 (leapfrogging window);

FIG. 3b schematically depicts another interchange principle which avoids closed groups (sliding window");

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device for implementing the method of the invention, which device employs the group interchange technique;

FIG. 5 is an example of another variant embodiment of the invention with continuous interchange of signal elements;

FIG. 6 schematically represents the mode of operation of the device shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a further example of the invention employing an information store consisting of several individual magnetomotor stores;

FIGS. 8a and 8b schematically represent the mode of operation of the device of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of the invention employing individual stores for the information store and separate occupation register for the individual information stores;

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of the principle of time compression of the interchanged signal elements, prior to transmission;

FIG. 11 shows the block diagram of a device for additional concealment signals which are added to the interchanged information signals;

FIG. 12 illustrates the block diagram of a cipher signal generator employed in performing the method of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a detailed illustration of a portion of the cipher signal generator of FIG. 12; and

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of the cipher computer employed in the cipher signal generator.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Referring initially to FIG. 1, there is shown therein a block diagram of an enciphering system in which at the transmitting end (Index I) and receiving end (Index 2) the cipher signal generators SG, and SG, produce the aperiodic cipher signals w. These signals are supplied to the additional devices ZE, and 2E respectively, and are processed thereby in such a manner that at the outputs of these devices control signals 1' are produced, which signals satisfy the special conditions in terms of repetition and omission in the ensuing process of element interchange. The breakdown of the plain language signal .r, into equilength (timewise) elements and the interchange of these elements in accordance with the control signal 1', take place in the cipher modulator SM, where the enciphered signal 1, is produced. In order to restore the plain language signal 2:, at the receiving end from the receive signal Z and by a reversal in the process of interchange of the elements, the cipher demodulator SM, is provided.

The plain language signal x may, in accordance with FIG. 2a, consist of a periodic train of oscillations, of the type, for example, occurring in a speech signal. This signal is divided into the sections or elements (i.e., time intervals) s,, s of uniform length (i.e., time duration) throughout and which generally have no fixed relationship to the periodicity of the signal. These elements are stored for dissimilar times, for time-interchange purposes, so that a new signal 1 is produced. In order to make it more difficult for unauthorized persons to carry out the reverse process of interchange. it is also advisable to reverse the polarity of selected ones of the individual elements. Thus, for example. the element s, has been produced by reversing the polarity of element s If the plain language signal is already available in digital form or is otherwise placed in this form by an analog-todigital conversion, then the elements" naturally consist of a specific number of hits, the number being the same in each element.

The interchange of signal elements at the transmitting end and the reverse procedure of interchange at the receiving end, taking also into account the individual cases of reversal of polarity which lead to the production of the s' type elements, are symbolically illustrated in FIG. 2b wherein the elements s,-s, are interchanged in time so as to form the signal z,. This signal is received as 2 by the receiving end and is processed in such a manner as to rearrange the individual elements to return the elements to their original arrangement, as shown symbolically by the signal arrangement As shown in FIG. 3a, the interchange can take place within individual groups of elements of length F or can, for that matter, take place progressively, avoiding closed groups, as shown in FIG. 3b. The displacement of each individual element from its original position, is in each case restricted to the cross-hatched area which, in the case of FIG. 3a, leap-frogs (leapfrogging window" technique) from group to group, or as in the case of FIG. 3b, shifts from element to element (sliding window" technique).

A device SM for producing time-interchange between the elements of a plain language signal x,, as well as an additional device ZE for producing the control signals i for this interchange function, are shown in FIG. 4. These control signals must be derived from the aperiodic cipher signal w of the cipher signal generator SG, in such a way that in the interchange operation, no repetitions and omissions occur. Each element of the plain language signal x, will be assumed for example, to consist of a train of k analogue pulses (scanned values), which have been obtained by periodic scanning of the original signals. A group of, for example, six elements for six k scanned values of the plain language signal is then supplied via the doublethrow switch W to the analogue shift store NS, which is comprised of six k cells. The transfer through the register during the introduction of these scanned values is effected by pulsing signals e, which are applied through switch W At the same time, the elements of the previous group already stored in NS, (which is substantially identical in design and operation to N8 are extracted in the modified sequence through the output switch W.,. The double throw switches W and W, are so designed that a control pulse i for example, with W, in the solid line position illustrated in FIG. 4, causes k individual pulses of the pulsing signal e to be supplied to those storage cells Z, of the register NS, which are assigned to pulse i These k individual pulses thus form a pulse train (pulsing signal) jz' which brings about the extraction of the k scanned values of the second element, from the store.

In a similar fashion, the other elements are extracted in a sequence which is determined by the control signal 1'. During the extraction operation. gaps and repetitions must be avoided.

In order to fulfill the above requirements the device ZE is provided with an occupation store BS. The six cells of this store are intially filled by the pulse 2,, with the commencement of each six element group, and is subsequently individually emptied by the hunting pulses h. The hunting pulses are produced from the cipher signals Y Y Y of the cipher signal generator SG, with the aid of code converter CW which produces an appropriate (single) output pulse dependent upon the state of the three input pulses which it receives from binary adder AD. Since the three binary outputs from signal generator SG are capable of producing a combination of eight possible output pulses h, I1 and only six are actually required to empty the BS register, feed back of the pulses 12 h to binary adder AD is provided for. Adder AD is capable of performing a binary addition of three units to bring about a change in the hunting pulses 11,41 which hunting pulses will be automatically changed each time a pulse 11-, or 11 is generated. The emptying of a cell in register BS results in the generation of a corresponding control pulse 1. However, if this cell has already been emptied, then an output pulse k is produced which once again results in a binary addition operation in AD to cause another change in the hunting pulse 11, until a cell in BS which is still occupied is encountered and emptied. This procedure is repeated with each pulse e, of the pulsing signal, each such pulse corresponding to a stored element. Thus, in this fashion, the result is achieved in that each of the control pulses i occurs only once and that none is omitted. This insures the desired unbroken and unrepeated extraction of all elements from register NS After this emptying operation, a change pulse e' reverses the state of switches W through W At that time, the shift store NS, is filled with elements of the plain language signal while the elements of the store N8 which has previously been filled, are extracted in a changed sequence. The interchange between the information elements thus takes place in group fashion in accordance with the leapfrogging window principle of FIG. 3 The pulse output V and device VM of FIG. 4 are employed as an additional enciphering device, as will be described in greater detail hereinbelow.

A device for the continuous interchange of signal elements in accordance with the sliding window principle of FIG. 3b is shown in FIG. 5. By way of information store NS once again an analog shift store can be used or for that matter some other known delay system with several supply or extraction points may be employed. For example, it is possible to employ magnetic tape recording means with moving audio signal carriers. The supply of the elements r,, r of the plain language signal x, is controlled by the switches U U in accordance with the actuation by control signals (1,, d whose sequence must again satisfy special conditions in order to avoid repetitions and omissions. To insure that these conditions are complied with, the occupation register BR is provided in association with hunting switches 8,, S The occupation register contains the monitored cells indicated in cross-hatched fashion while the additional cells are designed as unmonitored shift cells in order to reduce the complexity of the system. The cell content is shifted in rhythm with the pulsing signal e, which corresponds with the pulsed rate of the individual signal elements. The still empty left-hand end of the register can be occupied cell by cell by the pulses d d and the occupancy is checked by the monitoring signals 1),. If the last cell P,,- in the register is still empty. the absent occupation pulse b, has the result that from the periodic pulse train 6, an individual pulse d, is extracted and supplied to this cell so that the latter two is filled. [f the cell is already occupied, the individual pulse is supplied as a pulse to the hunting switch S This switch is once again controlled by any occupation pulse b which arrives and also by the blocking pulse a which occurs with a probability of A It is only the simultaneous absence of a and b that the storage cell P is filled by a pulse d Otherwise, a transmission pulse 0 is supplied to the hunting switch 5;, so that monitoring is repeated. Any transmission pulse 0 coming from the switch S finally, if necessary, fills the initially always empty first cell P, of the register. Thus, the function of the hunting switch obeys the following logic relationships, where the bar in each case indicates the negation condition:

z C II (2) Since the possibly still empty last cell is filled in all cases and because at any rate the first cell can be occupied when all the other monitored cells have already been occupied, it is ensured that in each case one of the cross-hatched, monitored cells is filled and that thus a corresponding position pulse d,, is supplied to the associated contact breaker U,,. Thus, in the store two, one of the cross-hatched cells is occupied by a single element and a firt cell (right) will ultimately always be occupied. Of course, there is still no guarantee that in the interchange process the re is a like probability of occurrence of all the shifts, something which would be desireable in order to make the reverse process of interchange as difficult as possible for anyone trying to break the cipher. In order to achieve the best results, statistical considerations must be employed. The probabilities of the signals a, b, c and d are indicated by A, B, C, D respectively and the probability of the negation condition a 1-3. and by A l-A. Thus, we have n+1 11 n) u D, l/N (N sign number of elements per group) (5) should apply. This makes the probability of the occupation which is already taken place:

a) and the probability of occupation of the position which is still free:

B n/N and from this we obtain:

N n l For the optimum probability of the blocking pulses a. we thus obtain the following, for N=z A, A1 0.375 A 4/9 0.444 A, 0.375 A =O In order to obtain blocking signals 0 a 11, whose probabilities correspond as closely as possible to these values, this from the cipher signals Y,, Y Y which occur with a uniform probability distribution of 50%, the cipher signal converter marked SW can be used is made up of the logic gates L, (logic OR") and L, (logic AND) as is shown in FIG. 5. Precise adherence to these probability values is of course generally not necessary and thus simpler circuits can be employed to produce the desired blocking signals.

The operation of the interchange system of FIG. 5 will be explained in somewhat more detail, making reference to FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, the reference KS refers to the plain language signal, G, the group (of information elements in the plain language signal), VS the interchanged signal. SpGr the storage group (in the information store), INr, the internal number (of the storage position within a group), FNr the serial (of the information store positions). The elements of the plain language signal (KS) are sequentially numbered (righthand margin) and are also ordered in groups of four elements each. Element 4 passes via a switch U (FIG. 5) to the store and is there recorded at position 17 on the moving data carrier NS. Element 5 of the plain language signal passes, after four pulses of the pulsing signal, via switch U, to the data carrier which has in the meantime advanced four steps; i.e., it is not recorded at position 5 on the data carrier, which position was originally disposed at this location, but at position (5+4) 9. The position fixed in relation to the apparatus is, in each case, marked by a square (with the element number) and the coordinate relating to the data carrier by a circle (with the element number). Similarly, element 9 is recorded at position 17 (of the apparatus) and at position (of the data carrier) and so on. These elements, which in each case appear at the first position in a group, exhibit neither repetitions nor omissions after recording, for the reasons explained earlier. In a similar manner, the elements which are in each case located at the second position in a group, are recorded. For example, element No. 2 of the plain language signal is once again supplied by a switch U, to the data carrier which is now, however, moved by one step so that the element arrives at position 6 on the data carrier instead of positions 5. Element 6 of the plain language signal, which is supplied via a switch U would, if the carrier were at a standstill, arrive at position 9 thereof. However, it receives an additional shift of l+4)=5 steps because the carrier has moved by five steps at the time of recording, and so on. From an examination of the positions of re cording (marked by circles) thus determined, of all the elements on the data carrier, it can be seen that at no point have two elements been recorded on top of one another. In other words, in the illustration, there is no point at which two circles are superimposed upon one another. Finally, at the bottom edge, the data carrier is illustrated, this time showing the elements with their original numbering. Beneath it, the occupation register, which controls recording, has been schematically illustrated together with the extracted signals d,, d, d

Instead of one continuously moving carrier, as shown in FIG. 5, it is also possible to work with several circulating carriers which. for example, may take the form of magnetic tape wheels or magnetic drums M, M which are driven through a common shaft as shown in FIG. 7. In order to select the eligible storage positions. once again an occupational register BR with associated hunting switches S, S can be used. The control pulses consequently produced would primarily be suitable for producing an effective recording upon the continuously moving data carrier. The rotating data carriers are assigned a data carrier of this kind in such a way that on M the four elements of a first group of the moving carrier are stored, on M, the four elements of the second group, and so forth. The supply to the storage wheel memory devices must be progressively switched so that said relationship is maintained. To this end, the additional shift register HR, is provided, through which the position pulses d are transmitted. The first four position pulses can be relayed directly in the form of corresponding control pulses z'. The next group of four position pulses must, however, be moved one step to the left in HR, so that a recording, which, for example, by way of U would take place in group 5 of the tape which has meanwhile been moved, now takes place through store M, which corresponds to this group. Similarly, the next four position pulses, which thus correspond to the third group of the plain language signal, must be shifted two places to the left by HR, and so on. Signal extraction from the source M, M on the other hand, is controlled by extraction pulses k, k from the register HR, through which circulates a single control pulse so that the control pulses k,, k, appear successively. Extraction shifts from store to store and takes place at the same locations on the rotating data carriers, as would correspond to scanning of a continuously transferred data carrier in fixed relationship to the equipment.

The effect of this type of recording can best be appreciated from FIG. 8a. The references to this figure correspond to those of FIG. 6 except that in the case of VS (interchanged signals) the designation SpGr (store group) has been replaced by Sp (store), since we are now dealing with individual stores. The recording control program, i.e., the sequence of the control pulses d, is, in this case, the same as in the arrangements of FIGS. 5 and 6. Because of the aforesaid additional shifts, however, the recording position (marked by squares) which are fixed in relation to the equipment, i.e.. the numbers of the individual rotating stores appear at the shifted locations indicated by the arrowhead lines. For example, element 5 of the plain language signal is routed not by way of switch U, but instead by way of switch U and is stored in M (See FIG. 7). Similarly, in FIG. 8a, the recording position (in a fixed relationship to the equipment) of the plain language element 6 has an additional left-hand displacement (marked by the square). The storage positions of the rotating data carriers occur in this illustration in the oblique zones as drawn in, for example, for store M The first occasion of occupation is, in each case, marked by the circled number of the original element, while the corresponding continuing occupancy is simply marked by circles. Thus, it will readily be seen how the last position in store 6 is finally occupied by the plain language element. The shift register HR for insuring the additional shifts is drawn in at the bottom edge.

The extraction of the stored elements from the register is illustrated in FIG. 8b where the occupancies of the stored positions are once again indicated by the encircled numbers and then by dots. Since recording commenced with plain language element No. l, in the first extraction cycle individual storage positions still remain unoccupied. Extraction takes place successively from store M,, then M and so forth. It is in each case indicated by cross-hatching of the first group position corresponding to the read-out head. The movement of the storage positions beneath the read-out head is indicated by the horizontal arrows. The progressive extraction times correspond to the numbering at the right-hand margin, and it can be seen from this that the extracted elements appear in the same interchanged sequence as in FIG. 6.

Another interchange dsevice for several data carriers M M is illustrated in FIG. 9. Here, separate occupation registers BR BR are provided for the individual stores, whose outputs are returned to their inputs via the respective switches W W thus indicating the maintenance of the occupation condition over several cycles. An auxiliary register HR is occupied by 3 circulating pulses which in each case bring about the closure of 3 associated switches, e.g. W W W With polarity change in a storage cell at HR, an appropriate output signal appears, in this case it is k,,, which on the one hand initiates sampling of the hunting switches S, with a corresponding starting point (in this case at 8,), and on the other hand, via the corresponding switch U, brings about the emptying of an individual store (n the present case M The three neighboring occupancies in HR are ensured by using the polarity change pulse k to drive individual stages, polarity reversal taking place in V0. With the indicated position of pulses in the register HR and the switches W W W set accordingly, the switches S S S, are supplied with random pulses P P P of probability P. When triggered by the starting pulse k therefore, a train of hunting pulses is propagated via the switches S,-, S S in a manner similar to that indicated in FIG. 5, until a still empty cell of one of the registers BR is occupied. The position pulse d which produces this occupancy, at the same time brings about the storage of a plain-language signal element in a corresponding section of the individual store M,,. Instead of the relay (indicated in FIG. 7), of the succeeding position pulses by a second register HR what happens this time is that the occupation monitoring function is advanced by virtue of the fact that through the shifting of the pulses through the register HR, both the control of the switches S and the function of the occupation register BR, experience a cyclic displacement by one step. This also applies to the switches U and the stores M,,, with the result that with each group change, i.e. with each pulse e,, of the pulsing signal, the same change is produced in the store input as would occur with a continuous store of the kind described in FIG. 5. This also applies to the emptying of the individual stores by the control pulses k,,. The occupation register (e.g. BR in FIG. 9) assigned to the emptied store, is emptied at the same time by interrupting the feedback through the agency of the feedback switch (e.g. W

The devices in the indicated examples are suitable without further explanation for performing the reverse process of interchange of the signal elements at the receiving end, the ciphered signals 2 being supplied via the leads indicated and the reverse-interchanged signals x being extracted at the points shown. The functions of supply and extraction of the elements to and from the stores are simply exhanged. With magnetic storage. erasing will conveniently be carried out directly by the new recording. However, an additional erasing function can be provided which comes into operation directly after signal extraction.

The storage methods referred to here are intended purely as examples:

Other known methods can be employed however, such as for example, storage in the form of electrical charges of capacitive data carriers, electronic storage of the kind known for example from radar work, ultrasonic delay, piezoelectric storage, magnetic wire, film or core storage and so on.

Depending upon the storage method, the time of compression of the individual storage elements or of the scanned values contained in an element is possible. The individual elements s* 5* of the cipher signal of FIG. 10 are produced. This achieves the result that the linear distortions of the transmission channel do not produce any unwanted cross-talk between the positionally displaced elements. At the receiving end, by element expansion and reverse interchange, plain-language signals are recovered and the time-dispersion of the transmission channel has no undesired effects in this context. Compression is achieved by the use of pulsing signals e,,,, of somewhat higher frequency than the signals e (See FIG. 4), i.e. by extracting the individual elements from the stores at a slightly faster rate. Similarly, element expansion at the receiving end is achieved by somewhat slower extraction from the stores.

It can be seen from FIG. 20 that reverse interchange is simplified for unauthorized monitors, by the particular amplitude values at the ends of the elements, i.e. such a monitor can in each case pick out elements whose end amplitudes match one another. This possibility is made more difiicult by reversing the polarity of individual elements (5' 5 in FIG. 20), so that additional edge amplitudes are produced which increase the already large number of possible solutions. Polarity reversal is effected quite simply using the device controlled by additional cipher pulses, e.g. the (signmodulated) switch VM of FIG. 4, which is operated by the cipher signal Y One highly effective measure to render the detection of associated elements more difficult consists in the addition of specific concealment signals at the transmitting end, which signals, with undistorted transmission, can be subtracted again at the receiving end. These concealment signals may conveniently be obtained from special cipher signals using a digital-analogue converter, possibly coupled with shaping by special filters. This kind of device, with the digital-analogue converter D/A and the filter BP, is shown in FIG. 11. Besides this concealment signal condition DM and the position modulator LM, once again a sign modulator VM is indicated.

The cipher generator SG used to produce the cipher pulses, can, as FIG. 12 shows, consist of a programme signal generator PG, :1 cipher selector SE and a cipher computer SC. The programme signals u are generated in the programme signal generator in accordance with a specific logic law, e.g. using a shift register, whose output pulses, taken from two points, are fed back via a Modulo-Z logic system and the switch S shown in FIG. 13 to the input. Synchronization with transmitted 1 1 programme pulses g is made possible by initial injection of this pulse train through the switch 8,, until the fedback pulses coincide completely with the new incoming pulses. This condition is detected by the correlator KO which then automatically switches S to the feedback position for further operation on its own.

In the cipher selector SE, in addition to the permanently wired and possibly exchangeable line matrix MA, an additional switching of the extracting signals s,, s s using the decade switches SW, is provided for. These intermediate signals are thus dependent in an unambiguous way upon the switch positions. They serve to control the actual cipher computer SC. This, as FIG. 14 shows. can consist of the two registers R R in association with the switches S S which are controlled by the intermediate signals s s The registers have periodic feedback via switches s, and S The after effect of pulses injected earlier disappears in the course of time thanks to partial interuption of the feedback function. A change in signal in the feedback channel is bought about by product fonnation between the fedback signals and the intermediate signals s s in S S Finally, the pulsing signals e for the registers are periodically interrupted by the switches S S so that the circulating pulse trains have no specific period.

It can therefore be seen from the foregoing description that the present invention provides the method for interchanging signal elements of a transmitted message in a non-unifonn manner wherein the transposed signal elements are introduced into new time slots wherein the monitoring technique employed assures the fact that there is no overlapping of signal elements nor are any gaps provided.

What is claimed is:

1. Apparatus for transposing signal elements within a signal train comprising first storage means having a plurality of storage positions each capable of storing a signal element; input means for sequentially supplying each element of said signal into each storage position at a predetermined uniform rate;

a signal generator operating in synchronism with said input means for generating signals each occurring at said predetermined rate wherein the value of each signal changes in a random manner;

second storage means having a plurality of storage positions each being associated with a storage position in said first storage means;

means for altering the state of the storage position in said second storage means at said predetermined rate;

means responsive to the randomly generated values of said signal generator output for selecting the position in said second storage means corresponding to the value of said signal generator output to alter the state of the storage position selected;

read-out means;

means coupled to said second storage means for transferring to said read-out means the element stored in the position of the first storage means associated with the position in the second storage means being altered thereby transposing the arrangement of said elements in a nonuniform fashion.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second storage means includes means for altering the level of said signal generator output for each selected storage position of said second storage means already altered to 12 prevent the occurrence of overlaps or omissions in the transposed output signal train.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising third storage means having storage positions equal in number to said first storage means;

switch means for alternately coupling said first and third storage means to said input means whereby one of said first and third storage means is being sequentially filled with elements while elements are being read out of the remaining one of said first and third storage means in transposed fashion.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising switch means for alternately coupling said first and third storage means to said read out means.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising third storage means having a plurality of storage positions each capable of storing a signal element;

said read-out means further comprising a first intermediate output line coupled in common to each storage position of said first storage means;

a second intermediate output line coupled in common to each storage position of said second storage means;

a final output line;

switch means for alternately coupling the said first and second intermediate output lines to said final output line at periodic intervals equal to a predetermined number of element time intervals.

6. The. apparatus of claim 5 further comprising reversing means coupled to said final output line and to said signal generator for selectively altering the polarity of certain ones of said transposed elements fed to said reversing means responsive to predetermined output values of said generator.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising means coupled to said final output line and to said signal generator for selectively altering the DC. level of certain ones of said transposed elements responsive to predetermined output values of said generator.

8. Apparatus for tran sposing elements within a signal train comprising:

first storage means having a plurality of storage positions;

an input line for receiving said signal train;

a plurality of switch means coupled to said input line for selectively loading elements into differing nonconsecutive storage positions in said first storage means;

second storage means having a plurality of storage positions;

a signal generator for generating randomly altered signal values at predetermined uniform time intervals;

means responsive to the output of said signal generator for storing binary pulses in that storage position of said second storage means associated with the signal value of said signal generator, said pulses being stored in sy nchronism with said predetermined uniform time intervals;

plural gating means each coupled to selected positions of said second storage means and responsive to the instantaneous output value of said signal generator and to the state of selected positions of said second storage means for altering the state of the second storage means associated position if it has not been previously altered;

said storage positions of said second storage means each being coupled to an associated switch and,

upon being altered by said gating means, generating a signal to enable its associated switch to transfer the element present in said input line to the storage position in said first storage means associated with the enabled switch, output means for sequentially reading out the storage positions of said first storage means whereby the order of elements in said output means are transposed from their original order.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein selected ones of 10 said plural gating means include input means responsive to the failure of an associated gating means to alter the state of its associated second storage means storage position to activate the gating means having said input means to examine the state of its associated second [5 storage means storage position.

10. Apparatus for transposing the positions of elements within a signal train comprising a plurality of individual signal stores;

an input for receiving said signal train;

plural switch means each associated with one of said signal stores and adapted to be selectively coupled to said input line for transferring the element present in said input line to one of said signal stores;

first and second multi-position register means;

generator means for generating output signals at predetermined uniform time intervals wherein each signal has a randomly altered segment value;

means for filling said first register means with a signal pulse;

means coupled to said generator means for altering the states of selected positions of said second register means responsive to the instantaneous output value of said generator means; means coupled to said second register means for permitting alteration 14 of positions in said second register means only if the signal state of the second register means storage position has not previously been altered; means coupled between said second register means and said first register means for selectively altering the state of storage positions in said first register means when associated positions in said second register means are altered;

said plural switch means each having control inputs coupled to associate storage positions of said first register means for enabling their associated switches when the state of their associated first register means storage positions are altered;

an output line; means for selectively coupling said plural switch means to said output line responsive to said second register means whereby the elements in said output line are transposed from the order in which they appear in the input line.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic wire stores.

12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic film stores.

13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic core stores.

14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are capacitive information stores, employing storage of electrical charges on capacitive carriers.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said stores are scanning means having electron beam means for scanning said capacitive information stores 16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are piezoelectric information stores.

17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are ultrasonic delay lines.

Claims (17)

1. Apparatus for transposing signal elements within a signal train comprising first storage means having a plurality of storage positions each capable of storing a signal element; input means for sequentially supplying each element of said signal into each storage position at a predetermined uniform rate; a signal generator operating in synchronism with said input means for generating signals each occurring at said predetermined rate wherein the value of each signal changes in a random manner; second storage means having a plurality of storage positions each being associated with a storage position in said first storage means; means for altering the state of the storage position in said second storage means at said predetermined rate; means responsive to the randomly generated values of said signal generator output for selecting the position in said second storage means corresponding to the value of said signal generator output to alter the state of the storage position selected; read-out means; means coupled to said second storage means for transferring to said read-out means the element stored in the position of the first storage means associated with the position in the second storage means being altered thereby transposing the arrangement of said elements in a nonuniform fashion.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said second storage means includes means for altering the level of said signal generator output for each selected storage position of said second storage means already altered to prevent the occurrence of overlaps or omissions in the transposed output signal train.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising third storage means having storage positions equal in number to said first storage means; switch means for alternately coupling said first and third storage means to said input means whereby one of said first and third storage means is being sequentially filled with elements while elements are being read out of the remaining one of said first and third storage means in transposed fashion.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising switch means for alternately coupling said first and third storage means to said read out means.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising third storage means having a plurality of storage positions each capable of storing a signal element; said read-out means further comprising a first intermediate output line coupled in common to each storage position of said first storage means; a second intermediate output line coupled in common to each storage position of said second storage means; a final output line; switch means for alternately coupling the said first and second intermediate output lines to said final output line at periodic intervals equal to a predetermined number of element time intervals.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising reversing means coupled to said final output line and to said signal generator for selectively altering the polarity of certain ones of said transposed elements fed to said reversing means responsive to predetermined output values of said generator.

7. The apparatus of claim 5 further comprising means coupled to said final output line and to said signal generator for selectively altering the D.C. level of certain ones of said transposed elements responsive to predetermined output values of said generator.

8. Apparatus for transposing elements within a signal tRain comprising: first storage means having a plurality of storage positions; an input line for receiving said signal train; a plurality of switch means coupled to said input line for selectively loading elements into differing non-consecutive storage positions in said first storage means; second storage means having a plurality of storage positions; a signal generator for generating randomly altered signal values at predetermined uniform time intervals; means responsive to the output of said signal generator for storing binary pulses in that storage position of said second storage means associated with the signal value of said signal generator, said pulses being stored in synchronism with said predetermined uniform time intervals; plural gating means each coupled to selected positions of said second storage means and responsive to the instantaneous output value of said signal generator and to the state of selected positions of said second storage means for altering the state of the second storage means associated position if it has not been previously altered; said storage positions of said second storage means each being coupled to an associated switch and, upon being altered by said gating means, generating a signal to enable its associated switch to transfer the element present in said input line to the storage position in said first storage means associated with the enabled switch, output means for sequentially reading out the storage positions of said first storage means whereby the order of elements in said output means are transposed from their original order.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein selected ones of said plural gating means include input means responsive to the failure of an associated gating means to alter the state of its associated second storage means storage position to activate the gating means having said input means to examine the state of its associated second storage means storage position.

10. Apparatus for transposing the positions of elements within a signal train comprising a plurality of individual signal stores; an input for receiving said signal train; plural switch means each associated with one of said signal stores and adapted to be selectively coupled to said input line for transferring the element present in said input line to one of said signal stores; first and second multi-position register means; generator means for generating output signals at predetermined uniform time intervals wherein each signal has a randomly altered segment value; means for filling said first register means with a signal pulse; means coupled to said generator means for altering the states of selected positions of said second register means responsive to the instantaneous output value of said generator means; means coupled to said second register means for permitting alteration of positions in said second register means only if the signal state of the second register means storage position has not previously been altered; means coupled between said second register means and said first register means for selectively altering the state of storage positions in said first register means when associated positions in said second register means are altered; said plural switch means each having control inputs coupled to associate storage positions of said first register means for enabling their associated switches when the state of their associated first register means storage positions are altered; an output line; means for selectively coupling said plural switch means to said output line responsive to said second register means whereby the elements in said output line are transposed from the order in which they appear in the input line.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic wire stores.

12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic film stores.

13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are magnetic core sTores.

14. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are capacitive information stores, employing storage of electrical charges on capacitive carriers.

15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said stores are scanning means having electron beam means for scanning said capacitive information stores.

16. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are piezoelectric information stores.

17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said stores are ultrasonic delay lines.

Images