US3549408A - Impregnation of a material based on carbon by molten metals - Google Patents
Impregnation of a material based on carbon by molten metals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3549408A US3549408A US709787A US3549408DA US3549408A US 3549408 A US3549408 A US 3549408A US 709787 A US709787 A US 709787A US 3549408D A US3549408D A US 3549408DA US 3549408 A US3549408 A US 3549408A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- metal
- impregnation
- molten metal
- porosity
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
- C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/51—Metallising, e.g. infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/50—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with inorganic materials
- C04B41/51—Metallising, e.g. infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal
- C04B41/5183—Metallising, e.g. infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal inorganic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
- C04B41/52—Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/85—Coating or impregnation with inorganic materials
- C04B41/88—Metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
- C04B41/80—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone of only ceramics
- C04B41/81—Coating or impregnation
- C04B41/89—Coating or impregnation for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02K—JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02K9/00—Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
- F02K9/97—Rocket nozzles
- F02K9/974—Nozzle- linings; Ablative coatings
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method of impregnating carbon or graphite with metal by forcing molten metal into the pores under pressure, in which method the pressure necessary for impregnation is lowered and the force which tends to cause the metal to re-emerge is reduced by applying boric acid or ammonium phosphate to lower the surface tension of the metal-carbon couple.
- Application may be by previous introduction into the carbon and a preferred amount is from 0.05 to 5% by Weight of impregnated product.
- the method of impregnating carbon, e.g. graphite with metal by forcing molten metal into the pores under pressure is improved by applying a surface tension lowering substance.
- This substance may be applied to the carbon, e.g. graphite prior to the injection of the molten metal.
- the substance may be boric acid or ammonium phosphate amounting to 0.05 to 5% by weight of the product.
- the present invention relates to a method of impregnating carbon material with molten metal and to the products thereof.
- the surface tension of the molten metal A is responsible for a force 3 tending to cause the metal to emerge from the tube and equal to:
- the porosity of a block of industrial carbon may be likened to channels of circular section.
- a pressure which depends upon the minimal diameter of the channels.
- a method of impregnating carbon with metal by forcing the molten metal into the carbon comprising applying to the carbon a substance selected from the group consisting of boric acid and ammonium phosphate and comprising between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the treated carbon, which lowers the surface tension of the metalcarbon couple.
- the content of boric acid or ammonium phosphate may vary from 0.05 to 5%, expressed as ratio by weight.
- the two carbons had the same characteristics of porosity, viz, 35%, and the carbon with boric acid contained 0.45% boron after baking.
- the improvement comprising applying to the carbon a substance selected from the group consisting of boric acid and ammonium phosphate and comprising between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the treated carbon, which lowers the surface tension of the metal-carbon couple.
Description
United States Patent 3,549,408 IMPREGNATION OF A MATERIAL BASED ON CARBON BY MOLTEN METALS Roger Bonne, Aulnay-sous-Bois, Maurice Jacquot, Neuilly Plaisance, and Jacques Fourre, Epinay-sur-Seine, France, assignors to Societe Le Carbone Lorraine, Paris, France, a French body corporate No Drawing. Filed Mar. 1, 1968, Ser. No. 709,787
Claims priority, application grance, Apr. 14, 1967,
US. Cl. 117-47 1 Claim ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The invention relates to a method of impregnating carbon or graphite with metal by forcing molten metal into the pores under pressure, in which method the pressure necessary for impregnation is lowered and the force which tends to cause the metal to re-emerge is reduced by applying boric acid or ammonium phosphate to lower the surface tension of the metal-carbon couple. Application may be by previous introduction into the carbon and a preferred amount is from 0.05 to 5% by Weight of impregnated product.
The method of impregnating carbon, e.g. graphite with metal by forcing molten metal into the pores under pressure is improved by applying a surface tension lowering substance. This substance may be applied to the carbon, e.g. graphite prior to the injection of the molten metal. The substance may be boric acid or ammonium phosphate amounting to 0.05 to 5% by weight of the product. I
The present invention relates to a method of impregnating carbon material with molten metal and to the products thereof.
The introduction of metals into the porosity of graphite by forcing the molten metal to penetrate into the pores is known. It has been described in particular in French Pats. Nos. 1,240,638 filed on July 29. 1959 and entitled: New material for rocket nozzles and its method of manufacture and its first addition No. 87,076 filed on Dec. 24, 1964, and No. 1,368,129, filed on Mar. 18, 1963 and entitled: Method of metallic impregnation and members impregnated according to the method.
It is known that in general, molten metals do not wet carbon, that is to say, a drop of molten metal placed on a carbon surface has no tendency to spread out; similarly, i
of a molten metal contained in a carbon tube is considered, the surface tension of the molten metal A is responsible for a force 3 tending to cause the metal to emerge from the tube and equal to:
f=21rr A, where r is the radius of the tube In order to balance this force, it is necessary to apply a pressure p on the metal, such that:
At equilibrium,
and in order to cause a molten metal ot penetrate into a carbon tube, it is necessary to apply a pressure P greater than p.
It is seen that the pressure to be applied is greater as the radius of the tube is smaller.
ice Q For the sake of argument the porosity of a block of industrial carbon may be likened to channels of circular section. In order to impregnate such a block with a molten metal, it is necessary to apply a pressure which depends upon the minimal diameter of the channels.
When the impregnation by the molten metal is terminated, if pressure ceases to be exerted, the metal contained in the porosity is subjected to a force which tends to make it re-emerge, and if one imagines a porosity having no narrowing, the block will be completely emptied. In fact, the molten metal contained in cavities which communicate with adjacent cavities through a constriction is held therein, the force which it would have to be exert to emerge being greater than the force which drives it (La. the metal) out of the cavity. In practice, for two qualities of industrial carbons having the same total porosity accessible to the molten metal, one having a regular and largely open porosity, the other a closed porosity (irregular cavities separated by constrictions), it is established that the volume of metal found after depression, extraction of the pieces of molten metal and solidification of the metal in the carbon, is greater in carbon with closed porosity than in carbon with open porosity. In practice, it is established that, according to the qualities of carbons which have not been specially treated, 30 to 50% of the porosity is emptied in the course of expansion.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for impregnating carbon materials with molten metal which reduces these disadvantages.
According to the invention there is provided a method of impregnating carbon with metal by forcing the molten metal into the carbon, the improvement comprising applying to the carbon a substance selected from the group consisting of boric acid and ammonium phosphate and comprising between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the treated carbon, which lowers the surface tension of the metalcarbon couple.
It is found that by adding these substances in small quantities, they act on the surface tension of the metal and carbon couple, so that, during a metallic impregnation, the carbon retains the maximum of metal for a given total porosity. These additives may be introduced previously into the carbons and graphites by a suitable treatment.
It has been ascertained that the addition of boron in the form of boric acid, into a carbonaceous mixture, leads, after being shaped and baked, to an industrial carbon such that the surface tension of the metal-carbon couple thus obtained is lowered. The consequence of this is a lowering in the pressure necessary for impregnation and a reduction in the force which tends to make the metal re-emerge, this factor being the most important because it is difficult to influence by external means.
A similar effect is obtained by introducing phosphorus into the carbonaceous mixture in the form of ammonium phosphate.
The content of boric acid or ammonium phosphate may vary from 0.05 to 5%, expressed as ratio by weight.
In order that the invention may be more clearly understood, a specific example will now be described purely by way of non-limiting illustration.
The results of an impregnation with molten copper on two similar carbons have been compared. The carbons differed by the incorporation in one of them of 5% boric acid, this corresponding to a weight ratio of 0.85% boron.
After baking, the two carbons had the same characteristics of porosity, viz, 35%, and the carbon with boric acid contained 0.45% boron after baking.
Impregnation with molten copper gave the following results:
An increase in the weight ratio of copper and a substantial reduction of the residual porosity over the product of the conventional process are thus achieved.
Similar results have been obtained in using ammonium phosphate.
It will be apparent that various modifications and changes could be made in the embodiment described without departing from the inventive concept which is defined in scope by the appended claims.
We claim:
1. In the method of impregnating carbon with metal by forcing the molten metal into the carbon, the improvement comprising applying to the carbon a substance selected from the group consisting of boric acid and ammonium phosphate and comprising between 0.05 and 5% by weight of the treated carbon, which lowers the surface tension of the metal-carbon couple.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,422,215 6/1947 Amberg et al. ll7-47 2,983,034 5/1961 Humenik et al. 1l7228X 3,160,519 12/1964 Parisot et al. 117l60X 3,288,573 11/1966 Abos 117-160X 3,390,013 6/1968 Rubisch ll7--228X 3,396,054 8/1968 Gremion 117-228X FOREIGN PATENTS 669,472 8/1963 Canada 117160 WILLIAM D. MARTIN, Primary Examiner 20 H. I. GWINNELL, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 1171 60, 169
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR102782A FR1526317A (en) | 1967-04-14 | 1967-04-14 | Improvement in the impregnation of a carbon-based material by molten metals |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3549408A true US3549408A (en) | 1970-12-22 |
Family
ID=8628894
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US709787A Expired - Lifetime US3549408A (en) | 1967-04-14 | 1968-03-01 | Impregnation of a material based on carbon by molten metals |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3549408A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1771097C3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR1526317A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1201702A (en) |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3627571A (en) * | 1970-05-28 | 1971-12-14 | Monsanto Res Corp | Heat treatment of graphite fibers |
US4469654A (en) * | 1980-02-06 | 1984-09-04 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | EDM Electrodes |
US4617203A (en) * | 1985-04-08 | 1986-10-14 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Preparation of liquid metal source structures for use in ion beam evaporation of boron-containing alloys |
US4617053A (en) * | 1985-09-20 | 1986-10-14 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Metal reinforced porous refractory hard metal bodies |
WO2004074189A1 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-09-02 | Morganite Electrical Carbon Limited | Electrode materials |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3240709A1 (en) * | 1982-11-04 | 1984-05-10 | Ringsdorff-Werke GmbH, 5300 Bonn | Impregnated carbon body |
US4530853A (en) * | 1984-06-06 | 1985-07-23 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Non-conducting oxidation retardant coating composition for carbon and graphite |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2422215A (en) * | 1942-05-12 | 1947-06-17 | Exolon Company | Method of vitreous coating refractory material |
US2983034A (en) * | 1959-11-25 | 1961-05-09 | Ford Motor Co | Metal graphite compacts |
CA669472A (en) * | 1963-08-27 | Michael Humenik, Jr. | Graphite structure | |
US3160519A (en) * | 1959-07-29 | 1964-12-08 | Lorraine Carbone | Nozzle material for jet-propelled rockets |
US3288573A (en) * | 1960-10-03 | 1966-11-29 | Polycarbide Corp | High temperature resistant member and process for forming |
US3390013A (en) * | 1964-03-06 | 1968-06-25 | Siemens Planiawerke Ag | High-temperature resistant structural body |
US3396054A (en) * | 1963-03-18 | 1968-08-06 | Lorraine Carbone | Method and apparatus for metallic impregnation of carbon and graphite |
-
1967
- 1967-04-14 FR FR102782A patent/FR1526317A/en not_active Expired
-
1968
- 1968-02-28 GB GB9725/68A patent/GB1201702A/en not_active Expired
- 1968-03-01 US US709787A patent/US3549408A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1968-04-02 DE DE1771097A patent/DE1771097C3/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CA669472A (en) * | 1963-08-27 | Michael Humenik, Jr. | Graphite structure | |
US2422215A (en) * | 1942-05-12 | 1947-06-17 | Exolon Company | Method of vitreous coating refractory material |
US3160519A (en) * | 1959-07-29 | 1964-12-08 | Lorraine Carbone | Nozzle material for jet-propelled rockets |
US2983034A (en) * | 1959-11-25 | 1961-05-09 | Ford Motor Co | Metal graphite compacts |
US3288573A (en) * | 1960-10-03 | 1966-11-29 | Polycarbide Corp | High temperature resistant member and process for forming |
US3396054A (en) * | 1963-03-18 | 1968-08-06 | Lorraine Carbone | Method and apparatus for metallic impregnation of carbon and graphite |
US3390013A (en) * | 1964-03-06 | 1968-06-25 | Siemens Planiawerke Ag | High-temperature resistant structural body |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3627571A (en) * | 1970-05-28 | 1971-12-14 | Monsanto Res Corp | Heat treatment of graphite fibers |
US4469654A (en) * | 1980-02-06 | 1984-09-04 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | EDM Electrodes |
US4617203A (en) * | 1985-04-08 | 1986-10-14 | Hughes Aircraft Company | Preparation of liquid metal source structures for use in ion beam evaporation of boron-containing alloys |
US4617053A (en) * | 1985-09-20 | 1986-10-14 | Great Lakes Carbon Corporation | Metal reinforced porous refractory hard metal bodies |
WO2004074189A1 (en) * | 2003-02-18 | 2004-09-02 | Morganite Electrical Carbon Limited | Electrode materials |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1771097A1 (en) | 1972-02-24 |
DE1771097C3 (en) | 1974-05-16 |
FR1526317A (en) | 1968-05-24 |
GB1201702A (en) | 1970-08-12 |
DE1771097B2 (en) | 1973-10-04 |
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