US3768290A - Method of modifying a finned tube for boiling enhancement - Google Patents
Method of modifying a finned tube for boiling enhancement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3768290A US3768290A US00154312A US3768290DA US3768290A US 3768290 A US3768290 A US 3768290A US 00154312 A US00154312 A US 00154312A US 3768290D A US3768290D A US 3768290DA US 3768290 A US3768290 A US 3768290A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- fin
- inch
- gap
- convolutions
- fins
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
- F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
- F28F13/187—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings especially adapted for evaporator surfaces or condenser surfaces, e.g. with nucleation sites
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
- B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
- B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
- B21C37/20—Making helical or similar guides in or on tubes without removing material, e.g. by drawing same over mandrels, by pushing same through dies ; Making tubes with angled walls, ribbed tubes and tubes with decorated walls
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
- Y10T29/49377—Tube with heat transfer means
- Y10T29/49378—Finned tube
- Y10T29/49382—Helically finned
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
- Y10T29/49377—Tube with heat transfer means
- Y10T29/49378—Finned tube
- Y10T29/49385—Made from unitary workpiece, i.e., no assembly
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to tubes in which heat transfer fins of usual shape are provided on the outer surface thereof. These fins may be separate annular fins or they may be provided to extend helically on the outer surface of the tube. In the latter case the fin convolutions may be in the form of a single helix or two or three or more separate but interleaved helical fins may be provided.
- the fins are formed on the tube by well known processes such for example as disclosed in Locke U.S. Pat. No. 1,865,575.
- the fins are integral with the material of the tube wall and are formed to extend outwardly from the tube wall by rolling operations.
- each fin convolution extends substantially radially outwardly from the tube, whether provided in the form of single annular convolutions or a multiplicity of helical convolutions.
- the fins are outwardly tapered and have a height which substantially exceeds the average fin thickness as well as the average spacing between adjacent fin convolutions.
- these fins are bent or formed so that the crest of some or all of the fins is closely adjacent to the surface of the next adjacent fin convolution with the result that there is provided a confined space of substantial size having a port or passage leading outwardly therefrom defined between the tip of one fin convolution and the side of the next adjacent convolution.
- This bending over of the fins may be accomplished in different ways, some of which are applicable to singlestart fins and others of which are designed for use with .different multiple-start fins.
- the finned tubing is simply drawn through a die which is dimensioned to bend the fin convolutions over into required position. Best results have been obtained when the dimensions and configuration of the die is such that the crest of each fin convolution is not only bent over into contact with a surface of the next adjacent fin convolution, but is forced beyond the position of initial contact.
- the bent over fins upon emergence from the die, spring back out of contact with the adjacent surface and remain at a predetermined substantially accurately controlled spacing therefrom.
- the fins are reformed by rolls or dies during or subsequent to the finning operation.
- the confined space is annular in shape.
- the convolutions are in the form of a single-start fin extending helically from the tube, the confined space is in the form of a single elongated helically disposed space.
- multiplehelix fins are provided, separate elongated helically disposed confined spaces result.
- the closure provided by bending over the fins does not produce a perfectly accurate continuous gapbetween tee crests of the bent-over fin convolutions, but instead, theremay be some variation such for example as areas in which the fin tips remain in contact with the surface of the adjacent convolution and are spaced therefrom at varying intervals.
- the control of the spacing may accordingly be considered as providing an average spacing rather than a perfectly accurate continuous spacing.
- Tests of operating efficiency of the tubing modified for boiling enhancement indicate that the average width of the space or gap between the crests of a fin convolution and the adjacent surface of the next convolution should be up to 0.007 inch. The maximum improvement in boiling efficiency is noted where the gap does not exceed 0.005 inch.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged fragmentary section through a wall of a finned tube.
- FIGS. 2-4 are sectional views showingthe configuration of fins bent over after passage through differently dimensioned dies.
- FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view illustrating a somewhat different embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIGS. 6-9 are fragmentary sectional views illustrating fin configurations for double-finned or double-start finned tubing.
- FIG. 10 is a fragmentary sectional view showing one embodiment of fin modification.
- FIG. 11 is a view similar. to FIG. 10 showing another embodiment of the disclosure.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing comparative boiling efficiencies of a plain tube and a tube made in accordance with the present disclosure.
- conventional integrally finned tubing is modified to enhance boiling by bending the tips of the fin convolutions over so that a small gap of controlled size is formed between the tip of one convolution and the side or other adjacent surface of the next fin convolution.
- FIG. 1 there is shown in enlargement a fragmentary section through the wall of a finned tube provided with a multiplicity of fins 14 which may, for example, be separate and independent annular fins, or provided in helical arrangement with one or more separate helical fins.
- the fin of the actual tube illustrated in FIG. 1 was a single helix; however, tubes shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 could also be made from multiple-helix fin tube.
- FIG. 2 there is illustrated the resulting deformation of the fin after the tube (which has an initial outside diameter of 0.740 inch) was drawn through a die of circular cross-section having an internal diameter of 0.695 inch.
- the average space as indicated at 16, between' the crests of the fin convolution and the adjacent side surface of the next adjacent fin convolution was found to be 0.0035 0.0050 inch.
- An inspection of this Figure indicates that there is thus provided a continuous substantially closed space or chamber 17 through which liquid in contact with the finned surface may enter. It will of course further be apparent that where the fins 14 are in the form of separate annular fins, these enclosed spaces or chambers 17 are annular and are equal in number to the number of fins.
- the fin is provided in the form of a single helical fin, it will be apparent that the configuration illustrated in FIG. 2 results in a single helically extending enclosed space or chamber. Similarly, where two or three separate but interleaved helical fins are provided, the enclosed spaces or chambers are helical and are equal in number to the number of separate fins.
- FIG. 3 there is illustrated the fin configuration when the same finned tube shown in FIG. 1 was drawn through a die having an internal diameter of 0.688 inch.
- the gap between the crests of the fin convolutions and the adjacent side surface of the next adjacent convolution was found to have an average width of 0.0020 0.0045 inch.
- the location of the gap or gaps is indicated at 18.
- the tube formation illustrated results in the essentially enclosed space or chamber 19 which may be circular or helical as described in connection with FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 there is illustrated the fin configuration when the same tube is drawn through a die having an internal diameter of 0.675 inch.
- the crests of the fin convolution were bent over and deformed the material of the adjacent convolution as indicated at 21, so that no gap was visible to the unaided eye.
- a reproducible finite gap is visible when microscopically examined.
- Tubing having the configuration illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 has been subjected to boiling tests and it has been found that for substantial enhancement of boiling, the gap into the enclosed annular or helical space should have an average width of 0.007 inch or less with the maximum improvement occurring where the gap is 0.005 inch or less.
- variable parameters which influence the efficiency of the disclosed construction in enhancing boiling are number of fins per inch of tubing and gap to trapped volume ratio, as well as gap width.
- the number of fins per F l1WillP9L ljl9- Tubing generally of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 was subjected to boiling tests in which boiling A T (which for this purpose may be considered as the difference between the average temperature of the tube wall metal and the boiling temperature of the fluid outside the tube) was determined for different heat flux values based on outside area BTU/Hr-Ft.
- the l9-fin tubing having the fins bent over to define restricted substantially enclosed spaces represents an improvement over the unmodified finned tube in the required A T of about 54 percent.
- modified 26-fin tubing showed an improvement of about percent in the boiling A T over unmodified tubing.
- FIG. 12 graphically illustrates the enhancement in boiling which follows bending or forming the fins of a 26-fin tube, such as seen in FIG. 1, to the form shown in FIG. 3.
- this tube where the gap between the crests of the fins and the side surface of the adjacent fin convolution has an average dimension of 0.002 0.045 inch. From this graph, it will be noted that at 6 feet per ton, the boiling AT for 26-fin standard tube is 12 F.
- the finned tubing modified in accordance with the present invention is referred to as Z-fin tube, and for the 26 Z-fin tube illustrated in FIG. 3, the boiling AT is 2.5 F. for an improvement of about percent in the boiling film temperature drop. 7
- FIG. 5 illustrates another fin configuration for a single helix tube when formed by a process other than drawing through a circular die.
- this Figure no attempt is made to illustrate a gap between the crest portion of a finned convolution and the side of the next adjacent convolution, but it is to be understood that an average gap of less than 0.007 inch will be provided.
- FIG. 6 there is illustrated a modified finned tube 24 produced from a double or twostart fin.
- each of the fins 26 is inclined towards each other so that a gap of controlled dimensions is provided at 28 between the crests of the fins.
- a helical substantially enclosed space or chamber 29 is formed.
- the fins30 are bent toward each other in such a way as to define a gap 32 therebetween, this gap appearing between spaced apart fin portions which are relatively flat in cross-section.
- the confined space 34 is essentially smaller than the space 29 provided between the fins in FIG. 6.
- FIG. 8 an arrangement is illustrated in which one of the fins 36 is not modified and the other fin 38 is bent towards the unmodified fin as illustrated so as to produce the helical substantially enclosed space or chamber 40 and the controlled restricted gap or opening 42.
- FIG. 9 there is illustrated an arrangement generally similar to that shown in FIG. 6 except that the separate fins 44 and 46 are curved and inclined towards each other to produce a substantially circular cross-section enclosed space or chamber 48 and the narrow restricted gap 50.
- FIGS. and 11 The tubing of FIGS. and 11 is produced from finned tubing have three interleaved helical fins.
- the fins 62 and 64 are illustrated as bent toward the intermediate unmodified fin 63 so as to define the substantially enclosed spaces or chambers 66.
- the fins here designated 62a and 64a, are bent in a different manner toward the intermediate fin 63a to define the substantially enclosed spaces or chambers 66a.
- the finned tube as illustrated in FIG. 1, prior to bending over the fins, has in a typical example the following dimensions:
- the internal diameter of the tube is 0.557 inch and the wall thickness, measured from the inside of the tube to the bottom of the space between adjacent fins is 0.035 inch.
- the fins have a radial dimension of 0.057 inch and are provided at a frequency of about 26 fins per inch, giving a pitch from fin convolution to fin convolution of approximately 0.038 inch.
- the individual fins have a thickness at the base of approximately 0.0165 inch and at the tip or crest of 0.0075 inch. This gives an average width of approximately 0.012 inch.
- the space between adjacent fins increases from approximately 0.021 inch adjacent the roots of the fins to approximately 0.0305 inch adjacent the crests.
- the finned tubing illustrated in FIG. 1 has an approximate outside diameter, before the bending of the fins, of 0.740 inch.
- FIG. 3 Theconfiguration illustrated in FIG. 3'results from drawing the tubing illustrated in FIG. 1 through a die having an internal diameter of 0.688 inch, which produced a gap 18 communicating with the space 19 of 0.002 0.004s inch.
- FIG. 4 resulted from drawing the tubing of FIG. 1 through a die having an internal diameter of 0.675 inch. In this operation the crests of each fin convolution were bent over into con tact with the next adjacent fin convolution with such force as to provide deformation of the material, as has been previously described.
- the dimensions of the fins in relationship to spacing are of course of critical nature since this determines the general shape and dimensions of space which is enclosed when the outer portion of each fin convolution is bent over into close proximity to the adjacent wall portion of the adjacent fin convolution, to provide the restricted opening into the substantially enclosed space.
- the fin height should be greater than the spacing between adjacent fins and the fin tip thickness should be substantially less than the fin thickness at the root.
- the height of the fin is substantially greater than the average width, as for example, not less than twice the average width.
- the fins are formed by rolling up material from the outer wall of the tubing, so that the fins originally extend generally perpendicular to the surface from which they were displaced, and portions thereof extend generally parallel to corresponding portions of adjacent fin convolutions.
- the average spacing between adjacent fin portions is greater than the average thickness of the fins. This results inherently in the production of substantially enclosed spaces or chambers, after the outer portions of the fins are bent over, which are of quite substantial size. At the same time, the openings into the substantially enclosed spaces may be very restricted, by bending the outer portions of tube convolutions into very close spacing from the side surface of adjacent fin portions.
- the method of making tubing modified for the enhancement of boiling of liquid in contact with the exterior surface thereof which comprises rolling up fin convolutions out of the material at the exterior of the tubing with each convolution extending generally radially outwardly of the tubing parallel to and spaced substantially from adjacent convolutions, and thereafter drawing the finned tube through a die having a throat with a minimum transverse dimension smaller than the outside diameter of the original fin convolutions to form the outer portions of fin convolutions completely around the finned tube into proximity to a side of adjacent fin convolutions to define therewith a substantially enclosed space extending around the tubing and a restricted opening into such space.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US15431271A | 1971-06-18 | 1971-06-18 |
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US3768290A true US3768290A (en) | 1973-10-30 |
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US00154312A Expired - Lifetime US3768290A (en) | 1971-06-18 | 1971-06-18 | Method of modifying a finned tube for boiling enhancement |
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Cited By (48)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3881342A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1975-05-06 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Method of making integral finned tube for submerged boiling applications having special o.d. and/or i.d. enhancement |
US3906604A (en) * | 1974-02-01 | 1975-09-23 | Hitachi Cable | Method of forming heat transmissive wall surface |
US4004441A (en) * | 1975-08-28 | 1977-01-25 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Process for modifying capillary grooves |
US4018264A (en) * | 1975-04-28 | 1977-04-19 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface and method |
US4059147A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1977-11-22 | Universal Oil Products Company | Integral finned tube for submerged boiling applications having special O.D. and/or I.D. enhancement |
FR2397615A1 (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1979-02-09 | Carrier Corp | HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THIS SURFACE |
DE2758526A1 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-05 | Wieland Werke Ag | FIBER TUBE AND THE METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
DE2758527A1 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-05 | Wieland Werke Ag | FIBER TUBE AND THE METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
US4166498A (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1979-09-04 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Vapor-condensing, heat-transfer wall |
US4168618A (en) * | 1978-01-26 | 1979-09-25 | Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Y and T-finned tubes and methods and apparatus for their making |
US4179911A (en) * | 1977-08-09 | 1979-12-25 | Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Y and T-finned tubes and methods and apparatus for their making |
US4186063A (en) * | 1977-11-01 | 1980-01-29 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling |
US4195688A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1980-04-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Heat-transfer wall for condensation and method of manufacturing the same |
US4216826A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1980-08-12 | Furukawa Metals Co., Ltd. | Heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers and method of producing the same |
US4258783A (en) * | 1977-11-01 | 1981-03-31 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling |
US4313248A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1982-02-02 | Fukurawa Metals Co., Ltd. | Method of producing heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers |
EP0057941A2 (en) * | 1981-02-11 | 1982-08-18 | Noranda Inc. | Heat transfer boiling surface |
US4353234A (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1982-10-12 | Carrier Corporation | Heat transfer surface and method of manufacture |
DE3333822A1 (en) * | 1982-09-22 | 1984-03-22 | Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo | METHOD FOR PRODUCING A HEAT PIPE |
US4438807A (en) * | 1981-07-02 | 1984-03-27 | Carrier Corporation | High performance heat transfer tube |
EP0161391A2 (en) * | 1984-05-11 | 1985-11-21 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Heat transfer wall |
US4561497A (en) * | 1982-12-17 | 1985-12-31 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Heat transfer surface and manufacturing method for same |
US4660630A (en) * | 1985-06-12 | 1987-04-28 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Heat transfer tube having internal ridges, and method of making same |
US4678029A (en) * | 1983-09-19 | 1987-07-07 | Hitachi Cable, Ltd. | Evaporating heat transfer wall |
US5018573A (en) * | 1989-12-18 | 1991-05-28 | Carrier Corporation | Method for manufacturing a high efficiency heat transfer surface and the surface so manufactured |
US5054548A (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1991-10-08 | Carrier Corporation | High performance heat transfer surface for high pressure refrigerants |
US5146979A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1992-09-15 | Carrier Corporation | Enhanced heat transfer surface and apparatus and method of manufacture |
US5222299A (en) * | 1987-08-05 | 1993-06-29 | Carrier Corporation | Enhanced heat transfer surface and apparatus and method of manufacture |
US5333682A (en) * | 1993-09-13 | 1994-08-02 | Carrier Corporation | Heat exchanger tube |
US5415225A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 1995-05-16 | Olin Corporation | Heat exchange tube with embossed enhancement |
US5896660A (en) * | 1994-03-23 | 1999-04-27 | High Performance Tube, Inc. | Method of manufacturing an evaporator tube |
US6067712A (en) * | 1993-12-15 | 2000-05-30 | Olin Corporation | Heat exchange tube with embossed enhancement |
US6382311B1 (en) | 1999-03-09 | 2002-05-07 | American Standard International Inc. | Nucleate boiling surface |
US6427767B1 (en) | 1997-02-26 | 2002-08-06 | American Standard International Inc. | Nucleate boiling surface |
DE10150999A1 (en) * | 2001-10-16 | 2003-04-30 | Peak Werkstoff Gmbh | Method of profiling the outer peripheral surface of cylinder liners |
US20060075772A1 (en) * | 2004-10-12 | 2006-04-13 | Petur Thors | Heat transfer tubes, including methods of fabrication and use thereof |
US20060075773A1 (en) * | 2002-04-19 | 2006-04-13 | Petur Thors | Heat transfer tubes, including methods of fabrication and use thereof |
US20070151715A1 (en) * | 2005-12-13 | 2007-07-05 | Hao Yunyu | A flooded type evaporating heat-exchange copper tube for an electrical refrigeration unit |
US7276046B1 (en) * | 2002-11-18 | 2007-10-02 | Biosynergy, Inc. | Liquid conductive cooling/heating device and method of use |
US20080196876A1 (en) * | 2007-01-15 | 2008-08-21 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Finned tube for condensation and evaporation |
US20080236803A1 (en) * | 2007-03-27 | 2008-10-02 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Finned tube with indentations |
US20090121367A1 (en) * | 2007-11-13 | 2009-05-14 | Lundgreen James M | Heat exchanger for removal of condensate from a steam dispersion system |
US20090166018A1 (en) * | 2007-11-13 | 2009-07-02 | Lundgreen James M | Heat transfer system including tubing with nucleation boiling sites |
US20090260792A1 (en) * | 2008-04-16 | 2009-10-22 | Wolverine Tube, Inc. | Tube with fins having wings |
US20110226457A1 (en) * | 2010-03-18 | 2011-09-22 | Golden Dragon Precise Copper Tube Group Inc. | Condensation enhancement heat transfer pipe |
US10088180B2 (en) | 2013-11-26 | 2018-10-02 | Dri-Steem Corporation | Steam dispersion system |
US10174960B2 (en) | 2015-09-23 | 2019-01-08 | Dri-Steem Corporation | Steam dispersion system |
CN109737646A (en) * | 2019-03-07 | 2019-05-10 | 常州九洲创胜特种铜业有限公司 | Evaporation tube and its application and preparation method |
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Cited By (69)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3881342A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1975-05-06 | Universal Oil Prod Co | Method of making integral finned tube for submerged boiling applications having special o.d. and/or i.d. enhancement |
US4059147A (en) * | 1972-07-14 | 1977-11-22 | Universal Oil Products Company | Integral finned tube for submerged boiling applications having special O.D. and/or I.D. enhancement |
US3906604A (en) * | 1974-02-01 | 1975-09-23 | Hitachi Cable | Method of forming heat transmissive wall surface |
US4195688A (en) * | 1975-01-13 | 1980-04-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Heat-transfer wall for condensation and method of manufacturing the same |
US4018264A (en) * | 1975-04-28 | 1977-04-19 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface and method |
US4004441A (en) * | 1975-08-28 | 1977-01-25 | Grumman Aerospace Corporation | Process for modifying capillary grooves |
US4166498A (en) * | 1976-07-13 | 1979-09-04 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Vapor-condensing, heat-transfer wall |
US4313248A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1982-02-02 | Fukurawa Metals Co., Ltd. | Method of producing heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers |
US4216826A (en) * | 1977-02-25 | 1980-08-12 | Furukawa Metals Co., Ltd. | Heat transfer tube for use in boiling type heat exchangers and method of producing the same |
US4353234A (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1982-10-12 | Carrier Corporation | Heat transfer surface and method of manufacture |
US4159739A (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1979-07-03 | Carrier Corporation | Heat transfer surface and method of manufacture |
FR2397615A1 (en) * | 1977-07-13 | 1979-02-09 | Carrier Corp | HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THIS SURFACE |
US4179911A (en) * | 1977-08-09 | 1979-12-25 | Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Y and T-finned tubes and methods and apparatus for their making |
US4258783A (en) * | 1977-11-01 | 1981-03-31 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling |
US4186063A (en) * | 1977-11-01 | 1980-01-29 | Borg-Warner Corporation | Boiling heat transfer surface, method of preparing same and method of boiling |
DE2758527A1 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-05 | Wieland Werke Ag | FIBER TUBE AND THE METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
FR2413625A1 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-27 | Wieland Werke Ag | FINNED TUBE FOR HEAT EXCHANGERS |
DE2758526A1 (en) * | 1977-12-28 | 1979-07-05 | Wieland Werke Ag | FIBER TUBE AND THE METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
US4168618A (en) * | 1978-01-26 | 1979-09-25 | Wieland-Werke Aktiengesellschaft | Y and T-finned tubes and methods and apparatus for their making |
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