US3640889A - Fluorescent skin-marking composition - Google Patents
Fluorescent skin-marking composition Download PDFInfo
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- US3640889A US3640889A US819989A US3640889DA US3640889A US 3640889 A US3640889 A US 3640889A US 819989 A US819989 A US 819989A US 3640889D A US3640889D A US 3640889DA US 3640889 A US3640889 A US 3640889A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/16—Nitrogen-containing compounds
- C08K5/17—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
- C08K5/18—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds with aromatically bound amino groups
Definitions
- the mark left by the composition is invisible in visible light but fluoresces under ultraviolet light.
- the composition consists essentially of polyvinyl acetate, a water-immiscible fluorescent brightening agent of the aminocoumarin type, organic solvent, and, optionally, water.
- This invention is directed to marking compositions and an improved method of marking the skin of animals or humans, for instance to indicate target areas on the skin of patients to be subjected to radiation therapy. More particularly, it is directed to such a marking composition which, when applied to such skin, leaves a mark which is unnoticeable in ordinary, or visible, light but which fluoresces under ultraviolet light.
- a method of the present invention involves the application of the composition to the skin of the patient being prepared for radiation therapy to provide a normally invisible marking which, however, becomes quite visible under ultraviolet light, both long and short wave.
- the applied composition advantageously glows continuously under ultraviolet light without requiring visible light to activate the pigment.
- the normally invisible marking can be illuminated with ultraviolet light to guide the radiation therapist in his treatment, but in the intervals between treatments the marking will remain virtually, if not in fact, invisible, being invisible under daylight, incandescent and fluorescent lightmg.
- the marking composition used in the method of the present invention has also been found to be effective without causing matting of the epidermal hair. It is essentially colorless and odorless.
- the composition is nonirritating, non-toxic and, when applied to the skin, leaves a tenacious film which conforms to surface irregularities.
- the mark left by the composition exhibits excellent resistance to scrubbing and repeated washings, such that one application will last at least several days, perhaps even weeks. If the mark becomes unsatisfactorily weak,
- the composition of the present invention consists essentially of a normally liquid solution of polyvinyl acetate, a water-immiscible fluorescent brightening agent of the aminocoumarin type, water-miscible organic solvent, and, optionally, water.
- the polyvinyl acetate component of the composition of the present invention has a molecular weight generally from about 30,000 to 60,000, preferably about 42,000 to 48,000. It is generally employed in amounts of about 4% to 12%, preferably about 7% to 9%, based on the weight of the total composition.
- the fluorescent brightening agent employed is a compound of the general formula:
- each of R R and R is either hydrogen or alkyl of up to 3 carbon atoms.
- each of R R and R has up to 2 carbon atoms, for example being either methyl or ethyl.
- Most preferred of the compounds is 7- diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin, i.e. the compound represented by the above formula when 'R and R are both ethyl and R is methyl.
- the amount of fluorescent brightening agent to be included in the composition is generally about 4% to 12%, preferably about 7% to 9%, based on the weight of the total composition. Mixtures of suitable brightening agents can be employed if desired.
- the brightening agent can be in admixture with salts, such as sodium sulfate, which may be conventionally admixed therewith, for example to enhance certain solubility characteristics of the brightening agent.
- salts such as sodium sulfate
- the preferred brightener for use in the composition of the present invention 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin, is supplied commercially both in pure form and diluted with a minor amount of sodium sulfate to enhance its solubility characteristics. Either form can be used in practicing the present invention.
- the marking composition of the present invention advantageously includes an organic solvent in amounts sufficient to dissolve essentially all of the polyvinyl acetate and the brightening agent. These amounts will generally range from about 3 to 7 parts, preferably about 4 to 5 parts, per combined part by weight of the polyvinyl acetate and brightening agent.
- the solvent can comprise either just one or a mixture of two or more organic compounds.
- the polyvinyl acetate may be obtained from commercial sources in solution form in a suitable organic compound, e.g. in methanol, and the brightening agent obtained as a concentrated solution as well, but in a different, albeit suitable, medium. In such an instance these ingredients can be used in their predissolved forms in formulating the marking composition of the present invention. Any further solvent which may be desired-perhaps even a third compoundcan be added separately.
- Suitable organic solvents are those which are miscible with water and are non-irritating to human skin of normal sensitivity.
- monohydric alkanols both straight and branched-chain
- methanol e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol.
- Compounds such as ketone (e.g. acetone) and esters (e.g. ethylacetate) are generally irritating to human skin and, for this reason, should not be included in the organic solvent component.
- a preferred organic solvent is a mixture of about 50 to 70 weight percent of isopropanol and about 30 to 50 weight percent of methanol.
- Water may be included in the composition of this invention, generally in amounts up to about 25 weight percent of the organic solvent.
- the water can serve as a cost-reducing extender for the composition, as well as a thinner.
- the marking composition have a viscosity at room temperature of about 15 to 18 seconds, optimally about 15 seconds, as measured with a Number 2 Zahn cup.
- Sufficient water to achieve a viscosity within this range is advantageously employed. Accordingly, the water will often be included in amounts of about 12 to 25, most preferably about 15 to 18, percent, based on the weight of the organic solvent.
- the marking composition can be prepared by combining and mixing the several ingredients in any number which yields a normally liquidi.e., liquid under ambient conditions-solution.
- formulating can be carried out at room temperature by first dissolving the fiuorescent brightening agent in a portion of the organic solvent, then adding the water, if employed, and finally adding the polyvinyl acetate as a solution in the remainder of the organic solvent.
- EXAMPLE II A marking composition identical to that of Example 1, except containing double the concentration of Caloofluor White R was prepared and tested as in Example 1. Equivalent results were obtained except that the marks applied with this composition were more durable than those applied with the composition of Example I. After two weeks of exposure to normal washing, abrasion, etc., the marks of this example still retained about 60% of their original visible strength under the ultraviolet light. After four weeks the marks were Weak. When using the composition of this example, renewal of the mark need only be made about once every two weeks to assure excellent results.
- compositions of the present invention were surprising, particularly since the following compositions, Compositions A, B, C and D, were found unsuitable.
- Composition A bad the following formulation. Instead of containing a brightening agent of the present invention, this composition was made with Calcofluor ST, a brightener having a Colour Index number of 28. The composition was easily washed off the skin and, therefore, was unsuitable.
- composition B likewise proved unsuccessful.
- the ingredients would not remain in suspension, the washability was poor, and the composition matted the epidermal hair and left a mark which was quite visible in daylight.
- An ultraviolet light-sensitive skin marking composition consisting essentially of a normally-liquid solution of:
- each of R R and R is either hydrogen or alkyl of up to 3 carbon atoms
- composition of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent (component is selected from the group consisting of monohydric alkanols of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and each of R R and R is either methyl or ethyl.
- component (a) is present in amounts of about 7 to 9 percent; component (b) is present in amounts of about 7 to 9 percent; component (0) is present in amounts of about 4 to 5 parts per combined part by weight of said components (a) and (c); and component (d) is present in amounts of about 12 to 25 weight percent of said component (c).
- the fluorescent brightening agent (component (b)) is 7-diethylamino-4- methylcoumarin.
- An ultraviolet light-sensitive skin marking composition consisting essentially of a normally-liquid solution of:
- composition of claim 9 wherein the organic solvent (component (c)) consists essentially of about to weight percent of isopropanol and about 30 to 50 weight percent of methanol.
Abstract
A NORMALLY LIQUID, ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-SENSITIVE SKIN MARKING COMPOSITION IS DISCLOSED AS BEING USEFUL FOR MARKING THE SKIN OF ANIMALS OR HUMANS, FOR INSTANCE TO INDICATE AREAS ON A PATIENT''S SKIN WHICH ARE TO BE SUBJECTED TO RADIATION THERAPY, FOR EXAMPLE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER. THE MARK LEFT BY THE COMPOSITION IS INVISIBLE IN VISIBLE LIGHT BUT FLUORESCES UNDER ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. THE COMPOSITION CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF POLYVINYL ACETATE, A WATER-IMMISCIBLE FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENING AGENT OF THE AMINOCOUMARIN TYPE, ORGANIC SOLVENT, AND, OPTIONALLY, WATER.
Description
United States Patent Office 3,640,889 Patented Feb. 8, 1972 3,640,889 FLUORESCENT SKIN-MARKING COMPOSITION Dair J. Stewart, Madison, Wis., assignor to Mautz Paint & Varnish Company, Madison, Wis. No Drawing. Filed Apr. 28, 1969, Ser. No. 819,989 Int. Cl. C09d 5/22; F21k 2/00 US. Cl. 252301.2 R Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A normally liquid, ultraviolet light-sensitive skin marking composition is disclosed as being useful for marking the skin of animals or humans, for instance to indicate areas on a patients skin which are to be subjected to radiation therapy, for example for the treatment of cancer. The mark left by the composition is invisible in visible light but fluoresces under ultraviolet light. The composition consists essentially of polyvinyl acetate, a water-immiscible fluorescent brightening agent of the aminocoumarin type, organic solvent, and, optionally, water.
This invention is directed to marking compositions and an improved method of marking the skin of animals or humans, for instance to indicate target areas on the skin of patients to be subjected to radiation therapy. More particularly, it is directed to such a marking composition which, when applied to such skin, leaves a mark which is unnoticeable in ordinary, or visible, light but which fluoresces under ultraviolet light.
One field of use for the compositions of this invention is the treatment of cancer in humans by radiation therapy. it is the usual procedure to prepare the patient by visibly marking his skin to outline the diseased area to be irradiated. The marking material currently in use for this purpose is a bright purple dye which is visible in ordinary light. The mark left by the dye is resistant to removal by soap and water, this being a desired property since the treatment usually involves periodic irradiations over a period of about 6 to 8 weeks. While adequate for its intended purpose, the use of such a dye has a decided disadvantagenamely, the patient is adversely affected psychologically by the unsightly appearance of the mark and the fact that it must remain for such a long period of time. The problem is aggravated in cases where the mark is on a normally exposed area of the body such as the hands, face, neck, or throat.
A method of the present invention involves the application of the composition to the skin of the patient being prepared for radiation therapy to provide a normally invisible marking which, however, becomes quite visible under ultraviolet light, both long and short wave. The applied composition advantageously glows continuously under ultraviolet light without requiring visible light to activate the pigment. Thus, at the time for therapy the normally invisible marking can be illuminated with ultraviolet light to guide the radiation therapist in his treatment, but in the intervals between treatments the marking will remain virtually, if not in fact, invisible, being invisible under daylight, incandescent and fluorescent lightmg.
The marking composition used in the method of the present invention has also been found to be effective without causing matting of the epidermal hair. It is essentially colorless and odorless. The composition is nonirritating, non-toxic and, when applied to the skin, leaves a tenacious film which conforms to surface irregularities. The mark left by the composition exhibits excellent resistance to scrubbing and repeated washings, such that one application will last at least several days, perhaps even weeks. If the mark becomes unsatisfactorily weak,
it can be traced over with a fresh application of the marking composition. Usually this will present no problem since radiation treatments are most often spaced about one week apart. Applying a fresh coating over the mark can be done, say, every other week. This tracing effort can be done by a nurse or technician and is far less time consuming than having to every so often relocate the area to be treated, a task which generally can be performed only by the physician.
The composition of the present invention consists essentially of a normally liquid solution of polyvinyl acetate, a water-immiscible fluorescent brightening agent of the aminocoumarin type, water-miscible organic solvent, and, optionally, water. The polyvinyl acetate component of the composition of the present invention has a molecular weight generally from about 30,000 to 60,000, preferably about 42,000 to 48,000. It is generally employed in amounts of about 4% to 12%, preferably about 7% to 9%, based on the weight of the total composition. The fluorescent brightening agent employed is a compound of the general formula:
wherein each of R R and R is either hydrogen or alkyl of up to 3 carbon atoms. Preferably, each of R R and R has up to 2 carbon atoms, for example being either methyl or ethyl. Most preferred of the compounds is 7- diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin, i.e. the compound represented by the above formula when 'R and R are both ethyl and R is methyl. The amount of fluorescent brightening agent to be included in the composition is generally about 4% to 12%, preferably about 7% to 9%, based on the weight of the total composition. Mixtures of suitable brightening agents can be employed if desired. Also, the brightening agent can be in admixture with salts, such as sodium sulfate, which may be conventionally admixed therewith, for example to enhance certain solubility characteristics of the brightening agent. Thus, for instance, the preferred brightener for use in the composition of the present invention, 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin, is supplied commercially both in pure form and diluted with a minor amount of sodium sulfate to enhance its solubility characteristics. Either form can be used in practicing the present invention.
The marking composition of the present invention advantageously includes an organic solvent in amounts sufficient to dissolve essentially all of the polyvinyl acetate and the brightening agent. These amounts will generally range from about 3 to 7 parts, preferably about 4 to 5 parts, per combined part by weight of the polyvinyl acetate and brightening agent. The solvent can comprise either just one or a mixture of two or more organic compounds. Often, for example, the polyvinyl acetate may be obtained from commercial sources in solution form in a suitable organic compound, e.g. in methanol, and the brightening agent obtained as a concentrated solution as well, but in a different, albeit suitable, medium. In such an instance these ingredients can be used in their predissolved forms in formulating the marking composition of the present invention. Any further solvent which may be desired-perhaps even a third compoundcan be added separately. The totality of the solubilizing organic compounds present in the composition, whatever their source, is, then, what is referred to herein as the organic solvent.
Suitable organic solvents, then, are those which are miscible with water and are non-irritating to human skin of normal sensitivity. As examples of such may be mentioned, for instance, monohydric alkanols (both straight and branched-chain) of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g., methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol. Compounds such as ketone (e.g. acetone) and esters (e.g. ethylacetate) are generally irritating to human skin and, for this reason, should not be included in the organic solvent component. A preferred organic solvent is a mixture of about 50 to 70 weight percent of isopropanol and about 30 to 50 weight percent of methanol.
Water may be included in the composition of this invention, generally in amounts up to about 25 weight percent of the organic solvent. The water can serve as a cost-reducing extender for the composition, as well as a thinner. Thus, it is usually preferred that the marking composition have a viscosity at room temperature of about 15 to 18 seconds, optimally about 15 seconds, as measured with a Number 2 Zahn cup. Sufficient water to achieve a viscosity within this range is advantageously employed. Accordingly, the water will often be included in amounts of about 12 to 25, most preferably about 15 to 18, percent, based on the weight of the organic solvent.
The marking composition can be prepared by combining and mixing the several ingredients in any number which yields a normally liquidi.e., liquid under ambient conditions-solution. Thus, for example, formulating can be carried out at room temperature by first dissolving the fiuorescent brightening agent in a portion of the organic solvent, then adding the water, if employed, and finally adding the polyvinyl acetate as a solution in the remainder of the organic solvent.
The following examples will serve to illustrate, but not limit, the compositions and method of the present invention.
EXAMPLE -I Twenty-nine (29) pounds of Calcofiuor White RW (a mixture of 90 weight percent 7-diethylamino-4-methylcouman'n and 10 weight percent sodium sulfate) was dissolved in 480 pounds of isopropanol at room temperature. To the resulting solution was added, with agitation, 108 pounds of water and 112 pounds of a 50 weight percent solution of polyvinyl acetate in methanol, the polyvinyl acetate having an average molecular weight of about 45,000. The resulting solution exhibited a room temperature viscosity in the range of about to 18 seconds as measured with a number 2 Zahn cup. Samples of the solution were applied with cotton swabs to human arms, After evaporation of the volatiles, no visible residue was left. Illumination of the test area under ultraviolet light, however, rendered the residue visible as a fluorescent glow. The test subjects then washed their arms 20 times with soap and water, after which the coating appeared just as brilliant under ultraviolet light.
EXAMPLE II A marking composition identical to that of Example 1, except containing double the concentration of Caloofluor White R was prepared and tested as in Example 1. Equivalent results were obtained except that the marks applied with this composition were more durable than those applied with the composition of Example I. After two weeks of exposure to normal washing, abrasion, etc., the marks of this example still retained about 60% of their original visible strength under the ultraviolet light. After four weeks the marks were Weak. When using the composition of this example, renewal of the mark need only be made about once every two weeks to assure excellent results.
The results obtained by using the compositions of the present invention were surprising, particularly since the following compositions, Compositions A, B, C and D, were found unsuitable.
Composition A bad the following formulation. Instead of containing a brightening agent of the present invention, this composition was made with Calcofluor ST, a brightener having a Colour Index number of 28. The composition was easily washed off the skin and, therefore, was unsuitable.
Ingredients: Parts by weight Isopropanol 66 Calcofluor ST 4 Water 15 Polyvinyl acetate 1.5 Methanol 7.5
The following Composition B likewise proved unsuccessful. The ingredients would not remain in suspension, the washability was poor, and the composition matted the epidermal hair and left a mark which was quite visible in daylight.
Ingredients: Parts by weight Calcofluor ST 4 Propylene glycol 3 Water 63 Poly (2-ethylhexyl methacrylate) 30 The following Composition C was tested and found to have the same deficiencies as that of Composition B.
Ingredients: Parts by weight Calcofiuor ST 4 Propylene glycol 3 Water 63 Copolymer of vinyl acetate and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, 70: 30 molar ratio, respectively 30 The following Composition D was also found to be unsuitable. It emitted a very strong and unpleasant odor and left a mark which was visible in daylight.
It is claimed: 1. An ultraviolet light-sensitive skin marking composition consisting essentially of a normally-liquid solution of:
(a) about 4 to .12 percent (based on the weight of the total composition) of polyvinyl acetate having a molecular weight of about 30,000 to 60,000,
(b) about 4 to 12 percent (based on the weight of the total composition) of a water-immiscible fluorescent brightening agent of the formula:
33 i T2 CH 1 1 u R G/C 0 wherein each of R R and R is either hydrogen or alkyl of up to 3 carbon atoms,
(c) water-miscible organic solvent which is nonirritating to human skin of normal sensitivity, said solvent being present in an amount which is sufficient to dissolve essentially all of said components (a) and (b) and which is within the range of about 3 to 7 parts per combined part by weight of said components (a) and (b), and
((1) water in an amount up to about 25 weight percent of said organic solvent.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the organic solvent (component is selected from the group consisting of monohydric alkanols of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and each of R R and R is either methyl or ethyl.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the polyvinyl acetate (component (a)) has a molecular weight of about 42,000 to 48,000.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein component (a) is present in amounts of about 7 to 9 percent; component (b) is present in amounts of about 7 to 9 percent; component (0) is present in amounts of about 4 to 5 parts per combined part by weight of said components (a) and (c); and component (d) is present in amounts of about 12 to 25 weight percent of said component (c). 5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the fluorescent brightening agent (component (b)) is 7-diethylamino-4- methylcoumarin.
6. The composition of claim 2 wherein the fluorescent brightening agent (component (b)) is 7-diethylamino-4- methylcoumarin.
7. The composition of claim 3 wherein the fluorescent brightening agent (component (b)) is 7-diethylamino-4- methylcoumarin.
8. The composition of claim 4 wherein the fluorescent brightening agent (component (b)) is 7-diethylamino-4- methylcoumarin.
9. An ultraviolet light-sensitive skin marking composition consisting essentially of a normally-liquid solution of:
(a) about 7 to 9 percent (based on the weight of the total composition) of polyvinyl acetate having a molecular weight of about 42,000 to 48,000,
(b) about 7 to 9 percent (based on the weight of the total composition) of 7 diethylamino 4-methylcoumarin,
(c) an amount within the range of about 4 to 5 parts per combined part by Weight of said components (a) and (b), said amount being suificient to dissolve essentially all of said components (a) and (b), of organic solvent selected from the group consisting of monohydric alkanols of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and mixtures thereof, and
(d) an amount within the range of about 12 to 25 percent, based on the weight of said component (0), said amount being sufiicient to impart a room temperature viscosity to the composition of about 15 to 18 seconds, as measured with a Number 2 Zahn cup, of water.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the organic solvent (component (c)) consists essentially of about to weight percent of isopropanol and about 30 to 50 weight percent of methanol.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,333,329 11/ 1943 Miglarese 117-1 2,347,644 5/1944 Sell 2507l 2,929,931 3/1960 Richter et a1. 25071 2,553,552 5/1951 Corper 4249 3,309,274 3/ 1967 Brilliant 4247 OTHER REFERENCES Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, N.Y., vol. 14 (1955), p. 6923.
TOBIAS E. LEVOW, Primary Examiner A. P. DEMERS, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. XR. 10619, 21, 22; 4247, 63
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US81998969A | 1969-04-28 | 1969-04-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3640889A true US3640889A (en) | 1972-02-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US819989A Expired - Lifetime US3640889A (en) | 1969-04-28 | 1969-04-28 | Fluorescent skin-marking composition |
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| Country | Link |
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Cited By (20)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4572831A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1986-02-25 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
| US4610806A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1986-09-09 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
| US5084097A (en) * | 1990-01-18 | 1992-01-28 | Mccreary A James | Aerosol spray for self protection and identification of assailants |
| US5256192A (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1993-10-26 | Dataproducts Corporation | Solvent based fluorescent ink compositions for ink jet printing |
| US5498280A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1996-03-12 | Binney & Smith Inc. | Phosphorescent and fluorescent marking composition |
| US5605650A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1997-02-25 | Probe Fx Patents Limited | Security of articles, goods, vehicles or premises |
| US5900067A (en) * | 1995-05-16 | 1999-05-04 | Jones; C. Kerry | Handwashing technique analysis |
| US6013122A (en) * | 1998-08-18 | 2000-01-11 | Option Technologies, Inc. | Tattoo inks |
| US6170320B1 (en) * | 1997-01-24 | 2001-01-09 | Mainstream Engineering Corporation | Method of introducing an additive into a fluid system, especially useful for leak detection, as well as an apparatus for leak detection and a composition useful for leak detection |
| JP2001505192A (en) * | 1996-11-04 | 2001-04-17 | エール・リキード・サンテ（アンテルナスィオナル） | Composition for disinfecting skin and mucous membranes |
| US6327897B1 (en) | 1997-01-24 | 2001-12-11 | Mainstream Engineering Corporation | Method of introducing an in situant into a vapor compression system, especially useful for leak detection, as well as an apparatus for leak detection and a composition useful for leak detection |
| US20030017260A1 (en) * | 2001-07-20 | 2003-01-23 | Pendergrass Paula B. | Fluorescent composition and method for marking non-porous objects |
| US6524390B1 (en) | 1995-05-16 | 2003-02-25 | C. Kerry Jones | Handwashing technique analysis |
| US20030159615A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2003-08-28 | Freedom-2, Inc. | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US20030197122A1 (en) * | 2002-04-22 | 2003-10-23 | Faiola Norman A. | System and method for tracking germ contamination |
| US20090042757A1 (en) * | 2005-03-30 | 2009-02-12 | Carling Philip C | Monitoring Cleaning of Surfaces |
| US20090214625A1 (en) * | 2005-07-15 | 2009-08-27 | Mizuo Nakayama | Drug delivery patch |
| US20150355151A1 (en) * | 2014-05-22 | 2015-12-10 | Smartwater Ltd | Security marker systems and methods with tracking scent |
| WO2018156363A1 (en) | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-30 | Entrotech Life Sciences, Inc. | Composition applicator with integrated light source |
| US11376407B2 (en) | 2019-07-25 | 2022-07-05 | Blackdot, Inc. | Robotic tattooing systems and related technologies |
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1969
- 1969-04-28 US US819989A patent/US3640889A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4610806A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1986-09-09 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
| US4572831A (en) * | 1982-10-19 | 1986-02-25 | Rosen Gerald M | Skin-marking compositions and devices, and their use |
| US5084097A (en) * | 1990-01-18 | 1992-01-28 | Mccreary A James | Aerosol spray for self protection and identification of assailants |
| US5605650A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1997-02-25 | Probe Fx Patents Limited | Security of articles, goods, vehicles or premises |
| US5256192A (en) * | 1992-05-15 | 1993-10-26 | Dataproducts Corporation | Solvent based fluorescent ink compositions for ink jet printing |
| US5498280A (en) * | 1994-11-14 | 1996-03-12 | Binney & Smith Inc. | Phosphorescent and fluorescent marking composition |
| US5900067A (en) * | 1995-05-16 | 1999-05-04 | Jones; C. Kerry | Handwashing technique analysis |
| US6524390B1 (en) | 1995-05-16 | 2003-02-25 | C. Kerry Jones | Handwashing technique analysis |
| JP2001505192A (en) * | 1996-11-04 | 2001-04-17 | エール・リキード・サンテ（アンテルナスィオナル） | Composition for disinfecting skin and mucous membranes |
| US6327897B1 (en) | 1997-01-24 | 2001-12-11 | Mainstream Engineering Corporation | Method of introducing an in situant into a vapor compression system, especially useful for leak detection, as well as an apparatus for leak detection and a composition useful for leak detection |
| US6170320B1 (en) * | 1997-01-24 | 2001-01-09 | Mainstream Engineering Corporation | Method of introducing an additive into a fluid system, especially useful for leak detection, as well as an apparatus for leak detection and a composition useful for leak detection |
| US6013122A (en) * | 1998-08-18 | 2000-01-11 | Option Technologies, Inc. | Tattoo inks |
| US20070107625A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2007-05-17 | Anderson Richard R | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US7435524B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2008-10-14 | The General Hosptial Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US20030159615A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2003-08-28 | Freedom-2, Inc. | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US20030167964A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2003-09-11 | Freedom-2, Inc. | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US7285364B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2007-10-23 | The General Hospital Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US6800122B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2004-10-05 | Freedom-2, Llc | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US6814760B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2004-11-09 | The General Hospital Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US6881249B2 (en) | 1998-11-20 | 2005-04-19 | The General Hospital Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
| US20050178287A1 (en) * | 1998-11-20 | 2005-08-18 | The General Hospital Corporation | Permanent, removable tissue markings |
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