US3865775A - Resin binder compositions - Google Patents
Resin binder compositions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3865775A US3865775A US424139A US42413973A US3865775A US 3865775 A US3865775 A US 3865775A US 424139 A US424139 A US 424139A US 42413973 A US42413973 A US 42413973A US 3865775 A US3865775 A US 3865775A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- weight
- synthetic resin
- colloidal
- resin
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 title abstract description 83
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 title abstract description 83
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 title abstract description 54
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 239000000057 synthetic resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 42
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 39
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 24
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 22
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 19
- -1 i.e. Substances 0.000 description 17
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 16
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 16
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 14
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 14
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 10
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 7
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000002057 carboxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC(=O)C([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 6
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- RNIHAPSVIGPAFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide-acrylic acid resin Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)C=C RNIHAPSVIGPAFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011342 resin composition Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000003945 anionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 3
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001804 emulsifying effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920002972 Acrylic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylmethacrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C SOGAXMICEFXMKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc dication Chemical compound [Zn+2] PTFCDOFLOPIGGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;ethene Chemical compound C=C.OC(=O)CC=C DQXBYHZEEUGOBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001246 colloidal dispersion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000498 cooling water Substances 0.000 description 2
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N crotonic acid Chemical compound C\C=C\C(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000831 ionic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002736 nonionic surfactant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 2
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003051 synthetic elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005061 synthetic rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-crotonic acid Natural products CC=CC(O)=O LDHQCZJRKDOVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940006486 zinc cation Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QOVCUELHTLHMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-butyl-4-ethenylbenzene Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 QOVCUELHTLHMEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O LDMOEFOXLIZJOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-3-methylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C=C)=C1 JZHGRUMIRATHIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHFHDVDXYKOSKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethenyl-4-ethylbenzene Chemical compound CCC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 WHFHDVDXYKOSKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DPBJAVGHACCNRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CN(C)CCOC(=O)C=C DPBJAVGHACCNRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C=C GOXQRTZXKQZDDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound OCCOC(=O)C=C OMIGHNLMNHATMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C=C)C=C1 JLBJTVDPSNHSKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920013659 Acele Polymers 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910021555 Chromium Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Cu+2] JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000005750 Copper hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920004934 Dacron® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002466 Dynel Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical group Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002821 Modacrylic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 101100194706 Mus musculus Arhgap32 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylolacrylamide Chemical compound OCNC(=O)C=C CNCOEDDPFOAUMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000459 Nitrile rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000305 Nylon 6,10 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920012485 Plasticized Polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001131 Pulp (paper) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl ether Chemical class C=COC=C QYKIQEUNHZKYBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101100194707 Xenopus laevis arhgap32 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- QROGIFZRVHSFLM-KXFIGUGUSA-N [(z)-prop-1-enyl]benzene Chemical compound C\C=C/C1=CC=CC=C1 QROGIFZRVHSFLM-KXFIGUGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005396 acrylic acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920006243 acrylic copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000800 acrylic rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007767 bonding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QNRMTGGDHLBXQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,2-diene Chemical compound CC=C=C QNRMTGGDHLBXQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229920003064 carboxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- QYAMPIKBANGIEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethene;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.ClC=C QYAMPIKBANGIEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QSWDMMVNRMROPK-UHFFFAOYSA-K chromium(3+) trichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cr+3] QSWDMMVNRMROPK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000001112 coagulating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001956 copper hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YRIUSKIDOIARQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 YRIUSKIDOIARQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940071161 dodecylbenzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000009950 felting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N formaldehyde;1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine Chemical compound O=C.NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 IVJISJACKSSFGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000578 graft copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SSILHZFTFWOUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M hexadecane-1-sulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS([O-])(=O)=O SSILHZFTFWOUJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCLNQXZJUFRJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexan-3-yl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCC(CC)OC(=O)C=C PCLNQXZJUFRJSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYAQQULBLMNGAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O FYAQQULBLMNGAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTUVYMAZYSSBKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KTUVYMAZYSSBKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000009940 knitting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001457 metallic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methacrylamide Chemical compound CC(=C)C(N)=O FQPSGWSUVKBHSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001617 migratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000025 natural resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- CACRRXGTWZXOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecane-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCS(O)(=O)=O CACRRXGTWZXOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFQLQBKXOPDGSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 FFQLQBKXOPDGSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GVMDZMPQYYHMSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl benzenesulfonate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCOS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 GVMDZMPQYYHMSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002401 polyacrylamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012643 polycondensation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000120 polyethyl acrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-yl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)OC(=O)C(C)=C BOQSSGDQNWEFSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003440 styrenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920011532 unplasticized polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001959 vinylidene polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000009941 weaving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/44—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders
- D06P1/52—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using insoluble pigments or auxiliary substances, e.g. binders using compositions containing synthetic macromolecular substances
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L15/00—Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
- A61L15/16—Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
- A61L15/42—Use of materials characterised by their function or physical properties
- A61L15/60—Liquid-swellable gel-forming materials, e.g. super-absorbents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/28—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof by elimination of a liquid phase from a macromolecular composition or article, e.g. drying of coagulum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/10—Metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L31/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L31/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of monocarboxylic acids
- C08L31/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl acetate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
- D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
- D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
- D04H1/66—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions at spaced points or locations
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/58—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides
- D06M11/59—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with nitrogen or compounds thereof, e.g. with nitrides with ammonia; with complexes of organic amines with inorganic substances
- D06M11/62—Complexes of metal oxides or complexes of metal salts with ammonia or with organic amines
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/01—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/01—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
- D06M15/03—Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
- D06M15/05—Cellulose or derivatives thereof
- D06M15/09—Cellulose ethers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/244—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/263—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated carboxylic acids; Salts or esters thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M15/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M15/19—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
- D06M15/21—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- D06M15/327—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof
- D06M15/333—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds of unsaturated alcohols or esters thereof of vinyl acetate; Polyvinylalcohol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/04—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by the elimination of a liquid or solid component, e.g. precipitation, leaching out, evaporation
- C08J2201/054—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent
- C08J2201/0545—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an aqueous solvent-based polymer composition
- C08J2201/0547—Precipitating the polymer by adding a non-solvent or a different solvent from an aqueous solvent-based polymer composition the non-solvent being aqueous
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L5/00—Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
- C08L5/04—Alginic acid; Derivatives thereof
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A resin binder composition comprising: (1) a synthetic resin; (2) a water-soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener; and (3) a metal ammine, complex coordination compound capable of releasing ions of said metal to control the total migration of the resin binder during its deposition on a fibrous web.
- the present invention relates to porous, absorbent fibrous sheet materials and to their methods of manufacture. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with the so-called bonded, nonwoven textile fabrics, i.e., fabrics produced from textile fibers without the use of conventional spinning, weaving, knitting or felting operations. Although not limited thereto, the invention is of primary importance in connection with nonwoven fabrics derived from oriented or carded fibrous webs composed of textile-length fibers, the major proportion of which are oriented predominantly in one direction.
- MAS- SLINN nonwoven fabrics Typical of such fabrics are the so-called MAS- SLINN nonwoven fabrics, some of which are described in greater particularity in U.S. Pat. Nos.
- Another asapect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fabrics wherein the textile-length fibers were originally predominantly oriented in one direction but have been reorganized and rearranged in predetermined designs and patterns of fabric openings and fiber bundles.
- Typical of such latter fabrics are the socalled KEYBAK" bundled nonwoven fabrics, some of which are described in particularity in US. Pat. Nos. 2,862,251 and 3,033,721, issued Dec. 2, 1958 and May 8, 1962, respectively, to F. Kalwaites.
- Still another aspect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fa rics wherein the textilelength fibers are disposed at random by air-laying techniques and are not predominantly oriented in any one direction.
- Typical nonwoven fabrics made by such pro cedures are termed isotropic" nonwoven fabrics and are described, for example, in US. Pat. Nos. 2,676,363 and 2,676,364, issued Apr. 27, 1954, to C. H. Plummer et al.
- Still another aspect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fabrics which comprise textile-length fibers and which are made basically by conventional or modified aqueous papermaking techniques such as are described in greater particularity in pending patent application Ser. No. 4,405, filed Jan. 20, 1970 by P. R. Glor and A. H. Drelich. Such fabrics are also basically isotropic and generally have like properties in all directions.
- the conventional base starting material for the majority of these nonwoven fabrics is usually a fibrous web comprising any of the common textile-length fibers, or mixtures thereof, the fibers varying in average length from approximately one-half inch to about two and one-half inches.
- Exemplary of such fibers are the natural fibers such as cotton and wool and the synthetic or man-made cellulosic fibers, notably rayon or regenerated cellulose.
- textile length fibers ofa synthetic or man-made origin may be used in various proportions to replace either partially or perhaps even entirely the previouslynamed fibers.
- Such other fibers include: polyamide fibers such as nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, etc.; polyester fibers such as Dacron, Fortrel and Kodel"; acrylic fibers such as Acrilan, Orlon” and Creslan; modacrylic fibers such as erel” and Dynel”; polyolefinic fibers derived from polyethylene and poly propylene; cellulose ester fibers such as Arnel" and Acele; polyvinyl alcohol fibers; etc.
- These textile length fibers may be replaced either partially or entirely by fibers having an average length ofless than about one-halfinch and down to about onequarter inch.
- These fibers, or mixtures thereof are customarily processed through any suitable textile machinery (e.g., a conventional cotton card, a Rando- Webber, a papermaking machine, or other fibrous web producing apparatus) to form a web or sheet of loosely associated fibers, weighing from about grains to about 2000 grains per square yard or even higher.
- shorter fibers such as wood pulp fibers or cotton linters
- wood pulp fibers or cotton linters may be used in varying proportions, even up to 100%, where such shorter length fi bers can be handled and processed by available apparatus.
- Such shorter fibers have lengths less than onefourth inch.
- the resulting fibrous web or sheet regardless of its method of production, is then subjected to at least one of several types of bonding operations to anchor the individual fibers together to form a self-sustaining web.
- One method is to impregnate the fibrous web over its entire surface area with various well-known bonding agents, such as natural or synthetic resins.
- Such over-all impregnation produces a nonwoven fabric of good longitudinal and cross strength, acceptable durability and washability, and satisfactory abrasion resistance.
- the nonwoven fabric tends to be somewhat stiff and boardlike, possessing more of the properties and characteristics of paper or board than those of a woven or knitted textile fabric. Consequently, although such over-all impregnated nonwoven fabrics are satisfactory for many uses, they are still basically unsatisfactory as general purpose textile fabrics.
- Another we1l-known bonding method is to print the fibrous webs with intermittent or continuous straight or wavy lines, or areas of binder extending generally transversely or diagonally across the web and additionally, if desired, along the fibrous web.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric as exemplified by a pro-duct disclosed in the Goldman US. Pat. No. 2,039,312 and sold under the trademark MASSLlNN, is far more satisfactory as a textile fabric than over-all impregnated webs in that the softness, drape and hand of the resulting nonwoven fabric more nearly approach those of a woven or knitted textile fabric.
- the printing of the resin binder on these nonwoven webs is usually in the form of relatively narrow lines, or elongated rectangular, triangular or square areas, or annular, circular, or elliptical binder areas which are spaced apart a predetermined distance which, at its maximum, is preferably slightly less than the average fiber length of the fibers constituting the web. This is based on the theory that the individual fibers of the fibrous web should be bound together in as few places as possible.
- nominal surface coverage of such binder lines or areas will vary widely depending upon the precise properties and characteristics of softeness, drape, hand and strength which are desired in the final bonded product.
- the nominal surface coverage can be designed so that it falls within the range of from about to about 50% of the total surface of the final product. Within the more commercial aspects of the present invention, however, nominal surface coverages of from about 12% to about 40% are preferable.
- nonwoven fabrics bonded with such line and area binder patterns have had the desired softeness, drape and hand and have not been undesirably stiff or board-like.
- nonwoven fabrics have also possessed some disadvantages.
- the relatively narrow binder lines and relatively small binder areas of the applicator which are laid down on the fibrous web possess specified physical dimensions and inter-spatial relationships as they are initially laid down.
- the binder concentration in the binder area is lowered and rendered less uniform by the migration of the binder into adjacent fibrous areas.
- One of the results of such migration is to make the surface coverage of the binder areas increase whereby the effect of the intermittent bonding approaches the effect of the over all bonding. As a result, some of the desired softness, drape and hand are lost and some of the undesired properties of harshness, stiffness and boardiness are increased.
- Resins, or polymers as they are often referred to herein as interchangeable terms, are high molecular weight organic compounds and, as used herein, are of a synthetic or man-made origin. These synthetic or manmade polymers have a chemical structure which usually can be represented by a regularly repeating small unit, referred as a mer, and are formed usually either by an addition or a condensation polymerization of one or more monomers. Examples of addition polymers are the polyvinyl chlorides, the polyvinyl acetates, acetates, polyacrylic resins, the polyolefins, the synthetic rubbers, etc. Examples of condensation polymers are the polyurethanes, the polyamides, the polyesters, etc.
- Emulsion polymerization is one of the most commonly used.
- Emulsion polymerized resins notably polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinyl acetates, and polyacrylic resins
- Such resins are generally produced by emulsifying the monomers, stabilizing the monomer emulsion by the use of various surfactant systems, and then polymerizing the monomers in the emulsified state to form a stabilized resin polymer.
- the resin polymer is usually dispersed in an aqueous medium as discrete particles of colloidal dimensions (1 to 2 microns diameter or smaller) and is generally termed throughout the industry as a resin dispersion, or a resin emulsion or latex.
- the average particle size in the resin dispersion is in the range of about 0.1 micron (or micrometer) diameter, with individual particles ranging up to l or 2 microns in diameter and occasionally up to as high as about 3 or 5 microns in size.
- the particle sizes of such colloidal resin dispersions vary a great deal, not only from one resin dispersion to another but even within one resin dispersion itself.
- the amount of resin binder solids in the resin colloidal aqueous dispersion varies from about 1/10% solids by weight up to about by weight or even higher solids, generally dependent upon the nature of the monomers used, the nature of the resulting polymer resin, the surfactant system employed, and the conditions under which the polymerization was carried out.
- resin colloidal dispersions may be anionic, non-ionic, or even polyionic and stable dispersions are available commercially at pHs of from about 2 to about 1 1.
- the amount of resin which is applied to the porous or absorbent material varies within relatively wide limits, depending upon the resin itself, the nature and character of the porous or absorbent materials to which the resins are being applied, its intended use, etc.
- a range of from about 10% to about 30%by weight, based on the weight of the porous or absorbent material is preferred.
- Such resins have found use in the coating industries for the coating of woven fabrics, paper and other materials.
- the resins are also used as adhesives for laminating materials or for bonding fibrous webs.
- These resins have also found wide use as additives in the manufacture of paper, the printing industry, the decorative printing of textiles, and in other industries.
- the resin is colloidally dispersed in water and, when applied from the aqueous medium to a porous or absorbent sheet material which contains additional water is carried by the water until the water is evaporated or otherwise driven off. If it is desired to place the resin only on the surface of the wet porous or absorbent sheet material and not to have the resin penetrate into the porous or absorbent sheetmaterial, such is usually not possible inasmuch as diffusion takes place between the aqueous colloidal resin and the water in the porous material/In this way, the colloidal resin tends to spread into and throughout the porous material and does not remain merely on its surface.
- the aqueous colloid tends to diffuse and to wick along the individual fibers and to carry the resin with it beyond the confines of the nominal intermittent print pattern.
- the ultimate pattern goes far beyond that due to the spreading or migration which takes place due to the diffusion of the water and the resin, until the water is evaporated or otherwise driven off.
- the improved method involves the use of a resin dispersion which comprises from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a colloidal synthetic resin, from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of the colloidal synthetic resin solids of a water-soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener; and from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of the colloidal synthetic resin solids of a metal ammine complex coordination compound wherein the central metallic atom is chromium, nickel, zinc, or copper, said colloidal resin dispersion being stable at alkaline pl-ls in the presence of an excess of a complexing substance such as ammonium hydroxide and at certain concentrations or degrees of dilution but which is unstable at lesser concentrations or greater degrees of dilution when in the presence of heavy metal ions such as chromium, nickel, zinc, or copper.
- a resin dispersion which comprises from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of
- the synthetic resin may be selected from a relatively large group of synthetic resins well known in industry for bonding purposes and may be ofa self cross-linking type, externally cross-linking type, or not cross-linked.
- synthetic resins include: polymers and copolymers of vinyl ethers; vinyl halides such as plasticized and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate, ethylenevinyl chloride, etc.; polymers and copolymers of vinyl esters such as plasticized and unplasticized polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate, acrylic-vinyl acetate, etc.; polymers and copolymers of the polyacrylic resins such as ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethylbutyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, dimethyl amino ethyl acrylate, etc.
- These resins may be used either as homopolymers comprising a single repeating monomer unit, or they may be used as copolymers comprising two, three, or more different monomer units which are arranged in random fashion, or in a definite ordered alternating fashion, within the polymer chain.
- block polymers comprising relatively long blocks of different monomer units in a polymer chain and graft polymers comprising chains of one monomer attached to the backbone of another polymer chain.
- compositions and formulations containing these polymers must be stable at an alkaline pH range of from about 7 to about 10 /2 or even higher which is the range wherein they are utilized, with preferred pH ranges extending from about 7% to about 10.
- alkaline pH range of from about 7 to about 10 /2 or even higher which is the range wherein they are utilized, with preferred pH ranges extending from about 7% to about 10.
- Such stability is particularly required for these polymer dispersions, when existing at their normal concentration levels in the presence of watersoluble polymeric carboxylic thickeners, and metal ammine complex coordination compounds, as described herein.
- the water soluble polymeric carboxylic thickener may be selected from a relatively large group of such materials which include, for example: polyacrylic acid; polymeric crotonic acid; copolymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid; copolymers of vinyl acetate and acrylic acid; polyacrylic acid-pol yacrylamide copolymers; polymethacrylic acid; polymethacrylic acidpolyacrylamide copolymers; carboxymethyl cellulose; carboxyethyl cellulose; carboxypropyl cellulose; polycarboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose; alginic acid; polymers of acrylic acid and acrylic acid esters; polymers of (xii-unsaturated carboxylic acids such as itaconic acid; etc.
- These water soluble, polymeric, car boxylic thickeners may be used in. their acid forms but normally it is preferred to use their water soluble neutralized salts, that is, their sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, or like water soluble salts.
- metal ammine complex coordination compounds are:
- the metal ammine complex coordination compound is normally prepared by chemical reaction between a soluble salt of the metal, such as, for example, zinc chloride, with an excess of concentrated ammonium hydroxide, whereby the metal amine complex coordination compound, such as, for example, zinc tetrammine chloride, is formed.
- the zinc chloride preferably in an aqueous 70-72% solution, is slowly dripped into the concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH with stirring, while the solution is surrounded by cooling water.
- the zinc tetrammine chloride forms at once.
- the amount of excess ammonium hydroxide should be sufficient to establish and maintain a pH range of from about 7 to about 10 /2, and preferably from about 7 /2 to about 10, during the preparation of the metal ammine complex coordination compound and during its formulation into a stable, synthetic resin binder composition.
- the amount of excess ammonium hydroxide used in the preparation of the metal ammine complex coordination compound varies widely and depends upon many factors such as: the type of resin, thickener, and surfactant used; the degree of stability desired in the binder composition; the degree of migrational control required; the degree of the subsequent water dilution; etc. Under some'circumstances, the excess of ammonia in the metal ammine complex coordination compound solution may be as low as about 20% on a stoichiometric or molar basis and may be as high as about 100% excess, or even higher, as desired or required.
- the quantities of zinc chloride and ammonia used herein are 8.94 moles and 68.6 moles, respectively. lnasmuch as four moles of ammonia are required for each mole of zinc chloride, 35.76 moles of ammonia are required to react with the 8.94 moles of zinc chloride. This leaves an excess of 32.84 moles of ammonia in the reaction solution. As a result, the solution of zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex is strongly ammoniacal and stable. lts pH is approximately 10.
- a formulated binder composition containing a resin latex, the zinc tetrammine chloride, a polymeric carboxylic thickener, and the usual anti-foam agents, pigments, etc. handles normally and easily until the moment it is applied to the soaked, wet, fibrous web. At that moment of dilution, the binder thickens suddenly and greatly, or actually coagulates, thus freezing it in place with substantially no further migration or lateral spreading.
- a metal ammine complex coordination compound is one of a number of types of metal complex compounds, usually made by addition of organic or inorganic atoms or groups such as ammonia (NH to simple inorganic compounds containing the metal atom.
- Coordination compounds are therefore essentially compounds to which atoms or groups are added beyond the number possible of explanation on the basis of electrovalent linkages, or the usual covalent linkages, wherein each of the two atoms linked donate one electron to form the duplet.
- the coordination compounds the coordinated atoms or groups are linked to the atoms of the coordination compound, usually by coordinate valences, in which both the electrons in the bond are furnished by the linked atoms of the coordinated group.
- colloidal synthetic resin, the water soluble polymeric carboxylic thickener and the metal ammine complex coordination compound exist together in a stable emulsion form and normally do not agglomerate, coagulate or precipitate, as long as the stable concentration levels of NH4OH or degree of dilution are maintained.
- the resin immediately coagulates and agglomcrates in place with no further spreading, diffusion or migration.
- the metal ammine complex coordination compound itself as exemplified by tetrammine zinc chloride [Zn(NH ]Cl2, ionizes to the divalent cation [Zn(NH and two anions Cl, even in the presence of high pH, ammoniacal, colloidal latex and water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener. Yet, this complex cation has no apparent or appreciable effect on the colloidal latex or on the water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener and specifically does not form an insoluble precipitate with either of them, as might have been expected.
- the metal cation which is released from the metal ammine complex coordination compound also is capable of attacking or reacting with any other chemical compounds which are present and which possess anionic groups, particularly hydroxy, carboxy, sulfino, sulfo, and like acid groups.
- surfactant system which is anionic and contains surfactants such as alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids, alkyl sulfonic acids, the carboxylic acids, and other surfactants such
- anionic surfactants include sodium p-l-methyl alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 10 to 16 carbon atoms, the sodium di-n-alkyl sulfosuccinates in which the alkyl groups contain from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, the potassium n-alkyl malonates in which the alkyl group contains from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, the potassium alkyl tricarboxylates in which the alkyl group contains from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, the alkyl betaines in which the alkyl group contains from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, the ether alcohol sulfates, sodium n-alkyl sulfates, containing from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, etc.
- the amount of surfactant used may vary from about 0.1% to 5% by weight of the resin solids dependent on the type resin being polymerized and the conditions under which it is polymerized.
- the specific surfactant which is selected for use in the resin composition does not relate to the essence of the invention. It is merely necessary that it possess the necessary properties and characteristics to carry out its indicated function of stabilizing the resin composition prior to the time that coagulation and precipitation of the resin is required. Additionally, in the event that it is desired that the surfactant assist in or promote the coagulation and precipitation function, then it must possess the necessary anionic groups, as described hereinbefore, which are capable of reaction due to the presence of the metal cations released from the metal ammine complex coordination compound.
- the present inventive concept is operative with resins which have non-ionic or even polyionic emulsifying or stabilizing systems.
- the presence of an anionic surfactant system may be helpful in the controlled coagulation procedures described herein but it is not necessary or even especially advantageous in many cases.
- the mechanism of instant agglomeration, coagulation and precipitation of the colloidal resin binder may therefore be triggered subsequent to dilution by reaction of the metal cation with either the water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener or the anionic surfactant, or both.
- the dilution may be effected in different ways in order to activate the reaction mechanism.
- the porous or absorbent fibrous material may be pretreated by being pre-wet with a sufficient quantity of an aqueous medium, preferably water, whereby the colloidal resin composition immediately becomes sufficiently diluted.
- the colloidal resin composition may be first printed on the porous or absorbent fibrous material and then substantially immediately treated with the aqueous medium such as water to effect the dilution whereupon the colloidal resin particles substantially immediately agglomerate or coagulate in place with no further spreading, diffusion or migration.
- Me Nl-l Y+xl-l O Me(cation)+xNH OH+Y(anion)
- Me is a metal such as disclosed herein
- x is a whole number from 2 to 8 (and more commonly 2,4or 6)
- Y is an anion such as chloride, iodide
- Me and Y normally form compounds, the formation of which can be explained on the basis of electrovalent linkages, or the usual covalent linkages, wherein each of the two atoms linked donate one electron to form the duplet.
- the amount of the water applied to the fibrous web varies widely, depending upon many factors, the most important of which is the nature, concentration, properties and characteristics of the synthetic resin, the metal ammine complex coordination compound, and the surfactant system in which they are stabilized.
- the amount of water applied to the fibrous web is in the range of from about 140% to about 280%, and preferably from about 160% to about 220%, based on the weight of the fibrous web being treated.
- Such amounts are controlled by the use of suitable conventional vacuum apparatus, nip-rolls, squeeze-rolls, etc.
- the amount of water which is applied to the fibrous web prior to the printing of the resin binder also affects the degree of control exercised over the coagulation and migration.
- the degree of coagulation may be lowered even more and the degree of migration may be increased by the inclusion in the pre-wetting water of'a small amount of an alkaline or basic material such as ammonium hydroxide.
- the pH remains alkaline, just as it does in other variations of this invention, and the coagulation and precipitation are purely the result of the dilution.
- the total migration of the resin binder solids may be reduced to as little as about 50% or less beyond the originally deposited area. In some instances, the migration is relatively negligible. Normally, however, the increase in area of the resin binder solids, even under the most adverse conditions,
- weight and more normally from about 60% to about by weight, based on the weight of the fibers in the binder area.
- a fibrous card web weighing about 570 grains per square yard and comprising rayon fibers 1 /2 denier and 1 /2 inches in length is intermittently print bonded by the rotogravure process using an engraved roll having 6 horizontal wavy lines per inch. The width of each line as measured on the engraved roll is 0.024 inch.
- composition by weight of the resin binder formulation used for the intermittent print-bonding is:
- the fibrous card web is pretreated or pre-moistened with a large amount of water to the extent of about 190% moisture based on the weight of the fibers in the web.
- the extra dilution with water is sufficient by itself to upset the stability of the resin dispersion when applied to the web and it instantly coagulates and precipitates on the very wet fibrous web.
- the printed web is then processed, dried and cured.
- the width of the binder line in the finished product is about 0.054 inch which represents a controlled total migration of about
- the surface coverage of the binder is about 32.4%.
- the percent binder in the bonded nonwoven fabric is about 17.4%.
- the concentration of binder in the binder area is about 54%, based on the weight of the fibers therein.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength, excellent softness, drape and hand, and excellent crossresilience.
- Example II The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that 160 grams of American Cyanamid curing resin CYREZ 933, an aminoform melamine formaldehyde type external cross-linking agent, is added to the formulation. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example 1, except that this sample has improved wet-abrasion resistance and very good launderability. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
- Example III The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of 46% solids latex of Goodrich 2671, a self cross-linking acrylic copolymer containing ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
- Example I The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of a 46% solids latex of Goodrich (icon 576, a plasticized polyvinyl chloride-lower alkyl acrylate copolymer stabilized with an anionic surfactant. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example I except that this product has very good heat sealing properties. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
- Goodrich a 46% solids latex of Goodrich
- Example VI The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of a 50% solids latex of Rohm & Haas HA-8, a self cross-linking polyethyl acrylate copolymer stabilized with a non-ionic surfactant. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example I. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance particularly as a wet wiping cloth.
- EXAMPLE VII The procedures of ,Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 1% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7H3S, having a high degree of polymerization in excess of about l000, a high molecular weight in excess of about 200,000, a high viscosity of 900-3000 centipoises, maximum viscosity, 1% solution, at 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.65 to about 0.85 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
- the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 1% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7H3S, having a high degree of polymerization in excess of about l000, a high molecular weight in excess of about 200,000, a high viscosity of
- Example VIII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7M, having a degree of polymerization in excess of 500, a medium molecular weight greater than about 70,000, a medium viscosity 30-100 centipoises, maximum viscosity, 1% solution, 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.65 to about 0.85 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric is also commercially acceptable.
- the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7M, having a degree of polymerization in excess of 500, a medium molecular weight greater than about 70,000, a medium viscosity 30-100 centipoises, maximum viscosity, 1% solution, 25 C., and a
- Example II The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 12MB, having a medium molecular weight in excess of about 100,000, a medium viscosity of 400-800 centipoises, 2% solution, 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 1.2 to about l.4 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
- the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 12MB, having a medium molecular weight in excess of about 100,000, a medium viscosity of 400-800 centipoises, 2% solution, 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 1.2 to about l.4 D.S.
- the results are good and are
- Example IX The procedures of Example IX are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carobxymethylcellulose 9M8 having a molecular weight of about 100,000 is used as the thickening agent. The results are good and are generally similar to those obtained in Example IX.
- Example IX The procedures of Example IX are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7M1 and 7H4 are used.
- 7M1 has a medium molecular weight, a medium carboxymethyl substitution of 0.65-0.85 D.S., and a low viscosity range in centipoises at 25 C. of 50-100 for a 2% concentration.
- 7H4 has a high molecular weight, a medium carboxymethyl substitution of 0.65-0.85 D.S., and a high viscosity range in centipoises at 25 C. of 2500-4500 for a 1% concentration.
- the results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example IX.
- the resulting bonded nonwoven fabric is acceptable commercially.
- EXAMPLE XIII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickener is the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7L2, having a low molecular weight of about 45,000, a degree of polymerization of about 200, a viscosity range in centipoises at C. of 18 maximum at 2% concentration. An effect is noted but the results are not sufficient as to be commercially warranted.
- Example XIV The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 /2 pounds of a 3% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 4M6, having a medium molecular weight of about 100,000, a medium viscosity, and a low degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.38 to about 0.48 US. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commerical acceptance.
- Example I The procedures of Example I] are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 10% solution of the sodium salt of Goodyear Carboset 514 polyacrylate copolymer. The results are good and are generally comparable to those set forth in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
- Example II The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound ofa 10% solution of a neutralized sodium salt of Rohm & Haas Acrysol A-5 polyacrylate homopolymer. The results are good and are generally comparable to those set forth in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commer cial acceptance.
- the thickening agent is 1 pound ofa 10% solution of a neutralized sodium salt of Rohm & Haas Acrysol A-5 polyacrylate homopolymer. The results are good and are generally comparable to those set forth in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commer cial acceptance.
- Example XVII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickener is 1 pound of a 5% solution of a sodium salt of Kelco Kelgin XL alginate water soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
- Example II The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the 50 milliliters of zinc tetrammine chloride is: (a) increased to 100 milliliters; and (b) decreased to 35 milliliters. The results in both cases are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabrics are commercially acceptable.
- Example II The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the volume of zinc tetrammine chloride is increased from 50 milliliters to milliliters and the amount of Acrysol 5l thickener is increased from 1 lb. to 1 /2 lbs. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II, except that it is noted that practically all of the resin binder is on one face of the nonwoven fabric whereby it may be more easily plied to another fabric or to another material.
- Example II EXAMPLES XXI & XXII
- the procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the zinc tetrammine chloride is replaced by an equivalent amount of: (a) zinc tetrammine sulfate; (b) zinc tetrammine carbonate; and (c) copper diammine acetate.
- the results in all three cases are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II.
- the resulting bonded nonwoven fabrics find commercial acceptance.
- Example XXIV The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the syntheteic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 51% styrene, and 2% itaconic acid.
- the zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same.
- the results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and hand, or crossresilience. At best, it is marginally commercially acceptable.
- Example XXV The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the synthetic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 51% styrene, and 2% acrylic acid.
- the zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same.
- the results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and drape, or crossresilience. At best, it is marginally commercially acceptable.
- Example XXVI The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the synthetic resin latex Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 5 l% styrene, and a 2% methacrylic acid.
- the zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same. The results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and hand, or
- Example XXVll The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that; (l) the synthetic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is omitted; (2) the added water increased from 2 lbs. to 3 lbs.; and (3) 7 lbs. ofa 10% solution of the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is used.
- The'results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I, particularly insofar as wet strength is concerned. However, the dry strength, softness, drape and hand are good.
- the resulting nonwoven fabric is commercially acceptable and can be used as a flushable, disposable facing for a sanitary napkin.
- a colloidal synthetic resin binder composition for bonding a fibrous web of overlapping, intersecting fibers which comprises: a stable, colloidal aqueous dispersion having an alkaline pH comprising: (1) from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene, and an a,bunsaturated carboxylic acid as a colloidal synthetic resin; (2) from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a water-soluble, polymeric carboxylic synthetic resin thickener; and (3) from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a metal ammine complex coordination compound, having the formula Me (NH Y wherein Me is a metal, x is a whole'number from 2 to 8, and Y is an anion, said metal bieng selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper.
- a colloidal synthetic resin composition for application under controlled migration conditions to porous, absorbent materials which comprises a stable, colloidal aqueous, dispersion having an alkaline pH comprising: (1) from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene, and an a,b-unsaturated carboxylic acid as a colloidal synthetic resin; (2) from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a water-soluble, polymeric carboxylic synthetic resin thickener; and (3) from about 0.01% by weight to about'5% byweight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a metal ammine complex coordination compound,- having the formula Me (NI-l Y wherein Me is a metal, x is a whole number from 2 to 8, and Y is an anion, said metal being selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper.
- polyacrylic resins should read the polyvinyl acetates, the polyacrylic resins In Column 8 line 25 41m OH [Zn(NH should read hNTi OH i: llznmnfl fi” 3 In Column 11,11118 "Y+xH O Me(cation)” should read Y+XH 0Z Me(cation) In Column 13, line 1, "copening” should read copending In Column 1 line &9, "Carobxymethylcellulose” should read Carboxymethylcellulose In ()Jolumn 16, line 62, “Aircoflex 510)” should read ---(A1rcof1ex In Column 18, line 7, "bieng” should read being Signed and sealed this 17th day of June 1975.
Abstract
A resin binder composition comprising: (1) a synthetic resin; (2) a water-soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener; and (3) a metal ammine, complex coordination compound capable of releasing ions of said metal to control the total migration of the resin binder during its deposition on a fibrous web.
Description
United States Patent n91 Drelich et a1.
[1111 3,865,775 Feb. 11, 1975 RESIN BINDER COMPOSITIONS [75] Inventors: Arthur H. Drelich, Plainfield; Bobby R. Bowman, East Brunswick, both of NJ.
[73] Assignee: Johnson & Johnson, New
Brunswick, NJ.
[22] Filed: Dec. 12, 1973 [2]] Appl. No.: 424,139
Related 0.5. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 176,306, Aug, 30, 1971, Pat. No.
3,821,146, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 109,026, Jan. 22, 1971, Pat. No. 3,706,595.
[52] 11.5. CI. 260/297 M, 117/38, 117/44, 117/62,117/121,117/140 A, 117/161 UD,
260/297 UA, 260/297 W, 260/297 T [51] Int. Cl. C08d 9/08, C08f 45/00 [58] Field of Search... 260/297 W, 29.7 M, 29.7 T,
Primary E.raminer--Lucil1e M. Phynes [57] ABSTRACT A resin binder composition comprising: (1) a synthetic resin; (2) a water-soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener; and (3) a metal ammine, complex coordination compound capable of releasing ions of said metal to control the total migration of the resin binder during its deposition on a fibrous web.
4 Claims, No Drawings RESIN BINDER COMPOSITIONS This patent application is a division of co-pending patent application, Ser. No. 176,306, filed on Aug. 30, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,821,146, granted June 28, 1974 which in turn is a continuation-in-part of copending patent application, Ser. No. 109,026, filed Jan. 22, 1971, now US. Pat. No. 3,706,595 which issued on Dec. 19, 1972.
The present invention relates to porous, absorbent fibrous sheet materials and to their methods of manufacture. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with the so-called bonded, nonwoven textile fabrics, i.e., fabrics produced from textile fibers without the use of conventional spinning, weaving, knitting or felting operations. Although not limited thereto, the invention is of primary importance in connection with nonwoven fabrics derived from oriented or carded fibrous webs composed of textile-length fibers, the major proportion of which are oriented predominantly in one direction.
Typical of such fabrics are the so-called MAS- SLINN nonwoven fabrics, some of which are described in greater particularity in U.S. Pat. Nos.
i 2,705,687 and 2,705,688, issued Apr. 5, 1955, to D. R.
Petterson et al. and l. S. Ness et al., respectively.
Another asapect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fabrics wherein the textile-length fibers were originally predominantly oriented in one direction but have been reorganized and rearranged in predetermined designs and patterns of fabric openings and fiber bundles. Typical of such latter fabrics are the socalled KEYBAK" bundled nonwoven fabrics, some of which are described in particularity in US. Pat. Nos. 2,862,251 and 3,033,721, issued Dec. 2, 1958 and May 8, 1962, respectively, to F. Kalwaites.
Still another aspect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fa rics wherein the textilelength fibers are disposed at random by air-laying techniques and are not predominantly oriented in any one direction. Typical nonwoven fabrics made by such pro cedures are termed isotropic" nonwoven fabrics and are described, for example, in US. Pat. Nos. 2,676,363 and 2,676,364, issued Apr. 27, 1954, to C. H. Plummer et al.
And, still another aspect of the present invention is its application to nonwoven fabrics which comprise textile-length fibers and which are made basically by conventional or modified aqueous papermaking techniques such as are described in greater particularity in pending patent application Ser. No. 4,405, filed Jan. 20, 1970 by P. R. Glor and A. H. Drelich. Such fabrics are also basically isotropic and generally have like properties in all directions.
The conventional base starting material for the majority of these nonwoven fabrics is usually a fibrous web comprising any of the common textile-length fibers, or mixtures thereof, the fibers varying in average length from approximately one-half inch to about two and one-half inches. Exemplary of such fibers are the natural fibers such as cotton and wool and the synthetic or man-made cellulosic fibers, notably rayon or regenerated cellulose.
Other textile length fibers ofa synthetic or man-made origin may be used in various proportions to replace either partially or perhaps even entirely the previouslynamed fibers. Such other fibers include: polyamide fibers such as nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 610, etc.; polyester fibers such as Dacron, Fortrel and Kodel"; acrylic fibers such as Acrilan, Orlon" and Creslan; modacrylic fibers such as erel" and Dynel"; polyolefinic fibers derived from polyethylene and poly propylene; cellulose ester fibers such as Arnel" and Acele; polyvinyl alcohol fibers; etc.
These textile length fibers may be replaced either partially or entirely by fibers having an average length ofless than about one-halfinch and down to about onequarter inch. These fibers, or mixtures thereof, are customarily processed through any suitable textile machinery (e.g., a conventional cotton card, a Rando- Webber, a papermaking machine, or other fibrous web producing apparatus) to form a web or sheet of loosely associated fibers, weighing from about grains to about 2000 grains per square yard or even higher.
If desired, even shorter fibers, such as wood pulp fibers or cotton linters, may be used in varying proportions, even up to 100%, where such shorter length fi bers can be handled and processed by available apparatus. Such shorter fibers have lengths less than onefourth inch.
The resulting fibrous web or sheet, regardless of its method of production, is then subjected to at least one of several types of bonding operations to anchor the individual fibers together to form a self-sustaining web. One method is to impregnate the fibrous web over its entire surface area with various well-known bonding agents, such as natural or synthetic resins. Such over-all impregnation produces a nonwoven fabric of good longitudinal and cross strength, acceptable durability and washability, and satisfactory abrasion resistance. However, the nonwoven fabric tends to be somewhat stiff and boardlike, possessing more of the properties and characteristics of paper or board than those of a woven or knitted textile fabric. Consequently, although such over-all impregnated nonwoven fabrics are satisfactory for many uses, they are still basically unsatisfactory as general purpose textile fabrics.
Another we1l-known bonding method is to print the fibrous webs with intermittent or continuous straight or wavy lines, or areas of binder extending generally transversely or diagonally across the web and additionally, if desired, along the fibrous web. The resulting nonwoven fabric, as exemplified by a pro-duct disclosed in the Goldman US. Pat. No. 2,039,312 and sold under the trademark MASSLlNN, is far more satisfactory as a textile fabric than over-all impregnated webs in that the softness, drape and hand of the resulting nonwoven fabric more nearly approach those of a woven or knitted textile fabric.
The printing of the resin binder on these nonwoven webs is usually in the form of relatively narrow lines, or elongated rectangular, triangular or square areas, or annular, circular, or elliptical binder areas which are spaced apart a predetermined distance which, at its maximum, is preferably slightly less than the average fiber length of the fibers constituting the web. This is based on the theory that the individual fibers of the fibrous web should be bound together in as few places as possible.
The nominal surface coverage of such binder lines or areas will vary widely depending upon the precise properties and characteristics of softeness, drape, hand and strength which are desired in the final bonded product. In practice, the nominal surface coverage can be designed so that it falls within the range of from about to about 50% of the total surface of the final product. Within the more commercial aspects of the present invention, however, nominal surface coverages of from about 12% to about 40% are preferable.
Such bonding increases the strength of the nonwoven fabric and retains substantially complete freedom of movement for the individual fibers whereby the desirable softness, drape and hand are obtained. This spacing of the binder lines and areas has been accepted by the industry and it has been deemed necessarily so, if the stiff and board-like appearance, drape and hand of the over-all impregnated nonwoven fabrics are to be avoided.
The nonwoven fabrics bonded with such line and area binder patterns have had the desired softeness, drape and hand and have not been undesirably stiff or board-like. However, such nonwoven fabrics have also possessed some disadvantages.
For example, the relatively narrow binder lines and relatively small binder areas of the applicator (usually an engraved print roll) which are laid down on the fibrous web possess specified physical dimensions and inter-spatial relationships as they are initially laid down. Unfortunately, after the binder is laid down on the wet fibrous web and before it hardens or becomes fixed in position, it tends to spread, diffuse or migrate whereby its physical dimensions are increased and its inter-spatial relationships decreased. And, at the same time, the binder concentration in the binder area is lowered and rendered less uniform by the migration of the binder into adjacent fibrous areas. One of the results of such migration is to make the surface coverage of the binder areas increase whereby the effect of the intermittent bonding approaches the effect of the over all bonding. As a result, some of the desired softness, drape and hand are lost and some of the undesired properties of harshness, stiffness and boardiness are increased.
Various methods have been proposed to prevent or to at least limit such spreading, diffusing or migration tendencies of such intermittent binder techniques.
For example, US. Pat. No. 3,009,822, issued Nov. 21, 1961 to A. H. Drelich et al., discloses the use of a non-migratory regenerated cellulose viscose binder which is applied in intermittent fashion to fibrous webs under conditions wherein migration is low and the concentration ofthe binder in the binder area is as high as 35% by weight, based on the weight of the fibers in these binder areas. Such viscose binder possesses inherently reduced spreading, diffusing and migrating tendencies, thereby increasing the desired softeness, drape and hand of the resulting nonwoven fabric. This viscose binder has found acceptance in the industry but the use of other more versatile binders has always been sought.
Resins, or polymers as they are often referred to herein as interchangeable terms, are high molecular weight organic compounds and, as used herein, are of a synthetic or man-made origin. These synthetic or manmade polymers have a chemical structure which usually can be represented by a regularly repeating small unit, referred as a mer, and are formed usually either by an addition or a condensation polymerization of one or more monomers. Examples of addition polymers are the polyvinyl chlorides, the polyvinyl acetates, acetates, polyacrylic resins, the polyolefins, the synthetic rubbers, etc. Examples of condensation polymers are the polyurethanes, the polyamides, the polyesters, etc.
Of all the various techniques employed in carrying out polymerization reactions, emulsion polymerization is one of the most commonly used. Emulsion polymerized resins, notably polyvinyl chlorides, polyvinyl acetates, and polyacrylic resins, are widely used throughout many industries. Such resins are generally produced by emulsifying the monomers, stabilizing the monomer emulsion by the use of various surfactant systems, and then polymerizing the monomers in the emulsified state to form a stabilized resin polymer. The resin polymer is usually dispersed in an aqueous medium as discrete particles of colloidal dimensions (1 to 2 microns diameter or smaller) and is generally termed throughout the industry as a resin dispersion, or a resin emulsion or latex.
Generally, however, the average particle size in the resin dispersion is in the range of about 0.1 micron (or micrometer) diameter, with individual particles ranging up to l or 2 microns in diameter and occasionally up to as high as about 3 or 5 microns in size. The particle sizes of such colloidal resin dispersions vary a great deal, not only from one resin dispersion to another but even within one resin dispersion itself.
The amount of resin binder solids in the resin colloidal aqueous dispersion varies from about 1/10% solids by weight up to about by weight or even higher solids, generally dependent upon the nature of the monomers used, the nature of the resulting polymer resin, the surfactant system employed, and the conditions under which the polymerization was carried out.
These resin colloidal dispersions, or resin emulsions, or latexes, may be anionic, non-ionic, or even polyionic and stable dispersions are available commercially at pHs of from about 2 to about 1 1.
As will be pointed out in greater detail, such resin dispersions are used in the present inventive concept at alkaline pH ranges. Various alkaline reagents, such as ammonia, are therefore added to bring the pH out of the acid range.
The amount of resin which is applied to the porous or absorbent material varies within relatively wide limits, depending upon the resin itself, the nature and character of the porous or absorbent materials to which the resins are being applied, its intended use, etc. A general range of from about 4% by weight up to about 50% by weight, based on the weight of the porous or absorbent material, is satisfactory under substantially all uses. Within the more commercial limits, however, a range of from about 10% to about 30%by weight, based on the weight of the porous or absorbent material, is preferred.
Such resins have found use in the coating industries for the coating of woven fabrics, paper and other materials. The resins are also used as adhesives for laminating materials or for bonding fibrous webs. These resins have also found wide use as additives in the manufacture of paper, the printing industry, the decorative printing of textiles, and in other industries.
In most instances, the resin is colloidally dispersed in water and, when applied from the aqueous medium to a porous or absorbent sheet material which contains additional water is carried by the water until the water is evaporated or otherwise driven off. If it is desired to place the resin only on the surface of the wet porous or absorbent sheet material and not to have the resin penetrate into the porous or absorbent sheetmaterial, such is usually not possible inasmuch as diffusion takes place between the aqueous colloidal resin and the water in the porous material/In this way, the colloidal resin tends to spread into and throughout the porous material and does not remain merely on its surface.
Or, if it is desired to deposit the resin in a specific intermittent print pattern, such as is used in bonding nonwoven fabrics, the aqueous colloid tends to diffuse and to wick along the individual fibers and to carry the resin with it beyond the confines of the nominal intermittent print pattern. As a result, although initially placed on the nonwoven fabric in a specific intermittent print pattern, the ultimate pattern goes far beyond that due to the spreading or migration which takes place due to the diffusion of the water and the resin, until the water is evaporated or otherwise driven off.
We have discovered new resin binder compositions containing polymers colloidally dispersed in aqueous media and new methods of applying such resin binder compositions to porous or absorbent fibrous materials, whereby the resins are applied in a controlled, relatively non-migrating manner. If it is desired that the resin be placed only on the surface of the porous or absorbent material, our compositions and methods will allow this to be done. Furthermore, if it is desired that the resin be impregnated throughout the material, from one surface to the other surface, again, our composition and method will allow this to be done.
We have now discovered an improved method of controllably depositing colloidal resin compositions on porous or absorbent materials whereby spreading, diffusing, and migration of the resin are controlled and are markedly reduced and wherein the concentration of the resin in the resin binder area reaches exceptionally high values in short distances as measured at right angles to the bond edge. When applied to fibrous webs in the manufacture of nonwoven fabrics, excellent strength is obtained in the resulting bonded fabrics along with textile-like softness, hand and drape.
The improved method involves the use ofa resin dispersion which comprises from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a colloidal synthetic resin, from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of the colloidal synthetic resin solids of a water-soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener; and from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of the colloidal synthetic resin solids of a metal ammine complex coordination compound wherein the central metallic atom is chromium, nickel, zinc, or copper, said colloidal resin dispersion being stable at alkaline pl-ls in the presence of an excess of a complexing substance such as ammonium hydroxide and at certain concentrations or degrees of dilution but which is unstable at lesser concentrations or greater degrees of dilution when in the presence of heavy metal ions such as chromium, nickel, zinc, or copper.
The synthetic resin may be selected from a relatively large group of synthetic resins well known in industry for bonding purposes and may be ofa self cross-linking type, externally cross-linking type, or not cross-linked. Specific examples of such synthetic resins include: polymers and copolymers of vinyl ethers; vinyl halides such as plasticized and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl chloride-polyvinyl acetate, ethylenevinyl chloride, etc.; polymers and copolymers of vinyl esters such as plasticized and unplasticized polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-vinyl acetate, acrylic-vinyl acetate, etc.; polymers and copolymers of the polyacrylic resins such as ethyl acrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethylbutyl acrylate, ethyl hexyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, dimethyl amino ethyl acrylate, etc.; polymers and copolymers of the polymethacrylic resins such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, etc.; polymers and copolymers of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrylamide, N-isopropyl' acrylamide, N-methylol acrylamide, methacrylamide, etc.; vinylidene polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chlorideethyl acrylate, polyvinylidene chloride-vinyl chlorideacrylonitrile, etc.; polymers and copolymers of polyolefinic resins including polyethylene, polypropylene ethylene-vinyl chloride and ethylene-vinyl acetate which have been listed previously; the synthetic rubbers such as 1,2-butadiene, 1,3-butadiene, 2-ethyl-l ,3-butadiene, high, medium and carboxylated butadieneacrylonitrile, butadiene-styrene, chlorinated rubber, etc., natural latex; the polyurethanes; the polyamides; the polyesters; the polymers and copolymers of the styrenes including styrene, Z-methyl styrene, 3-methyl styrene, 4-methyl styrene, 4-ethyl styrene, 4-butyl styrene; natural latex; phenolic emulsions; etc.
These resins may be used either as homopolymers comprising a single repeating monomer unit, or they may be used as copolymers comprising two, three, or more different monomer units which are arranged in random fashion, or in a definite ordered alternating fashion, within the polymer chain. Also included within the inventive concept are the block polymers comprising relatively long blocks of different monomer units in a polymer chain and graft polymers comprising chains of one monomer attached to the backbone of another polymer chain.
As pointed out previously, the compositions and formulations containing these polymers must be stable at an alkaline pH range of from about 7 to about 10 /2 or even higher which is the range wherein they are utilized, with preferred pH ranges extending from about 7% to about 10. Such stability is particularly required for these polymer dispersions, when existing at their normal concentration levels in the presence of watersoluble polymeric carboxylic thickeners, and metal ammine complex coordination compounds, as described herein.
The water soluble polymeric carboxylic thickener may be selected from a relatively large group of such materials which include, for example: polyacrylic acid; polymeric crotonic acid; copolymers of vinyl acetate and crotonic acid; copolymers of vinyl acetate and acrylic acid; polyacrylic acid-pol yacrylamide copolymers; polymethacrylic acid; polymethacrylic acidpolyacrylamide copolymers; carboxymethyl cellulose; carboxyethyl cellulose; carboxypropyl cellulose; polycarboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose; alginic acid; polymers of acrylic acid and acrylic acid esters; polymers of (xii-unsaturated carboxylic acids such as itaconic acid; etc. These water soluble, polymeric, car boxylic thickeners may be used in. their acid forms but normally it is preferred to use their water soluble neutralized salts, that is, their sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, or like water soluble salts.
To the emulsion polymerized composition containing the colloidal resin is added a small amount of from about 0.01% by weight to about by weight, based on the weight of the synthetic resin solids, of a metal ammine complex coordination compound wherein the central metallic atom is chromium, nickel, zinc, or copper.
Examples of metal ammine complex coordination compounds are:
hexammine chromium chloride [Cr(Nl-l ,-]Cl .H O
pentammine chloro chromium chloride [Cr(NH .Cl]Cl hexammine nickel chloride hexammine nickel bromide hexammine nickel chlorate hexammine nickel iodide l a)el 2 hexammine nickel nitrate 3)sl( a)2 tetrammine zinc carbonate tetrammine zinc sulfate diammine zinc chloride tetrammine zinc chloride diammine copper acetate tetrammine copper sulfate [Cu(NH ),]SO .H O
tetrammine copper hydroxide l a)4l( )2 The metal ammine complex coordination compound is normally prepared by chemical reaction between a soluble salt of the metal, such as, for example, zinc chloride, with an excess of concentrated ammonium hydroxide, whereby the metal amine complex coordination compound, such as, for example, zinc tetrammine chloride, is formed.
The zinc chloride, preferably in an aqueous 70-72% solution, is slowly dripped into the concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH with stirring, while the solution is surrounded by cooling water. The zinc tetrammine chloride forms at once.
The amount of excess ammonium hydroxide should be sufficient to establish and maintain a pH range of from about 7 to about 10 /2, and preferably from about 7 /2 to about 10, during the preparation of the metal ammine complex coordination compound and during its formulation into a stable, synthetic resin binder composition. v
The amount of excess ammonium hydroxide used in the preparation of the metal ammine complex coordination compound varies widely and depends upon many factors such as: the type of resin, thickener, and surfactant used; the degree of stability desired in the binder composition; the degree of migrational control required; the degree of the subsequent water dilution; etc. Under some'circumstances, the excess of ammonia in the metal ammine complex coordination compound solution may be as low as about 20% on a stoichiometric or molar basis and may be as high as about 100% excess, or even higher, as desired or required.
One typical preparation of a metal ammine complex coordination compound is as follows:
1740 grams of zinc chloride solution (70%) is slowly dripped into 4620 milliliters of concentrated ammonium hydroxide (28% NH with stirring, while the solution is surrounded by flowing, cooling water. The zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex forms at once. The zinc content in the solution is approximately l0%. The reaction is believed to be as follows:
The quantities of zinc chloride and ammonia used herein are 8.94 moles and 68.6 moles, respectively. lnasmuch as four moles of ammonia are required for each mole of zinc chloride, 35.76 moles of ammonia are required to react with the 8.94 moles of zinc chloride. This leaves an excess of 32.84 moles of ammonia in the reaction solution. As a result, the solution of zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex is strongly ammoniacal and stable. lts pH is approximately 10.
A formulated binder composition containing a resin latex, the zinc tetrammine chloride, a polymeric carboxylic thickener, and the usual anti-foam agents, pigments, etc., handles normally and easily until the moment it is applied to the soaked, wet, fibrous web. At that moment of dilution, the binder thickens suddenly and greatly, or actually coagulates, thus freezing it in place with substantially no further migration or lateral spreading.
It is believed that, prior to the dilution with water, there is a stable zinc ammine cation [Zn(NI l in solution and that this stable cation has no effect on the other constituents in the binder composition. However, when dilution takes place and the water phase is increased, the equilibrium in the preceding reaction shifts to the left with the formation of the zinc cation (Zn**), or its hydrated equivalent. It is believed that this zinc cation reacts with the carboxylic thickener, causing the formation of an insoluble polymeric gel. In some way, this insoluble precipitated polymeric gel destabilizes the latex. And, of course, the reaction is generally similar between the cation and the surfactant, if it is of the anionic type, and/or the resin binder itself, if it contains carboxyl, or other reaction groups, as described herein.
As defined herein, a metal ammine complex coordination compound is one of a number of types of metal complex compounds, usually made by addition of organic or inorganic atoms or groups such as ammonia (NH to simple inorganic compounds containing the metal atom. Coordination compounds are therefore essentially compounds to which atoms or groups are added beyond the number possible of explanation on the basis of electrovalent linkages, or the usual covalent linkages, wherein each of the two atoms linked donate one electron to form the duplet. In the case of the coordination compounds, the coordinated atoms or groups are linked to the atoms of the coordination compound, usually by coordinate valences, in which both the electrons in the bond are furnished by the linked atoms of the coordinated group.
The colloidal synthetic resin, the water soluble polymeric carboxylic thickener and the metal ammine complex coordination compound exist together in a stable emulsion form and normally do not agglomerate, coagulate or precipitate, as long as the stable concentration levels of NH4OH or degree of dilution are maintained.
Subsequently, however, when the emulsion is diluted with water to a sufficiently low concentration of NH OH, the resin immediately coagulates and agglomcrates in place with no further spreading, diffusion or migration.
It is believed that, when the emulsion is diluted sufficiently, the metal cation is released from the metal ammine complex coordination compound and immediately attacks or reacts with the water soluble polymeric carboxylic thickener causing the resin particles to agglomerate or coagulate.
It is also believed that the metal ammine complex coordination compound itself, as exemplified by tetrammine zinc chloride [Zn(NH ]Cl2, ionizes to the divalent cation [Zn(NH and two anions Cl, even in the presence of high pH, ammoniacal, colloidal latex and water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener. Yet, this complex cation has no apparent or appreciable effect on the colloidal latex or on the water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener and specifically does not form an insoluble precipitate with either of them, as might have been expected.
As stated heretofore, it is further believed that dilution or otherwise diminishing the ammonium hydroxide content or concentration of the colloidal dispersion releases the Zn cation and this reacts with and insolubilizes the polymeric carboxylic thickener. Unexpectedly, however, the insolubilization of the polymeric carboxylic thickener also causes the colloidal latex itself to rapidly coagulate, even though the chemical reaction which takes place does not, insofar as is presently known, directly involve the latex, or its emulsifying or stabilizing system, if non-ionic.
Furthermore, methods have been discovered, as described herein to vary and control this unexpected sequence of chemical and physical events so as to con trollably deposit a colloidal latex on the surface of, or in, or throughout a porous fibrous substrate. This method, as stated herein, can be used to very great advantage in print-bonding nonwoven fabrics or other porous substrates or in controllably placing and depositing latexes on a porous fibrous substrate or the like in the textile, paper, leather, and related industries.
It is also to be appreciated that, when the emulsion is diluted sufficiently, the metal cation which is released from the metal ammine complex coordination compound also is capable of attacking or reacting with any other chemical compounds which are present and which possess anionic groups, particularly hydroxy, carboxy, sulfino, sulfo, and like acid groups.
For example, the metal cation which is released immediately attacks a surfactant system which is anionic and contains surfactants such as alkyl aromatic sulfonic acids, alkyl sulfonic acids, the carboxylic acids, and other surfactants such as, for example, dodecyl benzene sulfonate, octyl benzene sulfonate, hexyl benzene sulfonate, octadecyl benzene sulfonate, cetyl sulfonate, hexyl sulfonate, dodecyl sulfonate, octadecyl sulfonate, and the sodium and potassium fatty acid soaps containing from 5 to 18 carbon atoms. Other anionic surfactants include sodium p-l-methyl alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from 10 to 16 carbon atoms, the sodium di-n-alkyl sulfosuccinates in which the alkyl groups contain from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, the potassium n-alkyl malonates in which the alkyl group contains from 8 to 18 carbon atoms, the potassium alkyl tricarboxylates in which the alkyl group contains from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, the alkyl betaines in which the alkyl group contains from 6 to 14 carbon atoms, the ether alcohol sulfates, sodium n-alkyl sulfates, containing from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, etc.
The amount of surfactant used may vary from about 0.1% to 5% by weight of the resin solids dependent on the type resin being polymerized and the conditions under which it is polymerized.
The specific surfactant which is selected for use in the resin composition does not relate to the essence of the invention. It is merely necessary that it possess the necessary properties and characteristics to carry out its indicated function of stabilizing the resin composition prior to the time that coagulation and precipitation of the resin is required. Additionally, in the event that it is desired that the surfactant assist in or promote the coagulation and precipitation function, then it must possess the necessary anionic groups, as described hereinbefore, which are capable of reaction due to the presence of the metal cations released from the metal ammine complex coordination compound.
Moreover, the present inventive concept is operative with resins which have non-ionic or even polyionic emulsifying or stabilizing systems. The presence of an anionic surfactant system may be helpful in the controlled coagulation procedures described herein but it is not necessary or even especially advantageous in many cases.
The mechanism of instant agglomeration, coagulation and precipitation of the colloidal resin binder may therefore be triggered subsequent to dilution by reaction of the metal cation with either the water soluble, polymeric carboxylic thickener or the anionic surfactant, or both.
The dilution may be effected in different ways in order to activate the reaction mechanism. For example, the porous or absorbent fibrous material may be pretreated by being pre-wet with a sufficient quantity of an aqueous medium, preferably water, whereby the colloidal resin composition immediately becomes sufficiently diluted. Or, if desired, the colloidal resin composition may be first printed on the porous or absorbent fibrous material and then substantially immediately treated with the aqueous medium such as water to effect the dilution whereupon the colloidal resin particles substantially immediately agglomerate or coagulate in place with no further spreading, diffusion or migration.
It is believed that the coagulation and precipitation take place by dilution alone wherein the NH groups in the metal ammine complex coordination compound break down and become Nl-l OH in the excess water being carried by the fibrous web. By this reaction, the metal cations are released, coagulating and precipitating the resin. The reaction is believed to be as follows:
Me(Nl-l Y+xl-l O Me(cation)+xNH OH+Y(anion) wherein Me is a metal such as disclosed herein, x is a whole number from 2 to 8 (and more commonly 2,4or 6), and Y is an anion such as chloride, iodide,
bromide, sulfite, sulfate, nitrite, nitrate, carbonate, acetate, borate, phosphate, citrate, chlorate, oxalate,
etc.
It is to be appreciated that Me and Y normally form compounds, the formation of which can be explained on the basis of electrovalent linkages, or the usual covalent linkages, wherein each of the two atoms linked donate one electron to form the duplet.
It is believed that the addition of the water to th resin dispersion causes the equilibrium of the reaction mechanism to, shift to the right whereby the metallic cations are released to bring about the described coagulation and precipitation of the resin. Lesser amounts of water cause the equilibrium of the reaction mechanism to move to the left favoring the continued stability of the metal ammine complex coordination compound and the resin dispersion.
The amount of the water applied to the fibrous web varies widely, depending upon many factors, the most important of which is the nature, concentration, properties and characteristics of the synthetic resin, the metal ammine complex coordination compound, and the surfactant system in which they are stabilized. Normally, the amount of water applied to the fibrous web is in the range of from about 140% to about 280%, and preferably from about 160% to about 220%, based on the weight of the fibrous web being treated. Such amounts are controlled by the use of suitable conventional vacuum apparatus, nip-rolls, squeeze-rolls, etc.
The amount of water which is applied to the fibrous web prior to the printing of the resin binder also affects the degree of control exercised over the coagulation and migration. The greater the amount of water, the greater is the control and the more rapid is the coagulation and the less is the migration. On the other hand, the less the amount of water in the fibrous web, the less is the control exercised, the less rapid is the coagulation, and the greater is the migration.
It is also to be realized that the greater the amount of water of dilution, then the greater is the degree of penetration of the resin binder into the fibrous web. And, the lesser the amount of water of dilution, then the lesser is the degree of penetration of the resin binder into the fibrous web.
The degree of coagulation may be lowered even more and the degree of migration may be increased by the inclusion in the pre-wetting water of'a small amount of an alkaline or basic material such as ammonium hydroxide. The pH remains alkaline, just as it does in other variations of this invention, and the coagulation and precipitation are purely the result of the dilution.
When printed on a pre-wetted fibrous web during the manufacture of nonwoven fabrics, the total migration of the resin binder solids may be reduced to as little as about 50% or less beyond the originally deposited area. In some instances, the migration is relatively negligible. Normally, however, the increase in area of the resin binder solids, even under the most adverse conditions,
weight, and more normally from about 60% to about by weight, based on the weight of the fibers in the binder area.
The invention will be further illustrated in greater detail by the following specific examples. It should be understood, however, that although these examples may describe in particular detail some of the more specific features of the invention, they are given primarily for purposes of illustration and the invention in its broader aspects is not to be construed as limited thereto.
EXAMPLE I A fibrous card web weighing about 570 grains per square yard and comprising rayon fibers 1 /2 denier and 1 /2 inches in length is intermittently print bonded by the rotogravure process using an engraved roll having 6 horizontal wavy lines per inch. The width of each line as measured on the engraved roll is 0.024 inch.
The composition by weight of the resin binder formulation used for the intermittent print-bonding is:
1. 7 lbs ofa 55% solids latex of Air Reduction Aircoflex 510, a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate stabilized with a nonionic surfactant 2. 2 lbs. of water 3. 1 lbs. of a 10% solution of a thickening agent, Rohm & Haas Acrysol 51, a copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide. Mol. wt. 375,000-500,000
4. 50 ml. of a 31% solution of zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex (sp. gr. 1.13) containing 10% zinc equivalent or 17.5 grams zinc tetrammine chloride (actual).
Conventional chemical calculations, using the above values, will establish that there is approximately 0.312 moles of excess ammonia in the zinc tetrammine chloride solution which is equivalent to 0.069 molar ammonia in the resin binder formulation (approximately 10 lbs. or 4.5 liters) which indicates that there is 0.118% excess ammonia not tied up in the zinc ammine chloride complex.
The fibrous card web is pretreated or pre-moistened with a large amount of water to the extent of about 190% moisture based on the weight of the fibers in the web.
The extra dilution with water is sufficient by itself to upset the stability of the resin dispersion when applied to the web and it instantly coagulates and precipitates on the very wet fibrous web. The printed web is then processed, dried and cured.
The width of the binder line in the finished product is about 0.054 inch which represents a controlled total migration of about The surface coverage of the binder is about 32.4%. The percent binder in the bonded nonwoven fabric is about 17.4%. The concentration of binder in the binder area is about 54%, based on the weight of the fibers therein. Such measurements are obtained by procedures which are described in greater detail in copening patent application Ser. No. 65,880, filed Aug. 21, I970.
The resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength, excellent softness, drape and hand, and excellent crossresilience.
EXAMPLE II The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that 160 grams of American Cyanamid curing resin CYREZ 933, an aminoform melamine formaldehyde type external cross-linking agent, is added to the formulation. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example 1, except that this sample has improved wet-abrasion resistance and very good launderability. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE III The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of 46% solids latex of Goodrich 2671, a self cross-linking acrylic copolymer containing ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
EXAM PLE IV EXAMPLE V The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of a 46% solids latex of Goodrich (icon 576, a plasticized polyvinyl chloride-lower alkyl acrylate copolymer stabilized with an anionic surfactant. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example I except that this product has very good heat sealing properties. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE VI The procedures of Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer is replaced by 7 pounds of a 50% solids latex of Rohm & Haas HA-8, a self cross-linking polyethyl acrylate copolymer stabilized with a non-ionic surfactant. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example I. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance particularly as a wet wiping cloth.
EXAMPLE VII The procedures of ,Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 1% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7H3S, having a high degree of polymerization in excess of about l000, a high molecular weight in excess of about 200,000, a high viscosity of 900-3000 centipoises, maximum viscosity, 1% solution, at 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.65 to about 0.85 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric also finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE VIII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7M, having a degree of polymerization in excess of 500, a medium molecular weight greater than about 70,000, a medium viscosity 30-100 centipoises, maximum viscosity, 1% solution, 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.65 to about 0.85 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric is also commercially acceptable.
EXAMPLE IX The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 12MB, having a medium molecular weight in excess of about 100,000, a medium viscosity of 400-800 centipoises, 2% solution, 25 C., and a degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 1.2 to about l.4 D.S. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE X The procedures of Example IX are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that 1 pound of a 9% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carobxymethylcellulose 9M8 having a molecular weight of about 100,000 is used as the thickening agent. The results are good and are generally similar to those obtained in Example IX.
EXAMPLES XI & XII
The procedures of Example IX are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7M1 and 7H4 are used. 7M1 has a medium molecular weight, a medium carboxymethyl substitution of 0.65-0.85 D.S., and a low viscosity range in centipoises at 25 C. of 50-100 for a 2% concentration. 7H4 has a high molecular weight, a medium carboxymethyl substitution of 0.65-0.85 D.S., and a high viscosity range in centipoises at 25 C. of 2500-4500 for a 1% concentration. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example IX. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric is acceptable commercially.
EXAMPLE XIII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickener is the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 7L2, having a low molecular weight of about 45,000, a degree of polymerization of about 200, a viscosity range in centipoises at C. of 18 maximum at 2% concentration. An effect is noted but the results are not sufficient as to be commercially warranted.
EXAMPLE XIV The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 /2 pounds of a 3% solution of the sodium salt of Hercules Carboxymethylcellulose 4M6, having a medium molecular weight of about 100,000, a medium viscosity, and a low degree of carboxymethyl substitution in the range of from about 0.38 to about 0.48 US. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commerical acceptance.
EXAMPLE XV The procedures of Example I] are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound of a 10% solution of the sodium salt of Goodyear Carboset 514 polyacrylate copolymer. The results are good and are generally comparable to those set forth in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE XVI The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickening agent is 1 pound ofa 10% solution of a neutralized sodium salt of Rohm & Haas Acrysol A-5 polyacrylate homopolymer. The results are good and are generally comparable to those set forth in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commer cial acceptance.
EXAMPLE XVII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the thickener is 1 pound of a 5% solution of a sodium salt of Kelco Kelgin XL alginate water soluble, polymeric, carboxylic thickener. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabric finds commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLES XVIII & XIX
The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the 50 milliliters of zinc tetrammine chloride is: (a) increased to 100 milliliters; and (b) decreased to 35 milliliters. The results in both cases are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabrics are commercially acceptable.
EXAMPLE XX The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the volume of zinc tetrammine chloride is increased from 50 milliliters to milliliters and the amount of Acrysol 5l thickener is increased from 1 lb. to 1 /2 lbs. The results are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II, except that it is noted that practically all of the resin binder is on one face of the nonwoven fabric whereby it may be more easily plied to another fabric or to another material.
EXAMPLES XXI & XXII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the zinc tetrammine chloride is replaced by an equivalent amount of: (a) zinc tetrammine sulfate; (b) zinc tetrammine carbonate; and (c) copper diammine acetate. The results in all three cases are good and are generally comparable to those obtained in Example II. The resulting bonded nonwoven fabrics find commercial acceptance.
EXAMPLE XXIII The procedures of Example II are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that the water soluble polymeric carboxylate thickener is replaced by succinic acid which is a dicarboxylic acid. The results are not satisfactory and the use of succinic acid does not yield commercially acceptable products.
EXAMPLE XXIV The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the syntheteic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 51% styrene, and 2% itaconic acid. The zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same. The results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I. The resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and hand, or crossresilience. At best, it is marginally commercially acceptable.
EXAMPLE XXV The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the synthetic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 51% styrene, and 2% acrylic acid. The zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same. The results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I. The resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and drape, or crossresilience. At best, it is marginally commercially acceptable.
EXAMPLE XXVI The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that: (l) the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is omitted; and (2) the synthetic resin latex Aircoflex 510) is replaced by a 50% solids synthetic resin latex of a terpolymer of 46% butadiene, 5 l% styrene, and a 2% methacrylic acid. The zinc tetrammine chloride metal coordination complex remains the same. The results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I.
The resulting nonwoven fabric has excellent strength but does not have good softness, drape and hand, or
cross-resilience. At best, it is marginally commercially acceptable.
EXAMPLE XXVll The procedures described in Example I are followed substantially as set forth therein with the exception that; (l) the synthetic resin latex (Aircoflex 510) is omitted; (2) the added water increased from 2 lbs. to 3 lbs.; and (3) 7 lbs. ofa 10% solution of the carboxylic thickening agent (Acrysol 51) is used. The'results are inferior to the results obtained in Example I, particularly insofar as wet strength is concerned. However, the dry strength, softness, drape and hand are good. The resulting nonwoven fabric is commercially acceptable and can be used as a flushable, disposable facing for a sanitary napkin.
Having now described the invention in specific detail and exemplified the manner in which it may be carried into practice, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that innumerable variations, applications, modifications, and extensions of the basic principles involved may be made without departing from its spirit and scope.
What is claimed 'is:
1. A colloidal synthetic resin binder composition for bonding a fibrous web of overlapping, intersecting fibers which comprises: a stable, colloidal aqueous dispersion having an alkaline pH comprising: (1) from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene, and an a,bunsaturated carboxylic acid as a colloidal synthetic resin; (2) from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a water-soluble, polymeric carboxylic synthetic resin thickener; and (3) from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a metal ammine complex coordination compound, having the formula Me (NH Y wherein Me is a metal, x is a whole'number from 2 to 8, and Y is an anion, said metal bieng selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper.
2. A colloidal synthetic resin composition for application under controlled migration conditions to porous, absorbent materials which comprises a stable, colloidal aqueous, dispersion having an alkaline pH comprising: (1) from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene, and an a,b-unsaturated carboxylic acid as a colloidal synthetic resin; (2) from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a water-soluble, polymeric carboxylic synthetic resin thickener; and (3) from about 0.01% by weight to about'5% byweight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a metal ammine complex coordination compound,- having the formula Me (NI-l Y wherein Me is a metal, x is a whole number from 2 to 8, and Y is an anion, said metal being selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper.
3; A colloidal synthetic resin composition as defined in claim 2 wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid is itaconic acid.
4. A colloidal synthetic resin composition as defined in claim 2 wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid.
jig- 3 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3, 5,775 Dated February 11,1975
Inventor(s) Arthur H. Drelich and Bobby R. Bowman It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
r- In Column 1, line 26, "asapect" should read aspect I In Column l,line 52, isotropic should read "isotropic" In Column 2, line &8, MASSLINN should read "MASSLINN" In Column 3, lines 66-67, "the polyvinyl acetates,acetates,
polyacrylic resins" should read the polyvinyl acetates, the polyacrylic resins In Column 8 line 25 41m OH [Zn(NH should read hNTi OH i: llznmnfl fi" 3 In Column 11,11118 "Y+xH O Me(cation)" should read Y+XH 0Z Me(cation) In Column 13, line 1, "copening" should read copending In Column 1 line &9, "Carobxymethylcellulose" should read Carboxymethylcellulose In ()Jolumn 16, line 62, "Aircoflex 510)" should read ---(A1rcof1ex In Column 18, line 7, "bieng" should read being Signed and sealed this 17th day of June 1975.
(STAT C MARSHALL DANN RUTH C. MASON Commissioner of Patents Arresting Officer and Trademarks
Claims (4)
1. A COLLOIDAL SYNTHETIC RESIN BINDER COMPOSITION FOR BONDING A FIBROUS WEB OF OVERLAPPING, INTERSECTING FIBERS WHICH COMPRISES: A STABLE, COLLOIDAL AQUEOUS DISPERSION HAVING AN ALKALINE PH COMPRISING: (1) FROM ABOUT 0.1% TO ABOUT 60% BY WEIGHT ON A SOLIDS BASIS OF A TERPOLYMER OF BUTADIENE, STYRENE AND AN A,B-UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC ACID AS A COLLOIDAL SYNTHETIC RESIN; (2) FROM ABOUT 0.05% BY WEIGHT TO ABOUT 7% BY WEIGHT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF SAID COLLOIDAL SYNTHETIC RESIN OF A WATERSOLUBLE, POLYMERIC CARBOXYLIC SYNTHETIC RESIN THICKENER; AND (3) FROM ABOUT 0.01% BY WEIGHT TO ABOUT 5% BY WEIGHT, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF SAID COLLOIDAL SYNTHETIC RESIN OF A METAL AMMINE COMPLEX COORDINATION COMPOUND, HAVING THE FORMULA ME (NH3)X Y WHEREIN ME IS A METAL, X IS A WHOLE NUMBER FROM 2 TO 8, AND Y IS AN ANION, SAID METAL BEING SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF CHROMIUM, NICKEL, ZINC, AND COPPER.
2. A colloidal synthetic resin composition for application under controlled migration conditions to porous, absorbent materials which comprises a stable, colloidal aqueous dispersion having an alkaline pH comprising: (1) from about 0.1% to about 60% by weight on a solids basis of a terpolymer of butadiene, styrene, and an a,b-unsaturated carboxylic acid as a colloidal synthetic resin; (2) from about 0.05% by weight to about 7% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a water-soluble, polymeric carboxylic synthetic resin thickener; and (3) from about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight, based on the weight of said colloidal synthetic resin of a metal ammine complex coordination compound, having the formula Me (NH3)x Y wherein Me is a metal, x is a whole number from 2 to 8, and Y is an anion, said metal being selected from the group consisting of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper.
3. A colloidal synthetic resin composition as defined in claim 2 wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid is itaconic acid.
4. A colloidal synthetic resin composition as defined in claim 2 wherein the unsaturated carboxylic acid is acrylic acid.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US424139A US3865775A (en) | 1971-01-22 | 1973-12-12 | Resin binder compositions |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10902671A | 1971-01-22 | 1971-01-22 | |
US17630671 US3821146A (en) | 1971-01-22 | 1971-08-30 | Stable colloidal synthetic resin binder compositions |
US424139A US3865775A (en) | 1971-01-22 | 1973-12-12 | Resin binder compositions |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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US3865775A true US3865775A (en) | 1975-02-11 |
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ID=27380588
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US424139A Expired - Lifetime US3865775A (en) | 1971-01-22 | 1973-12-12 | Resin binder compositions |
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US (1) | US3865775A (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3931085A (en) * | 1972-06-07 | 1976-01-06 | Johnson & Johnson | Synthetic resin compositions |
DE2817230A1 (en) * | 1977-04-22 | 1978-10-26 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Binder for the production of fleece |
US4571415A (en) * | 1984-10-01 | 1986-02-18 | Rohm And Haas Company | Washout resistant coatings |
US4861076A (en) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-08-29 | Newman Sanitary Gasket Company | Gasket for sanitary pipe fittings |
US6489037B1 (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2002-12-03 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coating for inhibiting stain formation in floor covering |
US20050178515A1 (en) * | 2002-06-19 | 2005-08-18 | Michael Ryan | Strong and dispersible paper products |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2758102A (en) * | 1954-12-10 | 1956-08-07 | Sherwin Williams Co | Aqueous vehicles for forming water resistant films |
US3407164A (en) * | 1965-08-26 | 1968-10-22 | Standard Brands Chem Ind Inc | Polymeric dispersion, articles impregnated therewith and methods therefor |
US3432455A (en) * | 1967-02-08 | 1969-03-11 | Standard Brands Chem Ind Inc | Emulsion polymerization of unsaturated monomers |
US3793244A (en) * | 1972-08-17 | 1974-02-19 | J Megee | Water-retaining latexes of styrene-butadiene-itaconic acid terpolymers |
-
1973
- 1973-12-12 US US424139A patent/US3865775A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2758102A (en) * | 1954-12-10 | 1956-08-07 | Sherwin Williams Co | Aqueous vehicles for forming water resistant films |
US3407164A (en) * | 1965-08-26 | 1968-10-22 | Standard Brands Chem Ind Inc | Polymeric dispersion, articles impregnated therewith and methods therefor |
US3432455A (en) * | 1967-02-08 | 1969-03-11 | Standard Brands Chem Ind Inc | Emulsion polymerization of unsaturated monomers |
US3793244A (en) * | 1972-08-17 | 1974-02-19 | J Megee | Water-retaining latexes of styrene-butadiene-itaconic acid terpolymers |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3931085A (en) * | 1972-06-07 | 1976-01-06 | Johnson & Johnson | Synthetic resin compositions |
DE2817230A1 (en) * | 1977-04-22 | 1978-10-26 | Rhone Poulenc Ind | Binder for the production of fleece |
US4571415A (en) * | 1984-10-01 | 1986-02-18 | Rohm And Haas Company | Washout resistant coatings |
US4861076A (en) * | 1988-04-13 | 1989-08-29 | Newman Sanitary Gasket Company | Gasket for sanitary pipe fittings |
US6489037B1 (en) * | 1999-08-31 | 2002-12-03 | Weyerhaeuser Company | Coating for inhibiting stain formation in floor covering |
US20050178515A1 (en) * | 2002-06-19 | 2005-08-18 | Michael Ryan | Strong and dispersible paper products |
US7767059B2 (en) * | 2002-06-19 | 2010-08-03 | Kemira Oyj | Strong and dispersible paper products |
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