US3753700A - Heat recoverable alloy - Google Patents

Heat recoverable alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
US3753700A
US3753700A US00052112A US3753700DA US3753700A US 3753700 A US3753700 A US 3753700A US 00052112 A US00052112 A US 00052112A US 3753700D A US3753700D A US 3753700DA US 3753700 A US3753700 A US 3753700A
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Prior art keywords
atomic percent
alloy
titanium
nickel
iron
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US00052112A
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J Harrison
J Choi
P Marchant
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Raychem Corp
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Raychem Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/006—Resulting in heat recoverable alloys with a memory effect
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/007—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt with a light metal (alkali metal Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; earth alkali metal Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al Ga, Ge, Ti) or B, Si, Zr, Hf, Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, as the next major constituent

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT An alloy capable of having the property of heat recoverability imparted thereto comprising 49.1 to 50.2 atomic percent of titanium, 2.1 to 4.7 atomic percent of iron and the remainder nickel.
  • certain alloys are capable of having this property of heat recoverability imparted to them if they are formed in the heat stable condition while in the austenitic state, then cooled until they undergo a martensitic transition, and then deformed while maintained in the martensitic state. When heated to a temperature where the alloy is again transformed into the austenitic state, the formed object will revert to its original configuration.
  • an alloy suitable for use in a coupling Inasmuch as an alloy is considerable stronger in its austenitic state than in its martensitic, a second requirement of an alloy suitable for use in a coupling is that its transition temperature, that is, the temperature (more precisely, the temperature range) where it changes from its austenitic state to its martensitic state, must be below any expected operating temperature of the coupling.
  • the material from which the coupling is made must inherently have a yield strength sufficient to endure the operating conditions to which it is to be subjected.
  • conflicting, however, with the requirement for strength is the requirement for light weight. This is particularly true in conplings to be used in aircraft. What is desired is an alloy that can be fabricated into a coupling having the highest possible strength and the lowest possible weight. The alloy must also be sufficiently workable so that it can be formed into the parts and must not be overly brittle.
  • a heat recoverable metal alloy which has a transition temperature below any temperatures expected during aircraft operations.
  • the alloy can be worked within the bounds of reasonable manufacturing processes, is not brittle, is not susceptible to embrittlement, and has a high strength to weight ratio.
  • the alloy is thus acceptable for use in aircraft and is particularly useful in constructing hydraulic couplings for such use. It has been found that in order that the alloy have the necessary properties it must contain very close to 50 atomic percent titanium with a small percentage of iron substituted for nickel. Specifically, the alloy must contain from 49.1 to 50.2 atomic percent of titanium and 2.1 to 4.7 atomic percent of iron, the remainder being nickel.
  • the most desirable alloy is obtained when the iron content is between 3.2 and 3.6 atomic percent.
  • the latter alloy will have the maximum strength to weight ratio consistent with the required transition temperature and will still allow practical treatment to permit the impartation of heat recovery to the alloy. From a practical standpoint, the alloy must have a transition temperature which is above that of liquid nitrogen. If it is lower, it becomes commercially impractical if not impossible to maintain the alloy in its martensitic state during deformation and installation of the part fabricated from it.
  • Alloys may be prepared in accordance with the present invention as follows:
  • EXAMPLE 1 Equal width and length strips were cut from sheet stock of nickel (lntemational Nickel 270) titanium (Titanium Metals Corporation 35A) and iron (99.9 percent pure). The strips were cleaned to remove any dirt or grease, weighed and assembled in bundles such that the elements were in the ratio of 50 atomic percent titanium, 3 atomic percent iron and 47 atomic percent nickel at each cross section through the longitudinal axis of the bundle. The bundle was then hung in the chamber of a Lepel HCP-Ffloating zone unit. The chamber was evacuated, then filled with high purity argon to a pressure of 1 atmosphere; this procedure was repeated twice; after the third filling a pressure of 3 p.s.i. gauge was established and maintained during the melting to minimize air influx.
  • the lower end of the sample was heated by a single turn induction coil attached ,to the secondary winding of a 12:1 load matching step down transformer, the primary being powered by a Lepelhigh frequency induction heating unit (Model T10-3-DF-E-H) operating in the Kilo Hertz range. Rapid rnelting resulted from the combination of induction heating and the heat of formation of the intermetallic compound TiNi 0.94 Fe 006.
  • the falling droplets of alloy were collected in a cold copper mold, the bundle being fed into the induction coil until it had all been melted and collected in the mold. After cooling, the copper mold and dripcast ingot were removed from the chamber, and the mold was stripped.
  • the dripped ingot which .was a semi-compact cylinder, was returned to the chamber and an argon atmosphere established as before.
  • a molten zone was passed along the ingot from bottom to top at a rate of about 0.5 cm/minute using the floating zone technique to avoid possible contamination by a crucible.
  • the product was a homogeneous, void-free bar of alloy about 2 cm. diameter, 12 cm. long.
  • composition of the alloy of this invention can be from their components by other methods suitable for described by reference toan area on the titanium dealing with high-titanium alloys.
  • the general area of the methods, and the precautions necessary to exclude oxalloy on the phase diagram is shown by the circled por: ygen and nitrogen either by working in an inert atmotion of Diagram 1 below.
  • This area of the phase dia- 5 sphere or in a vacuum, are well known to those skilled gram is enlarged and shown in Diagram 2.
  • the compoin the art and are not repeated here. sitions at the corners of the quadrilateral are shown in it appears however that alloys obtained by the meth- Table 1 below.
  • Titanium Nickel Iron The effect of these materials is generally to reduce the Q 23- ⁇ 2;; martensitic transformation temperature of the alloys.
  • C In a Temescal 900 kW electron-beam furnace, bun- D v dies of bars, as described in Example 1, containing Ti- TABLE I I tanium (49.6 atomic percent), Nickel (47.2 atomic percent) and Iron (3.2 atomic percent) were melted. "M""WM-man" MM"MWMM On analysis, the resulting ingot was found to contain the same relative proportions.
  • the alloy was also capable of at least 5 percent recovery.
  • a hydraulic coupling made of the alloy was provided with a heat unstable diameter of 8% greater than the heat stable diameter.
  • the martensitic ram 2 transformation temperature of said alloy being such as to permit impartation of heat recoverability to an ob- I EXAMPLE 2 ject formed thereof at a temperature above the boiling

Abstract

An alloy capable of having the property of heat recoverability imparted thereto comprising 49.1 to 50.2 atomic percent of titanium, 2.1 to 4.7 atomic percent of iron and the remainder nickel.

Description

United States Paten [1 1 Harrison et a1.
HEAT RECOVERABLE ALLOY Inventors: John D. Harrison; Jei Y. Choi, both of Palo Alto; Peter R. Marchant, San Francisco, all of Calif.
Assigneez Raychem Corporation, Menlo Park,
Calif.
Filed: July 2, 1970 Appl. No.: 52,112
US. Cl. 75/l75.5, 75/122, 75/134 F,
75/170 Int. Cl. C22c 15/00 Field of Search 75/170, 175.5, 134 F,
[451 Aug. 21, 1973 Primary Examiner-Richard 0. Dean Attorney-Lyon and Lyon [57] ABSTRACT An alloy capable of having the property of heat recoverability imparted thereto comprising 49.1 to 50.2 atomic percent of titanium, 2.1 to 4.7 atomic percent of iron and the remainder nickel.
2 Claims, No Drawings HEAT RECOVERABLE ALLOY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 852,722 filed Aug. 25, 1969 now abandoned by John D. Harrison and James E. Jervis, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, there is disclosed a heat recoverable metallic coupling, especially suitable for use on hydraulic lines in aircraft. The requirements of such a coupling are many. First, it must be heat recoverable, that is, it must recover from a heat unstable configuration to a heat stable configuration upon the application of heat alone. It has been found that certain alloys are capable of having this property of heat recoverability imparted to them if they are formed in the heat stable condition while in the austenitic state, then cooled until they undergo a martensitic transition, and then deformed while maintained in the martensitic state. When heated to a temperature where the alloy is again transformed into the austenitic state, the formed object will revert to its original configuration.
Inasmuch as an alloy is considerable stronger in its austenitic state than in its martensitic, a second requirement of an alloy suitable for use in a coupling is that its transition temperature, that is, the temperature (more precisely, the temperature range) where it changes from its austenitic state to its martensitic state, must be below any expected operating temperature of the coupling. In addition, of course, the material from which the coupling is made must inherently have a yield strength sufficient to endure the operating conditions to which it is to be subjected. Conflicting, however, with the requirement for strength is the requirement for light weight. This is particularly true in conplings to be used in aircraft. What is desired is an alloy that can be fabricated into a coupling having the highest possible strength and the lowest possible weight. The alloy must also be sufficiently workable so that it can be formed into the parts and must not be overly brittle.
Various alloys of titanium and nickel have in the past been disclosed as being capable of having the property of heat recoverability imparted thereto. Examples of such alloys may be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,174,851 and 3,351,463. The alloys disclosed in these patents are binary alloys but ternary alloys have also been suggested. For example, see the article by Goldstein, Buehler and Wiley entitled Effects of alloying upon certain properties of 55.1 Nitinol (Published Aug. 1965 by U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland as NOLTR 64-235). None of the alloys disclosed in these patents and publications, however, are satisfactory for use in couplings or other devices for use on aircraft because they do not have the required combination of attributes discussed above, and are particularly deficient with respect to their transition temperatures which in all cases are above the temperature generally considered the maximum for safety minus 65F, and in most cases are substantially above this temperature. In those few cases where the alloys have a transition temperature fairly close to that desired, they had a relatively low yield strength and thus require the use of a substantial volume of metal with the result that the parts are heavier than desired.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention a heat recoverable metal alloy has been provided which has a transition temperature below any temperatures expected during aircraft operations. In addition, the alloy can be worked within the bounds of reasonable manufacturing processes, is not brittle, is not susceptible to embrittlement, and has a high strength to weight ratio. The alloy is thus acceptable for use in aircraft and is particularly useful in constructing hydraulic couplings for such use. It has been found that in order that the alloy have the necessary properties it must contain very close to 50 atomic percent titanium with a small percentage of iron substituted for nickel. Specifically, the alloy must contain from 49.1 to 50.2 atomic percent of titanium and 2.1 to 4.7 atomic percent of iron, the remainder being nickel. The most desirable alloy is obtained when the iron content is between 3.2 and 3.6 atomic percent. The latter alloy will have the maximum strength to weight ratio consistent with the required transition temperature and will still allow practical treatment to permit the impartation of heat recovery to the alloy. From a practical standpoint, the alloy must have a transition temperature which is above that of liquid nitrogen. If it is lower, it becomes commercially impractical if not impossible to maintain the alloy in its martensitic state during deformation and installation of the part fabricated from it.
Alloys may be prepared in accordance with the present invention as follows:
EXAMPLE 1 Equal width and length strips were cut from sheet stock of nickel (lntemational Nickel 270) titanium (Titanium Metals Corporation 35A) and iron (99.9 percent pure). The strips were cleaned to remove any dirt or grease, weighed and assembled in bundles such that the elements were in the ratio of 50 atomic percent titanium, 3 atomic percent iron and 47 atomic percent nickel at each cross section through the longitudinal axis of the bundle. The bundle was then hung in the chamber of a Lepel HCP-Ffloating zone unit. The chamber was evacuated, then filled with high purity argon to a pressure of 1 atmosphere; this procedure was repeated twice; after the third filling a pressure of 3 p.s.i. gauge was established and maintained during the melting to minimize air influx.
The lower end of the sample was heated by a single turn induction coil attached ,to the secondary winding of a 12:1 load matching step down transformer, the primary being powered by a Lepelhigh frequency induction heating unit (Model T10-3-DF-E-H) operating in the Kilo Hertz range. Rapid rnelting resulted from the combination of induction heating and the heat of formation of the intermetallic compound TiNi 0.94 Fe 006. The falling droplets of alloy were collected in a cold copper mold, the bundle being fed into the induction coil until it had all been melted and collected in the mold. After cooling, the copper mold and dripcast ingot were removed from the chamber, and the mold was stripped.
The dripped ingot, which .was a semi-compact cylinder, was returned to the chamber and an argon atmosphere established as before. A molten zone was passed along the ingot from bottom to top at a rate of about 0.5 cm/minute using the floating zone technique to avoid possible contamination by a crucible. The product was a homogeneous, void-free bar of alloy about 2 cm. diameter, 12 cm. long.
3 l 4 The composition of the alloy of this invention can be from their components by other methods suitable for described by reference toan area on the titanium dealing with high-titanium alloys. The details of these nickel and iron phase diagram. The general area of the methods, and the precautions necessary to exclude oxalloy on the phase diagram is shown by the circled por: ygen and nitrogen either by working in an inert atmotion of Diagram 1 below. This area of the phase dia- 5 sphere or in a vacuum, are well known to those skilled gram is enlarged and shown in Diagram 2. The compoin the art and are not repeated here. sitions at the corners of the quadrilateral are shown in it appears however that alloys obtained by the meth- Table 1 below. ods and using the materials described will contain small quantities of other elements, including oxygen and ni- ATOMIC PERCENT l trogen in total amounts from about 0.05 to 0.2 percent. Titanium Nickel Iron The effect of these materials is generally to reduce the Q 23-} 2;; martensitic transformation temperature of the alloys. C In a Temescal 900 kW electron-beam furnace, bun- D v dies of bars, as described in Example 1, containing Ti- TABLE I I tanium (49.6 atomic percent), Nickel (47.2 atomic percent) and Iron (3.2 atomic percent) were melted. "M""WM-man" MM"MWMM On analysis, the resulting ingot was found to contain the same relative proportions.
The properties of the resulting alloy are as follows:
Ms 88C to l l8C Yield point at room temperature 66,000 psi to 79,000 psi Elongation 20% Hardness Rockwell A 60 to 64 Samples of the composition were hot-workable, could be machined, and displayed no propensity for Diagram l embrittlement.
The alloy was also capable of at least 5 percent recovery. For example, a hydraulic coupling made of the alloy was provided with a heat unstable diameter of 8% greater than the heat stable diameter.
What is claimed is: 1. An alloy consisting essentially of 49.l to 50.2 atomic percent titanium, 3.2 to 3.6 atomic percent of iron and the remainder nickel, the martensitic transformation temperature of said alloy being such as to permit impartation of heat recoverability to an object formed thereof at a temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. 40 2. A titanium, nickel and iron Ialloy within an area defined on a titanium, nickel and iron ternary phase diagram by a quadrilateral with its first corner at 49.1 atomic percent titanium, 47.3 atomic percent nickel and 3.6 atomic percent iron; its second comer at 49.l atomic percent titanium, 48.8 atomic percent nickel and 2.l atomic percent iron; its third corner at 50.2 atomic percent titanium, 46.8 atomic percent nickel and 3.0 atomic percent iron; and its fourth corner at 50.2 atomic percent titanium, 45.1 atomic percent m nickel and 4.7 atomic percent iron, the martensitic ram 2 transformation temperature of said alloy being such as to permit impartation of heat recoverability to an ob- I EXAMPLE 2 ject formed thereof at a temperature above the boiling In addition to the method described in Example 1, point of liquid nitrogen. alloys according to the invention may be manufactured

Claims (1)

  1. 2. A titanium, nickel and iron alloy within an area defined on a titanium, nickel and iron ternary phase diagram by a quadrilateral with its first corner at 49.1 atomic percent titanium, 47.3 atomic percent nickel and 3.6 atomic percent iron; its second corner at 49.1 atomic percent titanium, 48.8 atomic percent nickel and 2.1 atomic percent iron; its third corner at 50.2 atomic percent titanium, 46.8 atomic percent nickel and 3.0 atomic percent iron; and its fourth corner at 50.2 atomic percent titanium, 45.1 atomic percent nickel and 4.7 atomic percent iron, the martensitic transformation temperature of said alloy being such as to permit impartation of heat recoverability to an object formed thereof at a temperature above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.
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BE769468A (en) 1972-01-03
CA935303A (en) 1973-10-16
IL37099A (en) 1974-07-31
FR2123244A1 (en) 1972-09-08
IL37099A0 (en) 1971-08-25
GB1338278A (en) 1973-11-21
FR2123244B1 (en) 1973-11-16

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