US3762011A

US3762011A - Method of fabricating a capillary heat pipe wick

Info

Publication number: US3762011A
Application number: US00208825A
Authority: US
Inventors: K Staudhammer; B Marcus
Original assignee: TRW Inc
Current assignee: Northrop Grumman Space and Mission Systems Corp
Priority date: 1971-12-16
Filing date: 1971-12-16
Publication date: 1973-10-02
Anticipated expiration: 1990-10-02

Abstract

A conformal capillary wick for a heat pipe is fabricated by preparing a slurry composed of an organic solvent containing an organic binder in solution and powder particles of relatively high thermal conductivity in suspension; applying a layer of the slurry to the inner wall surface of the heat pipe casing, evaporating the solvent from the layer to recover the binder and utilize the surface tension forces of the binder to draw the particles together into a highly compacted condition wherein the particles are bonded to one another and to the casing wall by the binder, and the particles and binder define a myriad of capillary passages extending throughout and opening through the surfaces of the layer; and curing the binder to form a dimensionally stable capillary structure providing a capillary wick for transporting working fluid condensate from the condenser section to the evaporator section of the heat pipe.

Description

United States Patent 1191.

Staudhammer et al.

[ 1 Oct. 2, 1973 METHOD OF FABRICATING A CAPILLARY HEAT PIPE WICK [75 lnvehtorsfKafl 1 1 Staudhamrner, Gardena,

Bruce D. Marcus, Los Angeles, both of Calif.

[73] Assignee: TRW Inc., Redondo Beach, Calif.

22 Filed: Dec. 16,1971

211 Appl.No.:208,825'

[52] US. Cl. 29/1573 R, 165/105 [51] Int. Cl B2ld 53/02, B2lp 15/26 [58] Field of Search 29/1573 R, 157 R;

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,666,006 5/1972 Valyi 165/164 Primary ExaminerChar1es W. Lanham Assistant ExaminerD. C. Reiley, 111 Attorney-Daniel T. Anderson et al.

[57] ABSTRACT A conformal capillary wick for a heat pipe is fabricated by preparing a slurry composed of an organic solvent containing an organic binder in solution and powder particles of relatively high thermal conductivity in suspension; applying a layer of the slurry to the inner wall surface of the heat pipe casing, evaporating the solvent from the layer to recover the binder and utilize the surface tension forces of the binder to draw the particles together into a highly compacted condition wherein the particles are bonded to one another and to the casing wall by the binder, and the'particles and binder define a myriad of capillary passages extending throughout and opening through the surfaces of the layer; and curing the binder to form a dimensionally stable capillary 3 6/1944 g 62/515 X structure providing a capillary wick for transporting 3 E working fluid condensate from the condenser section e man 3,675,711 7 1972 Bilinski et a1 165/105 x to the evapmator 56cm" the heat FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 2 Claims, 3 Drawing Figures 531,112 12/1940 Great Britain 165/180 PREPARE SLURRY OF POWDER BINDER SOLVENT APPLY SLURRY TO HEAT PIPE EVAPORATE SOLVENT COMPACT POWDER PARTICLES CURE BINDER PATENTEDUBT 2 m 3.762.011

HEAT

SOURCE PREPARE SLURRY 4. 3 OF POWDER Q EJfNDER SOLVENT APPLY SLURRY TO HEAT PIPE EVAPORATE SOLVENT- COMPACT POWDER PARTICLES ICURE BINDER] METHOD OF FABRICATING A CAPILLARY HEAT PIPE WICK BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure This disclosure relates generally to the field of heat transfer and more particularly to a novel heat pipe and method of forming the capillary wick structure of. the heat pipe.

2. Prior Art Essentially, a heat pipe is a thermal transport device having a hermetic casing with evaporator and condenser sections and containing a working fluid and a capillary wick structure extending between the evaporator and condenser sections. When the evaporator and condenser sections are placed in heat transfer relation to a heat source and a heat sink, respectively, thermal energy is transmitted through the heat pipe from heat source to the heat sink by a closed thermodynamic cycle of the working fluid. This thermodynamic cycle involves vaporization of the working fluid witin the evaporator section by heat inflow from the heat source and condensation of the fluid within the condenser section by heat rejection to the ,heat sink.

Continuous operation of the heat pipe requires continuous flow of working fluid vapor from the evaporator section to the condenser section and continuous condensate .flow from the condenser section to the evaporator section. The vapor pressure differential between the evaporator and condenser sections provides the force for transporting vapor continuously from the evaporator section to the condenser section. Capillary force is utilized to transport the working fluid condensate from the condenser section to the evaporator section. 1

To this end, a heat pipe is equipped with an internal capillary structure extending between the evaporator and condenser sections. Such capillary structures are commonly referred to .as capillary wicks, or simply wicks, and are constructed of .variousporous materials. At the present time, the most widely used wick materials are woven quartz, wire mesh, and sintered metal powders and fibers. Listed below are prior art patents of interest in this connection:

l,938,l70 3,lll,396 3,413,239 2,996,389 3,285,873 3,485,296 3,090,094 3,288,615 3.563,309

At the present time, heat pipe wicks are generally fabricated externally. of the heat pipes and then mounted or secured within the pipe casings in various ways, as by bonding, spot welding, brazing, or sintering orwiththe aid of suitable positioning means.

The existing wicks and mounting methods possess certain disadvantages which the present disclosure overcomes. Among the foremost of these disadvantagesare the following. A bonding agent which is used to secure the wicktothe heat pipe wall often infiltrates and plugs the capillary-passages in the wick, thereby restricting capillary flow of condensate through the wick. It is difficult and often impossible to apply the existing wicks to heatpipes of complex surface geometry. Regulation of the wick porosity, i.e., capillary pore size, is difficult.

SUMMARY OFTHE DISCLOSURE According to one of its aspects, the disclosure provides a heat pipeiwith a novel capillary wick structure or wick applied to the wall of the heat pipe casing. The

wick is composed of powder particles of relatively high thermal conductivity joined to ,one another and to the casing wall by a'binder. The particles are highly compacted and define with the binder a myriad of capillary passages extending throughout and opening through the surfaces of the wick. A unique feature of the wick resides in the fact that the binder serves the dual function of joining the particles to one another and joining the wick to the wall of the heat pipe casing.

Another aspect of the disclosure is concerned with a unique method of fabricating the wick. According to this method, a slurry is prepared composed of an or ganic solvent containing an organic binder in solution and powder particles of relatively high thermal conduc- .tivity in suspension. A layer of this slurry is brushed,

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates a heat pipe with a capillary wick according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is an enlargement of the capillary wick; and

FIG. 3 is a diagram of the present method of forming the capillary wick.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The heat pipe 10 shown in FIG. 1 has a hermeticcasing 12 with evaporator and condenser sections 14 and 145. Applied to the inner wall of the heatpipe casing is a capillary wick structure or wick 18- extending between the evaporator and condenser sections. A working fluid (not shown) is confined within the casing.

Turning toFIG. 2, the wick .18 is composed of powder particles 20 bonded to one another and to the inner wall surface of the heat pipe casing 12 by an organic binder 22, which forms fine interconnecting bonds 24 between the particles. These particles and bonds define a myriad of interconnecting capillary passages 26 which extend throughout and open through the surfaces of the wick. A unique feature of the wick resides inthe fact that the binder 22 provides both the bonds between the particles 20 and the bond between wick and the casing wall.

In operation of the heat pipe 10, its evaporator and condenser sections l4, 16 are placed in heat transfer relation to a heat source and a heat sink, respectively. Heat inflow into the evaporator section 14 from the heat source vaporizes the working fluid within the section. The vapor pressure differential between the

sections

14, 16 causes flow of the resulting fluid vapor to the condenser section where the vapor is condensed by heat rejection to the heat sink. The resulting condensate then returns to the evaporator section to repeat the process by capillary flow through the wick 18. Thus, the working fluid transports thermal energy from the heat source to the heat sink by a closed thermodynamic cycle involving continuous evaporation of the fluid in the evaporator section and condensation of the fluid in the condenser section.

Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which is a diagram of the present method of forming or fabricating the capillary wick 18. The initial step of the method involves preparation of a slurry composed of an organic solvent containing the powder particles in suspension and the organic binder 22 in solution. A layer of this slurry is applied to the inner wall surface of the heat pipe casing 12 by brushing, spraying or any other convenient method of application. After application of the layer, the solvent in the layer is evaporated, leaving the powder particles 20 and the binder 22 in FIG. 2. During this evaporation, the surface tension forces of the binder draw the particles together into the highly compacted state of FIG. 2 to form the capillary passages 26. The binder is then cured to a dimensionally stable state to provide the final capillary wick 18. The binder also bonds the wick to the wall of the heat pipe casing.

A variety of powder particles, binders, and solvents may be employed in the practice of the disclosure. The preferred powders are those of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum, copper, magnesium, zinc, calcium, 2

silver, gold, titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, vanadiam, chromium, iron, and cobalt and alloys of the listed materials. The preferred binders are methacylates, polyesters, polyimides, phenolics, acrylics, collodion, and Duco cement. The preferred solvents are Toulene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl benzye ketone, amyl acetate, acetone, and dimethyl formamide.

It will be understood that the powder particles, binder, and solvent used in the practice of the invention will be compatible with one another and with the working fluid and operating requirements and parameters of the heat pipe. That is to say, the solvent used must be appropriate for the powder but not dissolve, degrade, or otherwise adversely affects the binder. Also, the particles and binder must be chemically inert to the heat pipe working fluid, and must be immune to degradation and other adverse affects at temperatures at least up to the maximum operating temperature of the heat pipe. Moreover, in some applications, involving the cooling of electrical components, such as transistors, the particles and binder must produce a wick of high dielectric strength such that the wick will not short out the components when the latter are exposed directly to the heat pipe working fluid. Both thermosetting and thermo plastic binders may be used in the disclosure, the thermoplastic binders, of course, being restricted to heat pipes whose operating temperature is below the softening temperature of the binder. Curing of the thermosetting binders is accomplished by heating. Curing of thermoplastic binders is accomplished by drying and cooling, if necessary.

Wicks according to the disclosure have been successfully fabricated. These wicks were fabricated from powders of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum, copper, and nickel using the following binder/solvent combinations: collodian/amyl acetate, Duco cementlacetone, polyimide/dimethyl formamide. In each case,

the slurry prepared from the selected particles, binder, and solvent was applied to the heat pipe wall after which the solvetn was allowed to evaporate. The binder wws then cured by the application of heat. These wicks utilized a binder/solvent solution containing on the order of 10 percent binder and percent solvent by volume and powder particles of a mesh size in the range of 50 200.

As noted earlier, an important advantage of the disclosure is its ability to provide a capillary wick conforming to virtually any heat pipe surface geometry from the most simple to the most complex. Moreover, the wick thickness may be easily controlled by controlling the thickness of the slurry layer which is initially applied to the heat pipe casing. The wick porosity may be regulated and controlled by varying the particle size and/or the concentration of solvent to binder used in the slurry.

What is claimed as new in support of Letters Patent 1. The method of forming a capillary wick for a heat pipe, comprising the steps of:

selecting powder particles of relatively high thermal conductivity and an organic binder both compatible with the working fluid and operating requirements of the heat pipe and an organic solvent for the binder;

preparing a slurry composed of said solvent containing said binder in solution and said particles in suspension;

applying to the inner wall surface of the heat pipe casing a layer of said slurry extending from the evaporator section to the condenser section of the casing;

vaporising the solvent from the layer to recover said binder and utilize the surface tension forces of the binder to draw said particles together into a highly compacted condition wherein the particles are bonded to one another and to the casing wall surface by the binder, and the particles and binder define a myriad of interconnecting capillary passages extending throughout and opening through the surface of said layer; and

curing said binder to form a dimensionally stable capillary structure providing said wick.

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein:

said powder particles are particles of a structural metal selected from the class consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum, copper, nickel, magnesium, zinc, calcium, silver, gold, titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron, and cobalt, or an alloy of the same;

said binder is selected from the class consisting of methacylates, polyester, polyimides, phenolics, and acrylics; and

said solvent is selected from the class consisting of toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl benzyl ketone, amyl acetate, acetone, and dimethyl formamide.

* i t I

Claims

2. The method according to claim 1 wherein: said powder particles are particles of a structural metal selected from the class consisting of aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, aluminum, copper, nickel, magnesium, zinc, calcium, silver, gold, titanium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, vanadium, chromium, iron, and cobalt, or an alloy of the same; said binder is selected from the class consisting of methacylates, polyester, polyimides, phenolics, and acrylics; and said solvent is selected from the class consisting of toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl benzyl ketone, amyl acetate, acetone, and dimethyl formamide.