US3621203A - Electric resistance heating cable - Google Patents

Electric resistance heating cable Download PDF

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US3621203A
US3621203A US52801A US3621203DA US3621203A US 3621203 A US3621203 A US 3621203A US 52801 A US52801 A US 52801A US 3621203D A US3621203D A US 3621203DA US 3621203 A US3621203 A US 3621203A
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layers
cable
heating
core
wound
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US52801A
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Louis Joseph Henri Geominy
Hubertus Johannes Jose Gommans
Leonardus Frans Helene Mans
Silvester Marie Ruytenbeek
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US Philips Corp
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/54—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes flexible
    • H05B3/56—Heating cables

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A resistance heating cable having relatively high and low temperature sectors during operation.
  • the cable has a [54] E E EI F Q HEATING CABLE flexible core, a resistance wire wound thereon and an outer a raw covering.
  • the resistance wire is wound with a number of [52] U.S.Cl 219/528, layers in the low temperature sectors one across the other, l74/68,2l9/544,2l9/549,338/l39,338/2l4 which layers establish mutual electrical contact with each [51] Int. Cl. l-l05b 3/34, other.
  • the high temperature sectors have at least two layers of H05b 3/54 windings.
  • The-invention relates to an electric resistance heating cable comprising a flexible core of electricallyinsulating material, a
  • heating wire wound helically around this core and extending have the low temperature during use is wound at a greater pitch than in the sectors which have a higher temperature during use;
  • heating cable disclosed in this patent sectors whose temperature doesnot increase or only increase to a relatively low value during use are obtained by sho rt-circuiting a number of windings of the heating wire at different distancesalon'g the cable by means of a conducting strip.
  • the strip is provided between the core and the windings of the heating wire.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a construction for an electric resistance heating cable which avoids the drawbacks of the known constructions.
  • an electric resistance .heating cable which satisfies the above is'characterizcd in that an odd number of helically wound layers of heating wire are provided in the sectors of the cable which produce a relatively low temperature during use. These are in electrical contact with one another and alternate layers are wound in the same direction as that in which the heating wire is wound in the sectors having a higher temperature during use and are wound in the opposite direction, is located one across the other on the core.
  • the number of layers provided one across the other exceed -.the numbersof layers in the high temperature sectors by at least two.
  • a heating wire is understood to mean a wire of arbitrary shape and optionally a composite structure.
  • sectors which extend in the longitudinal direction of the cable may be obtained in a simple manner without using other materials than that for the heating wire itself, which sectors have mutually different resistances per unit length and consequently a mutually dif ferent 'heat developmentduring use.
  • three layers of heating wires are arranged one across the other in' the low temperature sectors of the cable, while the heating wire is wound in a single layer in the higher temperature sectors.
  • such a cablecornprisc s a plurality of sectors having a comparatively high resistance and a plurality of sectors having a comparativelylow resistance.
  • The'latter sectors are produced by winding the heating wire in such a manner that a plurality of partial resistors is produced each of which convey onlya part of the current which is passed through the heating wire in the other sectors.
  • the plurality of partial resistors present in a given sector determines the temperature which is reached during use in said sector, as a function of the load.
  • the heatingwire maybe-wound at the same or a different pitch in the different sectors and in the layers located one on top of the other.
  • the first two layers located on the core are wound at a greater pitch than is the third layer.
  • a greater temperature difl'erence is produced between the different sectors than in a construction in which i the first two layers. located on the core are wound at a pitch which-isequal to that of the third layer.
  • Winding of the third layer at asmall pitch produces a satisfactorily electrical contact betweenthe different layers and facilitates the application of contactswhich are reliable in operation.
  • the desired temperature difference may of course alternatively be obtained by winding a number of layers, greater than three, one across the other at the same small pitch.
  • the-preferred embodiment provides a considerable economy in material as comasbestos pared with such a construction.
  • the core of the cable may consist of any electrically insulat-- -ing organic or inorganic material which is resistant to the temperatures prevailing during use of the cable.
  • the core may have a single or composite structureand may comprise, for example, polyvinylchloride, silicon rubber, nylon, glass fiber, fiber, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyfluoroethylene propylene.
  • a central conductor may be provided within the core. This conductor extends throughout the length of the coreand may be used for connector purposes when it is difi'icult to hoop the cable or-to establish contact in a different manner.
  • the heating-wire may in principle comprise any electrically conducting material.
  • a material having a high positive temperature coefficient of 'the specific resistance is preferably: used (0.002 or more perC.) for example, nickel, copper.
  • the temperature difference in a given construction is increased and in case'of a prescribed temperature difference less material may suffice than when using materialshaving a low temperature coefficient.
  • the outer covering may consist of organic or inorganic materials, which .are'. known for this purpose. In principle the same materials may be used as those which are suitable for the core.
  • Thecable may be produced by passing the core, which will generally. have a circular cross section. continuously in one direction through a winding'device and to cause this device to perform a forward and backward movement along the core when single'layers are to be wound one on top of the other.
  • a't'rxed-winding'point is used and the core is moved forward and backward when single layers are to be wound one on top of the other.
  • the core wound with the resistance wire is'subsequently provided with an'outer'co'vering', for example, by winding and/or pleating it with glass or asbestos fibers or rayon or-cotton, or by passing it through anextrusion device by which the cable is provided with a synthetic resin covering.
  • the outer covering may optionally consist of a plurality of apertures bodies of ceramic material.
  • a marki 'g device may be coupled to a device suitable for this purpose.
  • Cables according to the invention may be used in apparatus in which heat must be generated locally while the intermediate parts of the apparatus and the connecting points must not increase or increase only to a slight extent in temperature.
  • Cables according to the invention may be used, for example, in heaters for hair curlers in principle consisting of a plurality of hollow cylinders or fingers" to be heated which project from a bottom plate onto which the hair curlers can be slid.
  • the sectors of the cable which reach a high temperature during use are accommodated in the fingers while the parts which remain comparatively cold are provided in the bottom plate.
  • Cables according to the invention may also be used in defrosters for refrigerators.
  • FIGS 1 and 2 show sn an sectors scale cable sections according to the invention.
  • the cable has a glass fiber core I.
  • a heating wire 2 is wound on the core.
  • the heating wire 2 is wound in a single layer, the resistance being 30 ohms per meter.
  • the sectors A reach a temperature of approximately 400 C. during use at a load of 90 watts per meter.
  • the heating wire 2 is wound in three layers.
  • the heating wire 2 is wound at a pitch which is approximately 20 times greater than the pitch in the sectors A (wire parts denoted by the reference numerals 3 and 4 in the Figure) in the same direction (in the Figure to the right-hand side) as in the previous sector A.
  • the heating wire is likewise wound at this greater pitch, but now in the opposite direction.
  • the third layer (starting from the wire part denoted by the reference numeral 7) the heating wire is again wound at the same pitch and in the same direction as in the previous sector A (in the Figure to the right-hand side).
  • the temperature in sector B is approximately 50 C. during use.
  • the length of the sectors B is equal to that of the sectors A.
  • the electrically insulating covering 8 of the cable may be a glass-fiber pleat having an overall thickness of 0.5 mm.
  • the cable of FIG. 2 has a central conductor 10 provided with a glass-fiber envelope 11 as a core.
  • a heating wire 12 is wound on this core.
  • the heating wire is wound in a single layer 12 in the visible sector A of the cable.
  • the sector B of the heating wire is wound in three layers as described with reference to FIG. 1.
  • the cable has an outer covering 13 and two end pieces 14 and 15.
  • the end piece 14 serves to connect the heating wire 12 to the central conductor 10, being for example, a copper wire of low resistance.
  • the end piece 14 comprises an outer envelope 16 of electrically insulating material and a metal bush 17 which fits around the core including heating wire 12, which metal bush includes a metal cylinder 18 fitting around the central conductor.
  • the end piece 15 acts as an electrical contact. It consists of a bush of electrically insulating material which is provided with a metal inner bush 20 supporting a contact pin 2!.
  • the end piece also supports a metal hollow pin 22 accommodating the part of the central conductor 10 protruding from the envelope.
  • the covering 19 of the end piece may therefore consist of synthetic resin.
  • the advantage of this embodiment of the heating cable is that the electrical contact of the cable may be established on one side thereof.
  • An electric resistance heating cable comprising a flexible core of electrically insulating material, a heating wire helically wound on said core and extending the length of the cable, said cable being divided into groups of a first heating sector for producing relatively low temperatures during operation and a second heating sector for producing relatively high operating temperatures, said first sector having a plurality of layers of heating wire in electrical contact with each other wound about the core therethrough, said plurality of layers being an odd number of layers, alternate layers of said plurality being helically wound in the same direction as the heating wire wound about the core through said second sector, the layers intermediate said alternate layers being wound in the opposite direction, adjacent layers being located one across the other, said plurality of layers in the first sector exceeding the layers in the second sector by at least two layers, and a covering about said cable of electrically insulating material.

Abstract

A resistance heating cable having relatively high and low temperature sectors during operation. The cable has a flexible core, a resistance wire wound thereon and an outer covering. The resistance wire is wound with a number of layers in the low temperature sectors one across the other, which layers establish mutual electrical contact with each other. The high temperature sectors have at least two layers of windings.

Description

0 United States Patent 1 1 3,621,203
[721 Invent rs L is J p H nri G omlny; 501 Field 01 Search 219 528, Hubertus Johannes Josephus Gommans; 549,542,544; 338/214, 139-143; 174/68-69 Leonardus Frans Helene Mans; Silvester Marie Ruytenbeek, all of Venlo, l Reffi'ences cited Netherlands UNITED STATES PATENTS [211 P 52,801 Re.26,522 2/1959 Fessenden 219/528 [221 Wed 1,948,354 2 1934 Lodge .1 338/139 x [451 16,1971 2,965,978 12/1958 Modrey... 174/69 [731 Philipscwlmum 3,454,747 7/1969 Hart 219/549 New York, NY. 32 p i June 2 1970 Primary Examiner--- Volodymyr Y. Mayewsky 33 Nethefl d Atrorney- Frank R. Trifari [31] 7009422 ABSTRACT: A resistance heating cable having relatively high and low temperature sectors during operation. The cable has a [54] E E EI F Q HEATING CABLE flexible core, a resistance wire wound thereon and an outer a raw covering. The resistance wire is wound with a number of [52] U.S.Cl 219/528, layers in the low temperature sectors one across the other, l74/68,2l9/544,2l9/549,338/l39,338/2l4 which layers establish mutual electrical contact with each [51] Int. Cl. l-l05b 3/34, other. The high temperature sectors have at least two layers of H05b 3/54 windings.
PATENTEnuuv 16 I9" 3.621 .203
sum 1 0r 2 AG T ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING CABLE f The-invention relates to an electric resistance heating cable comprising a flexible core of electricallyinsulating material, a
heating wire wound helically around this core and extending have the low temperature during use is wound at a greater pitch than in the sectors which have a higher temperature during use;
-- It has been found in practice thatsuch a construction .is not con civeto the manufacture of a cable havin'g sectors of very great tjemperature differences (several hundred degrees of Celsius). The temperature of the heatingwire itself exhibits a little difierences inthe different sectors. A'further=construction of suchacable-isdescribed in U.S.
Pat. No.'26,522.
In the electric resistance. heating cable disclosed in this patent sectors whose temperature doesnot increase or only increase to a relatively low value during use are obtained by sho rt-circuiting a number of windings of the heating wire at different distancesalon'g the cable by means of a conducting strip. The strip is provided between the core and the windings of the heating wire.
When such a cable is kinked or is repeatedly bent there is the risk that the e'nds of the strips will slide out from the windings of the resistance wire and be bent, thereby damaging the insulating outer covering and causing a short circuit between the cable and other metal parts which are in the vicinity of the cable during use. In addition, local variations in the resistance of the cable occur.
, ln the proposed construction it is not quite clear how sectors having a relatively lowtemperature and small dimensions are ts beobtained.
An object of the present invention is to provide a construction for an electric resistance heating cable which avoids the drawbacks of the known constructions.
According to the invention, an electric resistance .heating cable which satisfies the above is'characterizcd in that an odd number of helically wound layers of heating wire are provided in the sectors of the cable which produce a relatively low temperature during use. These are in electrical contact with one another and alternate layers are wound in the same direction as that in which the heating wire is wound in the sectors having a higher temperature during use and are wound in the opposite direction, is located one across the other on the core. The number of layers provided one across the other exceed -.the numbersof layers in the high temperature sectors by at least two.
i In this connection a heating wire is understood to mean a wire of arbitrary shape and optionally a composite structure.
By using the construction'according to the invention, sectors which extend in the longitudinal direction of the cable may be obtained in a simple manner without using other materials than that for the heating wire itself, which sectors have mutually different resistances per unit length and consequently a mutually dif ferent 'heat developmentduring use.
The occurrence of a temperature difference results exclusively from the special construction of the cable according to the invention.
In one suitable embodiment three layers of heating wires are arranged one across the other in' the low temperature sectors of the cable, while the heating wire is wound in a single layer in the higher temperature sectors.
Electrically, such a cablecornpriscs a plurality of sectors having a comparatively high resistance and a plurality of sectors having a comparativelylow resistance. The'latter sectors are produced by winding the heating wire in such a manner that a plurality of partial resistors is produced each of which convey onlya part of the current which is passed through the heating wire in the other sectors. The plurality of partial resistors present in a given sector determines the temperature which is reached during use in said sector, as a function of the load.
v The heatingwire maybe-wound at the same or a different pitch in the different sectors and in the layers located one on top of the other. 1
It is also possible to vary the pitch within a sector during winding so that a certain temperature profile is obtained.
within a sector.
In a suitable embodiment in which three layers of heating wire are located one on top of the other in the low temperature sectors, the first two layers located on the core are wound at a greater pitch than is the third layer. When using this construction a greater temperature difl'erence is produced between the different sectors than in a construction in which i the first two layers. located on the core are wound at a pitch which-isequal to that of the third layer. Winding of the third layer at asmall pitch produces a satisfactorily electrical contact betweenthe different layers and facilitates the application of contactswhich are reliable in operation. The desired temperature difference may of course alternatively be obtained by winding a number of layers, greater than three, one across the other at the same small pitch. However, the-preferred embodiment provides a considerable economy in material as comasbestos pared with such a construction.
The core of the cable may consist of any electrically insulat-- -ing organic or inorganic material which is resistant to the temperatures prevailing during use of the cable. The core may have a single or composite structureand may comprise, for example, polyvinylchloride, silicon rubber, nylon, glass fiber, fiber, polytetrafluoroethylene and polyfluoroethylene propylene.
A central conductor may be provided within the core. This conductor extends throughout the length of the coreand may be used for connector purposes when it is difi'icult to hoop the cable or-to establish contact in a different manner.
The heating-wire may in principle comprise any electrically conducting material. However, a material having a high positive temperature coefficient of 'the specific resistance is preferably: used (0.002 or more perC.) for example, nickel, copper. In fact, asa result thereofthe temperature difference in a given construction is increased and in case'of a prescribed temperature difference less material may suffice than when using materialshaving a low temperature coefficient.
Depending on the temperatures occurring duringuse the outer covering may consist of organic or inorganic materials, which .are'. known for this purpose. In principle the same materials may be used as those which are suitable for the core.
Thecablemay be produced by passing the core, which will generally. have a circular cross section. continuously in one direction through a winding'device and to cause this device to perform a forward and backward movement along the core when single'layers are to be wound one on top of the other. According to' a-further method a't'rxed-winding'point is used and the core is moved forward and backward when single layers are to be wound one on top of the other. The core wound with the resistance wire is'subsequently provided with an'outer'co'vering', for example, by winding and/or pleating it with glass or asbestos fibers or rayon or-cotton, or by passing it through anextrusion device by which the cable is provided with a synthetic resin covering.
The outer covering may optionally consist of a plurality of apertures bodies of ceramic material.
Since it is desirable to be able to recognize the difi'erent heating sectors when the cable is not in use, for example, when mounting it-in apparatus or when providing connecting pieces, it is recommended that the outer covering be approximately marked or labeled in the covered cable the relative low temperature sectors can be found back'by magnetic or electric means because of the presence of a greater quantity of metallic material. A marki 'g device may be coupled to a device suitable for this purpose.
Cables according to the invention may be used in apparatus in which heat must be generated locally while the intermediate parts of the apparatus and the connecting points must not increase or increase only to a slight extent in temperature.
Cables according to the invention may be used, for example, in heaters for hair curlers in principle consisting of a plurality of hollow cylinders or fingers" to be heated which project from a bottom plate onto which the hair curlers can be slid. The sectors of the cable which reach a high temperature during use are accommodated in the fingers while the parts which remain comparatively cold are provided in the bottom plate.
Cables according to the invention may also be used in defrosters for refrigerators.
in order that the invention may be readily carried into effect, embodiments thereof will now be described in detail by way of example.
In this respect reference is made to the accompanying drawing in which FIGS 1 and 2 show sn an sectors scale cable sections according to the invention.
The cable has a glass fiber core I. A heating wire 2 is wound on the core. In the sectors A, which are partially visible, the heating wire 2 is wound in a single layer, the resistance being 30 ohms per meter. The sectors A reach a temperature of approximately 400 C. during use at a load of 90 watts per meter. In the sectors B, one of which is visible in the Figure, the heating wire 2 is wound in three layers. In the first layer, which is directly located on the core 1, the heating wire 2 is wound at a pitch which is approximately 20 times greater than the pitch in the sectors A (wire parts denoted by the reference numerals 3 and 4 in the Figure) in the same direction (in the Figure to the right-hand side) as in the previous sector A. In the layer provided thereupon (wire parts denoted by the reference numerals 5 and 6) the heating wire is likewise wound at this greater pitch, but now in the opposite direction. ln the third layer (starting from the wire part denoted by the reference numeral 7) the heating wire is again wound at the same pitch and in the same direction as in the previous sector A (in the Figure to the right-hand side). The temperature in sector B is approximately 50 C. during use. The length of the sectors B is equal to that of the sectors A. The electrically insulating covering 8 of the cable may be a glass-fiber pleat having an overall thickness of 0.5 mm.
The cable of FIG. 2 has a central conductor 10 provided with a glass-fiber envelope 11 as a core. A heating wire 12 is wound on this core. The heating wire is wound in a single layer 12 in the visible sector A of the cable. In the sector B of the heating wire is wound in three layers as described with reference to FIG. 1. Furthermore, the cable has an outer covering 13 and two end pieces 14 and 15. The end piece 14 serves to connect the heating wire 12 to the central conductor 10, being for example, a copper wire of low resistance. To this end the end piece 14 comprises an outer envelope 16 of electrically insulating material and a metal bush 17 which fits around the core including heating wire 12, which metal bush includes a metal cylinder 18 fitting around the central conductor. The end piece 15 acts as an electrical contact. It consists of a bush of electrically insulating material which is provided with a metal inner bush 20 supporting a contact pin 2!. The end piece also supports a metal hollow pin 22 accommodating the part of the central conductor 10 protruding from the envelope.
Since the heating wire 12 is wound in different layers in the sector B, the temperature in this sector does not become very high. The covering 19 of the end piece may therefore consist of synthetic resin.
The advantage of this embodiment of the heating cable is that the electrical contact of the cable may be established on one side thereof.
What is claimed is:
1. An electric resistance heating cable comprising a flexible core of electrically insulating material, a heating wire helically wound on said core and extending the length of the cable, said cable being divided into groups of a first heating sector for producing relatively low temperatures during operation and a second heating sector for producing relatively high operating temperatures, said first sector having a plurality of layers of heating wire in electrical contact with each other wound about the core therethrough, said plurality of layers being an odd number of layers, alternate layers of said plurality being helically wound in the same direction as the heating wire wound about the core through said second sector, the layers intermediate said alternate layers being wound in the opposite direction, adjacent layers being located one across the other, said plurality of layers in the first sector exceeding the layers in the second sector by at least two layers, and a covering about said cable of electrically insulating material.
2. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1 wherein said heating wire is of a material having a high positive temperature coefficient of the specific resistance.
3. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1, wherein said odd number of layers of heating wire in said first heating sectors comprises three layers located one across the other and wherein the number of layers of heating wire in said second heating sectors is a single layer.
4. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first two layers of heating wire in said first sector located on the core being wound at a greater pitch than is the third layer.
5. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 3, wherein said core is comprised of glass fibers and wherein said electrically insulating material of said cover is comprised of a glass-fiber pleat.
6. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a central electric conductor within said core, said conductor being surrounded by an electrically insu lating envelope and extending throughout the length of the cable.
# i i i 27 23 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,621,203 1 Dated November 16 1971 Inventor) LOUIS JOSEPH HENRI GEOMINY ET AL It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
' In the Heading under Priority, a second application should be added ----July 10, 1969 Netherlands In the Abstract line 7, after "two" insert less- Column 1, line 21, before "26" insert -RE Column 2, line 71, after "labeled" insert Column 3, line 19, delete "sn an sectors" and insert --on an enlarged-- Signed and Sealed this 27th day of June 1972.
(SEAL) Attest: EDWARD M.FLETGHIEZR,JR. ROBERT GOTISCHAIK Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents

Claims (6)

1. An electric resistance heating cable comprising a flexible core of electrically insulating material, a heating wire helically wound on said core and extending the length of the cable, said cable being divided into groups of a first heating sector for producing relatively low temperatures during operation and a second heating sector for producing relatively high operating temperatures, said first sector having a plurality of layers of heating wire in electrical contact with each other wound about the core therethrough, said plurality of layers being an odd number of layers, alternate layers of said plurality being helically wound in the same direction as the heating wire wound about the core through said second sector, the layers intermediate said alternate layers being wound in the opposite direction, adjacent layers being located one across the other, said plurality of layers in the first sector exceeding the layers in the second sector by at least two layers, and a covering about said cable of electrically insulating material.
2. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1, wherein said heating wire is of a material having a high positive temperature coefficient of the specific resistance.
3. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1, wherein said odd number of layers of heating wire in said first heating sectors comprises three layers located one across the other and wherein the number of layers of heating wire in said second heating sectors is a single layer.
4. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 3, wherein the first two layers of heating wire in said first sector located on the core being wound at a greater pitch than is the third layer.
5. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 3, wherein said core is comprised of glass fibers and wherein said electrically insulating material of said cover is comprised of a glass-fiber pleat.
6. The electric resistance heating cable as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a central electric conductor within said core, said conductor being surrounded by an electrically insulating envelope and extending throughout the length of the cable.
US52801A 1970-06-26 1970-07-07 Electric resistance heating cable Expired - Lifetime US3621203A (en)

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3784784A (en) * 1969-07-10 1974-01-08 Philips Corp Hair curler heating device with electric resistance cable
US4125761A (en) * 1974-10-08 1978-11-14 Churchill John W Bilateral heater unit
US4250400A (en) * 1979-11-19 1981-02-10 The Scott & Fetzer Company Flexible temperature self regulating heating cable
US4304044A (en) * 1979-11-19 1981-12-08 The Scott & Fetzer Company Method for forming self-regulating heat trace cable
US5795784A (en) * 1996-09-19 1998-08-18 Abbott Laboratories Method of performing a process for determining an item of interest in a sample
US5856194A (en) * 1996-09-19 1999-01-05 Abbott Laboratories Method for determination of item of interest in a sample
US6002117A (en) * 1998-03-10 1999-12-14 Pak; Il Young Electric heating cord with non-heating core-conducting element and reduced EMF emissions
US6300597B1 (en) * 1997-01-21 2001-10-09 Myoung Jun Lee Electromagnetic field shielding electric heating pad

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948354A (en) * 1931-08-26 1934-02-20 Hugh H Eby Low gradient resistor
US2965978A (en) * 1959-03-16 1960-12-27 Harriette M Olson Job performance board
USRE26522E (en) * 1960-01-11 1969-02-11 Cold terminal electrical resistance heating cable
US3454747A (en) * 1967-03-27 1969-07-08 Oliver M Hart Flexible electric heating cable

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948354A (en) * 1931-08-26 1934-02-20 Hugh H Eby Low gradient resistor
US2965978A (en) * 1959-03-16 1960-12-27 Harriette M Olson Job performance board
USRE26522E (en) * 1960-01-11 1969-02-11 Cold terminal electrical resistance heating cable
US3454747A (en) * 1967-03-27 1969-07-08 Oliver M Hart Flexible electric heating cable

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3784784A (en) * 1969-07-10 1974-01-08 Philips Corp Hair curler heating device with electric resistance cable
US4125761A (en) * 1974-10-08 1978-11-14 Churchill John W Bilateral heater unit
US4250400A (en) * 1979-11-19 1981-02-10 The Scott & Fetzer Company Flexible temperature self regulating heating cable
US4304044A (en) * 1979-11-19 1981-12-08 The Scott & Fetzer Company Method for forming self-regulating heat trace cable
US5795784A (en) * 1996-09-19 1998-08-18 Abbott Laboratories Method of performing a process for determining an item of interest in a sample
US5856194A (en) * 1996-09-19 1999-01-05 Abbott Laboratories Method for determination of item of interest in a sample
US6562298B1 (en) 1996-09-19 2003-05-13 Abbott Laboratories Structure for determination of item of interest in a sample
US6300597B1 (en) * 1997-01-21 2001-10-09 Myoung Jun Lee Electromagnetic field shielding electric heating pad
US6002117A (en) * 1998-03-10 1999-12-14 Pak; Il Young Electric heating cord with non-heating core-conducting element and reduced EMF emissions

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