US3400892A - Resonant vibratory apparatus - Google Patents

Resonant vibratory apparatus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3400892A
US3400892A US531319A US53131965A US3400892A US 3400892 A US3400892 A US 3400892A US 531319 A US531319 A US 531319A US 53131965 A US53131965 A US 53131965A US 3400892 A US3400892 A US 3400892A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
flange
atomizer
resonant
frequency
inch
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US531319A
Inventor
Ensminger Dale
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Battelle Development Corp
Original Assignee
Battelle Development Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Battelle Development Corp filed Critical Battelle Development Corp
Priority to US531319A priority Critical patent/US3400892A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3400892A publication Critical patent/US3400892A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B17/00—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups
    • B05B17/04—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods
    • B05B17/06—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations
    • B05B17/0607—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers
    • B05B17/0623—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn
    • B05B17/063—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn having an internal channel for supplying the liquid or other fluent material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B17/00—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups
    • B05B17/04—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods
    • B05B17/06—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations
    • B05B17/0607—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers
    • B05B17/0623—Apparatus for spraying or atomising liquids or other fluent materials, not covered by the preceding groups operating with special methods using ultrasonic or other kinds of vibrations generated by electrical means, e.g. piezoelectric transducers coupled with a vibrating horn
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • B06B1/02—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy
    • B06B1/06—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction
    • B06B1/0607—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements
    • B06B1/0611—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements in a pile
    • B06B1/0618—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of electrical energy operating with piezoelectric effect or with electrostriction using multiple elements in a pile of piezo- and non-piezoelectric elements, e.g. 'Tonpilz'
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
    • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
    • B06B3/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for transmitting mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/34—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations
    • F23D11/345—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space by ultrasonic means or other kinds of vibrations with vibrating atomiser surfaces

Definitions

  • a full-Wave resonant ultrasonic horn atomizer comprising, from the left: a quarter-wave section 17, two electronically driven, clamped piezoelectric disks 11, 12, and a half-wave section 19, all of full diameter; a quarterwave section of reduced diameter for mechanical amplification; and a flange 22, supplied with liquid, at the displacement antinode 25, and tuned to flex resonantly at the operating frequency.
  • This invention relates to vibratory apparatus, and particularly to resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof.
  • the flange preferably extends outwardly from the end in a plane substantially perpendicular to the direction of vibration of said end.
  • the flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s.,
  • g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 in./sec.
  • E Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.
  • the liquidsupplying means furnishes liquid to the face of the flange and the resonant vibration of the flange causes the fluid to spread over the face and become atomized from substantially the entire area thereof.
  • An important advantage of this invention is exemplified by the substantially increased capacity that it has provided in apparatus such as ultrasonic atomizers as used in miniaturized burners for thermoelectric generators and other military equipment.
  • Conventional ultrasonic atomizers which may be similar to the atomizer shown in FIG. '1 but without the flange 22, when miniaturized, lose a substantial proportion of their capacities for atomizing fluid.
  • the thin resonantly flexible flange increases the effective atomizing area without the usual accompanying loss of displacement that is experienced with flanges and other end pieces that are not tuned to match the resonant frequency of the driving transducer or are not flexible.
  • Miniature atomizers according to the present invention have more than three times the capacity obtainable with comparable atomizers of known conventional designs, with no accompanying disadvantages.
  • the increase in capacity is not limited to small atomizers. Similar increases of efficiency are realized .re-
  • the rate of atomization can be increased by a substantial factor over that obtainedwith conventional units using such acoustic transformers as straight stepped horns.
  • the increase in capacity is attributable partly to the better distribution of the film of liquid across the atomizing surfaces.
  • the distribution of the ultrasonic or sonic stresses across the face of the resonant flange is such that the fluid is drawn out so as to spread across substantially the entire front surface of the flange and become atomized therefrom.
  • Another factor that contributes to the increased capacity is the enlargement of the area over which the effective atomizing forces operate.
  • the effective atomozing forces of a conventional atomizer are condensed about the center (axis) of the horn. In the present invention the effective atomizing forces of the flange extend nearly to the periphery of the flange.
  • FIG. 1 is a simplified sectional view of typical resonant vibratory apparatus according to this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph in rectangular coordinates aligned with FIG. 1 and showing displacement as a function of location along the length of the apparatus of FIG. 1.
  • atomization occurs as the result of vibrating a thin film of fuel.
  • the fuel is flowed over the surface of a transducer vibrating at a frequency in the neighborhood of kc.
  • the vibration causes a wave pattern in the fuel over the entire surface area.
  • the droplet size is a function of the atomizer vibration frequency, fuel density, viscosity, and surface tension.
  • the maximum fuel rate depends upon the atomizing area, the frequency and amplitude of vibration, and the uni formity of fuel distribution over the atomization area.
  • the vibrating surface of the atomizer is the end of a small aluminum cylinder that is part of the atomizer; and fuel is supplied to the face of the cylinder through a small axial hole.
  • the atomizer is driven by an electronic driver, which converts 12 v. direct current to highvoltage, 85 kc. alternating current needed to operate the transducer.
  • FIG. 1 shows a preferred form of such an ultrasonic atomizer.
  • the active elements of the atomizer 10 are two piezoelectric disks 11, 12 of le'ad-zirconate-titanite material (such as Clevite PZT-4, a product of Piezoelectric Division, Clevite Corporation, Bedford, Ohio), which expand and contract in a thickness mode at the frequency of the driving voltage from a driver 13 placed across the faces of each disk.
  • the disks 11, 12 are clamped between flanges 14, 15 with a foil 16 of copper between them to serve as a center electrode, and with the flanges 14, 15 serving as the outer electrodes.
  • the center electrode 16 is at high voltage, and the outer electrodes 14, 15 are near ground potential, although they are electrically isolated from ground.
  • the clamping flanges 14, 15 are parts of two aluminum horns 17, 18 which, with the piezoelectric disks 11, 12, form a full-wave resonant vibrator.
  • the electronic driver 13 must provide power at the resonant frequency of the assembly; if this frequency changes slightly with temperature and fuel flow, the driver frequency must also change in order to maintain resonance. This it does.
  • a preferred form of such driver is disclosed in United States patent application Ser. No. 513,171, filed Dec. 13, 1965, of Harvey H. Hunter, for Electronic Oscillators.
  • the horn 17 to the left of the flange 14 in FIG. 1 is a quarter-wave structure.
  • the atomizing horn 18, to the right of the flange 15, includes a half-wave section 19 at full diameter, plus a quarter-wave section 20 of reduced diameter.
  • the elfect of the reduction of cross-section is an increase in amplitude of longitudinal vibration, inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.
  • the step shown at 21 provides a mechanical amplification of eight.
  • the flange 22 at the tip of the atomizer is tuned to flex at the operating frequency of the atomizer so that the amplification factor is maintained.
  • the flange 22 serves to add atomization area at the tip and thus increase atomizer capacity.
  • FIG. 1 includes symbols used in the design equations.
  • the relation of vibrational amplitude, or displacement, to axial position on the atomizer 10 is shown in FIG. 2, which is aligned with FIG. 1.
  • the atomizer 10 can be considered as an acoustic transmission line.
  • the transverse dimensions are small compared to a wavelength and, therefore, the structure simulates a thin bar.
  • the general equation for the acoustic impedance of a thin bar-type transmission line of uniform cross-section is z: j( c)A tan L where
  • the atomizer 10 is actually a series of short transmission lines joined at points where the acoustic impedances of the mating lines are matched at resonance.
  • the matching is accomplished by applying the appropriate vlaues, which have been predetermined by the design objectives in Equation 1 for each of the mating segments, thus obtaining simultaneous equations that can be solved for the unknown dimensions. For example, in FIG.
  • the components are two 0.5-inch diameter X 0.10-inch thick lead-zirconate-titanate piezoelectric disks 11, 12 sandwiched between aluminum transmission lines 17, 18.
  • the equivalent length of the assembly is one Wavelength at 100 kc., with velocity nodes located at the interface 16 between the two ceramic disks 11, 12 and at the step 21 near the feed tube 23.
  • the diameter of the dummy horn 17 and of the larger section 19 of the active horn 18, which is selected to be equal to that of the ceramic disks 11, 12, is 0.5 inch.
  • Other arbitrarily chosen dimensions are:
  • the atomizer 10 excluding the section identified by the dimensional notation M2, is acoustically symmetrical about the plane 16 that contains the two mating faces of the piezoelectric disks 11, 12; Thus, all of the required dimensions, except those of the flange 22 at the atomizing tip, are now known.
  • the small flange 22 at the atomizing tip is designed to flex at the resonant frequency of the assembly.
  • the fiexural frequency is given approximately by for aluminum, where or, rearranging,
  • Equation 4 includes the density of aluminum, so Equation 4 applies only to aluminum flanges. It can be generalized to gE -6f gE where p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch.
  • the thin copper electrode 16 between the ceramic disks 11, 12 is assumed to be small enough that it can be neglected with little error in the calculation.
  • the atomizer 10 of the example above had several resonant frequencies, including one at 100 kc. However, the combination of the atomizer and the final driver performed best at kc., and was used at that frequency in a burner. The flexing flange 22 at the atomizer tip was subsequently tuned for 85 kc.
  • the ultrasonic atomizer 10 appears simple, all parts are highly stressed, and must be made and assembled with care to assure proper operation and satisfactory life.
  • the active horn 18 should be fully polished, and particular care should be taken with flange fillets.
  • the clamping pressure should be about 13,000 p.s.i. This pressure is obtained by applying a torque of 10.4 in.-lb. to the six bolts 24 used to 5 assemble the atomizer.
  • the bolts 24 are first installed finger-tight, and then pairs of diametrically opposed bolts 24 are tightened by small increments, one pair at a time, until the full torque is applied.
  • Fuel is supplied to the active tip 25 of the atomizer 10 through a small, axial hole 26 extending to meet a radial hole 27 in the large section 19 of the atomizer 10, as close to the step 21 as possible.
  • the step 21 is located at a node with zero displacement, providing a good attachment point both for fuel supply and for mounting of the atomizer 10, as in a burner.
  • the atomizer should be mounted at a vibration node.
  • the node is a plane that shifts as the frequency varies. Frequency shifts occur with changes in atomizer temperature and with changes in thickness of the fuel layer on the atomizer tip. For this reason, any material used for mounting purposes is subjected to some ultrasonic energy. Because of this, the mounting assembly causes a reaction on the assembly that is reflected back into the electrical system. The mount nearly always constitutes a source of loss. Various methods have been tried to minimize the reaction of the mounting system. Perhaps the best mount, from an ultrasonic standpoint, has been two thin polytetrafluoroethylene washers, through .which the atomizer was fitted. However, this mount is not suitable for use in a burner. For mounting in a burner, the washers were replaced by an aluminum mounting tube 28 containing six radial screws 29 for clamping to the atomizer 10.
  • Resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof, comprising means for supplying a liquid to said end, and a resonantly flexible flange at said end, wherein said flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with tr Z 1 6f gE where f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s.,
  • p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch
  • g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 in./sec.
  • E Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.
  • resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof and means for supplying a liquid to said end
  • the improvement comprises providing a resonantly flexible flange at said end, wherein said flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with l P t2-6f gE where f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s. p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch, g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 i-n./sec. and
  • E Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.

Description

Sept. 10, 1968 D. ENSMINGER 3,400,892
RESONANT V i BRATORY APPARATUS Filed Dec. 2, 1965 FIG. 2
IN VEN TOR. DALE ENSMINGER BY GRAY, MASE & DUNSON ATTORNEYS WWZWW United States Patent 3,400,892 RESONANT VIBRATORY APPARATUS Dale Ensminger, Columbus, Ohio, assignor to The Battelle Development Corporation, Columbus, Ohio, a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 2, 1965, Ser. No. 531,319 2 Claims. (Cl. 239-102) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A full-Wave resonant ultrasonic horn atomizer comprising, from the left: a quarter-wave section 17, two electronically driven, clamped piezoelectric disks 11, 12, and a half-wave section 19, all of full diameter; a quarterwave section of reduced diameter for mechanical amplification; and a flange 22, supplied with liquid, at the displacement antinode 25, and tuned to flex resonantly at the operating frequency.
This invention relates to vibratory apparatus, and particularly to resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof.
In a typical form of the present invention, resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof comprises means for supplying liquid to said end, and a resonantly flexible flange at said end. The flange preferably extends outwardly from the end in a plane substantially perpendicular to the direction of vibration of said end.
In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus, the flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s.,
p the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch,
g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 in./sec. and
E is Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.
where When the apparatus is used for atomizing, the liquidsupplying means furnishes liquid to the face of the flange and the resonant vibration of the flange causes the fluid to spread over the face and become atomized from substantially the entire area thereof.
An important advantage of this invention is exemplified by the substantially increased capacity that it has provided in apparatus such as ultrasonic atomizers as used in miniaturized burners for thermoelectric generators and other military equipment. Conventional ultrasonic atomizers, which may be similar to the atomizer shown in FIG. '1 but without the flange 22, when miniaturized, lose a substantial proportion of their capacities for atomizing fluid. In the present invention, however, the thin resonantly flexible flange increases the effective atomizing area without the usual accompanying loss of displacement that is experienced with flanges and other end pieces that are not tuned to match the resonant frequency of the driving transducer or are not flexible. Miniature atomizers according to the present invention have more than three times the capacity obtainable with comparable atomizers of known conventional designs, with no accompanying disadvantages.
The increase in capacity is not limited to small atomizers. Similar increases of efficiency are realized .re-
ice
gardless of the size, where the same basic principles of resonance in the flange are incorporated in the design. Thus at any size the rate of atomization can be increased by a substantial factor over that obtainedwith conventional units using such acoustic transformers as straight stepped horns. The increase in capacity is attributable partly to the better distribution of the film of liquid across the atomizing surfaces. The distribution of the ultrasonic or sonic stresses across the face of the resonant flange is such that the fluid is drawn out so as to spread across substantially the entire front surface of the flange and become atomized therefrom. Another factor that contributes to the increased capacity is the enlargement of the area over which the effective atomizing forces operate. The effective atomozing forces of a conventional atomizer are condensed about the center (axis) of the horn. In the present invention the effective atomizing forces of the flange extend nearly to the periphery of the flange.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a simplified sectional view of typical resonant vibratory apparatus according to this invention.
FIG. 2 is a graph in rectangular coordinates aligned with FIG. 1 and showing displacement as a function of location along the length of the apparatus of FIG. 1.
In typical ultrasonic atomizers according to this invention, atomization occurs as the result of vibrating a thin film of fuel. The fuel is flowed over the surface of a transducer vibrating at a frequency in the neighborhood of kc. The vibration causes a wave pattern in the fuel over the entire surface area. With suflicient vibration amplitude, the waves throw ofl droplets from. their crests. The droplet size is a function of the atomizer vibration frequency, fuel density, viscosity, and surface tension. The maximum fuel rate depends upon the atomizing area, the frequency and amplitude of vibration, and the uni formity of fuel distribution over the atomization area. The vibrating surface of the atomizer is the end of a small aluminum cylinder that is part of the atomizer; and fuel is supplied to the face of the cylinder through a small axial hole. The atomizer is driven by an electronic driver, which converts 12 v. direct current to highvoltage, 85 kc. alternating current needed to operate the transducer.
FIG. 1 shows a preferred form of such an ultrasonic atomizer. The active elements of the atomizer 10 are two piezoelectric disks 11, 12 of le'ad-zirconate-titanite material (such as Clevite PZT-4, a product of Piezoelectric Division, Clevite Corporation, Bedford, Ohio), which expand and contract in a thickness mode at the frequency of the driving voltage from a driver 13 placed across the faces of each disk. The disks 11, 12 are clamped between flanges 14, 15 with a foil 16 of copper between them to serve as a center electrode, and with the flanges 14, 15 serving as the outer electrodes. The center electrode 16 is at high voltage, and the outer electrodes 14, 15 are near ground potential, although they are electrically isolated from ground.
The clamping flanges 14, 15 are parts of two aluminum horns 17, 18 which, with the piezoelectric disks 11, 12, form a full-wave resonant vibrator. The electronic driver 13 must provide power at the resonant frequency of the assembly; if this frequency changes slightly with temperature and fuel flow, the driver frequency must also change in order to maintain resonance. This it does. A preferred form of such driver is disclosed in United States patent application Ser. No. 513,171, filed Dec. 13, 1965, of Harvey H. Hunter, for Electronic Oscillators.
The horn 17 to the left of the flange 14 in FIG. 1 is a quarter-wave structure. The atomizing horn 18, to the right of the flange 15, includes a half-wave section 19 at full diameter, plus a quarter-wave section 20 of reduced diameter. The elfect of the reduction of cross-section is an increase in amplitude of longitudinal vibration, inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area. The step shown at 21 provides a mechanical amplification of eight. The flange 22 at the tip of the atomizer is tuned to flex at the operating frequency of the atomizer so that the amplification factor is maintained. The flange 22 serves to add atomization area at the tip and thus increase atomizer capacity.
FIG. 1 includes symbols used in the design equations. The relation of vibrational amplitude, or displacement, to axial position on the atomizer 10 is shown in FIG. 2, which is aligned with FIG. 1.
The atomizer 10 can be considered as an acoustic transmission line. The transverse dimensions are small compared to a wavelength and, therefore, the structure simulates a thin bar. The general equation for the acoustic impedance of a thin bar-type transmission line of uniform cross-section is z: j( c)A tan L where The atomizer 10 is actually a series of short transmission lines joined at points where the acoustic impedances of the mating lines are matched at resonance. In the design stage, the matching is accomplished by applying the appropriate vlaues, which have been predetermined by the design objectives in Equation 1 for each of the mating segments, thus obtaining simultaneous equations that can be solved for the unknown dimensions. For example, in FIG. 1, the components are two 0.5-inch diameter X 0.10-inch thick lead-zirconate-titanate piezoelectric disks 11, 12 sandwiched between aluminum transmission lines 17, 18. The equivalent length of the assembly is one Wavelength at 100 kc., with velocity nodes located at the interface 16 between the two ceramic disks 11, 12 and at the step 21 near the feed tube 23. The diameter of the dummy horn 17 and of the larger section 19 of the active horn 18, which is selected to be equal to that of the ceramic disks 11, 12, is 0.5 inch. Other arbitrarily chosen dimensions are:
Inch Smaller diameter of active horn 0.180 Bolt-flange diameter 1.0 Bolt-flange thickness 0.135
The flange 22 at the atomizing tip is matched to the horn 18, so that the dimension identified as M2 is the same as though the flange were not present. Since this dimension includes two quarter-wave segments, its value can be determined by the familiar formula c=hf A quarter-wavelength in aluminum at 100 kc. is approximately 0.503 inch and M2 is 1.005 inch. The remaining horn dimension to be calculated is the length a. This is done by determining the impedance at x=a and at x=b, designated as Z1 and Z2, respectively. The equations are:
1= 1'( )..1A2 an f ne-0.135
Where B would be the length of b if the horn were of uniform diameter. The subscripts c and al refer to the piezoelectric disks and the aluminum, respectively. By introducing the known values into Equation 3 and by using the relationship (pC) /(pC) :,2.15, the calculated dimension a=0.359 inch.
The atomizer 10, excluding the section identified by the dimensional notation M2, is acoustically symmetrical about the plane 16 that contains the two mating faces of the piezoelectric disks 11, 12; Thus, all of the required dimensions, except those of the flange 22 at the atomizing tip, are now known.
The small flange 22 at the atomizing tip is designed to flex at the resonant frequency of the assembly. The fiexural frequency is given approximately by for aluminum, where or, rearranging,
g: racer/VF;
In the previous example, at f=100 kc.,
The dimension 1 is chosen arbitrarily to increase tip area. With a choice of 1:005 inch, t=0.024 inch.
The constant 0.537 includes the density of aluminum, so Equation 4 applies only to aluminum flanges. It can be generalized to gE -6f gE where p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch.
The thin copper electrode 16 between the ceramic disks 11, 12 is assumed to be small enough that it can be neglected with little error in the calculation.
The atomizer 10 of the example above had several resonant frequencies, including one at 100 kc. However, the combination of the atomizer and the final driver performed best at kc., and was used at that frequency in a burner. The flexing flange 22 at the atomizer tip was subsequently tuned for 85 kc.
Although the ultrasonic atomizer 10 appears simple, all parts are highly stressed, and must be made and assembled with care to assure proper operation and satisfactory life. In making the aluminum horns 17, 18, it is extremely important that dimensions be held within :0.001 inch, and that the finish be free of tool marks and scratches. Any scratches will act as stress raisers and initiate premature fatigue failure. The active horn 18 should be fully polished, and particular care should be taken with flange fillets.
To insure maximum sensitivity, power transfer, and useful life of'the two piezoelectric elements 11, 12 used in the atomizer- 10, it is necessarythat a compressive force be applied to them. With no coupling agents between the parts of the atomizer, the clamping pressure should be about 13,000 p.s.i. This pressure is obtained by applying a torque of 10.4 in.-lb. to the six bolts 24 used to 5 assemble the atomizer. In order to avoid damaging the brittle piezoelectric disks 11, 12, the bolts 24 are first installed finger-tight, and then pairs of diametrically opposed bolts 24 are tightened by small increments, one pair at a time, until the full torque is applied.
Fuel is supplied to the active tip 25 of the atomizer 10 through a small, axial hole 26 extending to meet a radial hole 27 in the large section 19 of the atomizer 10, as close to the step 21 as possible. A 0.032-in.-O-D hypodermic tube 23, attached by press-fitting into the radial hole 27, supplies fuel to the atomizer 10. The step 21 is located at a node with zero displacement, providing a good attachment point both for fuel supply and for mounting of the atomizer 10, as in a burner.
Ideally the atomizer should be mounted at a vibration node. However, the node is a plane that shifts as the frequency varies. Frequency shifts occur with changes in atomizer temperature and with changes in thickness of the fuel layer on the atomizer tip. For this reason, any material used for mounting purposes is subjected to some ultrasonic energy. Because of this, the mounting assembly causes a reaction on the assembly that is reflected back into the electrical system. The mount nearly always constitutes a source of loss. Various methods have been tried to minimize the reaction of the mounting system. Perhaps the best mount, from an ultrasonic standpoint, has been two thin polytetrafluoroethylene washers, through .which the atomizer was fitted. However, this mount is not suitable for use in a burner. For mounting in a burner, the washers were replaced by an aluminum mounting tube 28 containing six radial screws 29 for clamping to the atomizer 10.
While the form of the invention herein disclosed constitutes a presently preferred embodiment, many others are possible. It is not intended herein to mention all of the possible equivalent forms or ramifications of the invention. It is to be understood that the terms used herein are merely descriptive rather than limiting, and that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. Resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof, comprising means for supplying a liquid to said end, and a resonantly flexible flange at said end, wherein said flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with tr Z 1 6f gE where f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s.,
p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch,
g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 in./sec. and
E is Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.
2. In resonant vibratory apparatus having a displacement antinode at an end thereof and means for supplying a liquid to said end, the improvement the comprises providing a resonantly flexible flange at said end, wherein said flange comprises a disk of thickness t extending a radial distance I outwardly beyond said end, t and l in inches being chosen substantially in accordance with l P t2-6f gE where f is the resonant frequency of said apparatus in c.p.s. p is the density of the flange material in pounds per cubic inch, g is the acceleration of gravity, 386 i-n./sec. and
E is Youngs modulus of elasticity of the flange material in p.s.i.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,895,061 5/1959 Probus 239102 2,949,900 8/1960 Bodine 239-102 3,110,825 11/1963 Miller 239-102 3,114,654 12/ 1963 Nishiyama et al 239102 EVERETT W. K-IRBY, Primary Examiner.
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent No. 3,400,892 September 10, 1968 Dale Ensminger It is certified that error appears in the above identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 1, lines 37 to 39, the formula should appear as shown below:
Column 3, lines 73 to 75, the left-hand portion of the formula reading:
s should read z Column 6, lines 24 to 27, the formula should appear as shown below: i
Signed and sealed this 3rd day of February 1970.
(SEAL) Attest:
EDWARD M.FLETCHER,JR. WILLIAM E. SCHUYLER, JR
Attesting Officer Commissioner of Patents
US531319A 1965-12-02 1965-12-02 Resonant vibratory apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3400892A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US531319A US3400892A (en) 1965-12-02 1965-12-02 Resonant vibratory apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US531319A US3400892A (en) 1965-12-02 1965-12-02 Resonant vibratory apparatus

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3400892A true US3400892A (en) 1968-09-10

Family

ID=24117154

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US531319A Expired - Lifetime US3400892A (en) 1965-12-02 1965-12-02 Resonant vibratory apparatus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US3400892A (en)

Cited By (32)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2027662A1 (en) * 1969-01-02 1970-10-02 Simms Group Res Dev Ltd
US3667678A (en) * 1970-03-13 1972-06-06 Ibm Nozzle structure for jet printers
US3700169A (en) * 1970-10-20 1972-10-24 Environment One Corp Process and appratus for the production of hydroelectric pulsed liquids jets
US3784105A (en) * 1971-06-29 1974-01-08 Plessey Handel Investment Ag Atomizing devices for liquid fuel
US3812854A (en) * 1972-10-20 1974-05-28 A Michaels Ultrasonic nebulizer
US3861852A (en) * 1974-01-25 1975-01-21 Berger Harvey Fuel burner with improved ultrasonic atomizer
US3938932A (en) * 1974-02-04 1976-02-17 Luciano Benzan Process for improving the combustion of solid
US4003518A (en) * 1971-08-25 1977-01-18 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method and device for controlling combustion in liquid fuel burner utilizing ultrasonic wave transducer
US4034244A (en) * 1973-03-30 1977-07-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Resonant cylindrically shaped ultrasonic wave generator
US4074152A (en) * 1974-09-30 1978-02-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Ultrasonic wave generator
JPS5359929A (en) * 1976-11-08 1978-05-30 Sonotec Transducer assembly body*ultrasoniccwave atomizer and fuel burner
FR2429899A1 (en) * 1978-06-29 1980-01-25 Plessey Handel Investment Ag VIBRATOR-ATOMIZER, IN PARTICULAR FOR THE FUEL SUPPLY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
FR2448394A1 (en) * 1979-02-09 1980-09-05 Philips Nv PIEZOELECTRIC LIQUID SPRAYER
EP0021194A2 (en) * 1979-06-08 1981-01-07 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic atomiser for liquid fuels
US4251031A (en) * 1978-07-11 1981-02-17 Plessey Handel Und Investments Ag Vibratory atomizer
FR2480143A1 (en) * 1980-04-12 1981-10-16 Battelle Institut E V DEVICE FOR SPRAYING LIQUIDS
US4352459A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-10-05 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having an axially-extending liquid feed passage
USRE31358E (en) * 1978-12-18 1983-08-23 The Mead Corporation Jet drop printer with elements balanced about support plate in nodal plane
DE3233901A1 (en) * 1982-09-13 1984-03-15 Lechler Gmbh & Co Kg, 7012 Fellbach ULTRASONIC LIQUID SPRAYER
EP0202100A1 (en) * 1985-05-13 1986-11-20 Toa Nenryo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Vibrating element for ultrasonic atomization
US4642581A (en) * 1985-06-21 1987-02-10 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic transducer drive circuit
US4648557A (en) * 1983-10-04 1987-03-10 General Dispensing Systems Limited Transport system for material in powder or like form
US4659014A (en) * 1985-09-05 1987-04-21 Delavan Corporation Ultrasonic spray nozzle and method
EP0242460A1 (en) * 1985-01-18 1987-10-28 SPECTRUM CONTROL, INC. (a Pennsylvania corporation) Monomer atomizer for vaporization
US4954371A (en) * 1986-06-23 1990-09-04 Spectrum Control, Inc. Flash evaporation of monomer fluids
US4974780A (en) * 1988-06-22 1990-12-04 Toa Nenryo Kogyo K.K. Ultrasonic fuel injection nozzle
US5219120A (en) * 1991-07-24 1993-06-15 Sono-Tek Corporation Apparatus and method for applying a stream of atomized fluid
US5371429A (en) * 1993-09-28 1994-12-06 Misonix, Inc. Electromechanical transducer device
US5588592A (en) * 1994-04-14 1996-12-31 J. Eberspacher Method and apparatus for detecting the onset of flooding of an ultrasonic atomizer
US5927306A (en) * 1996-11-25 1999-07-27 Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. Ultrasonic vibrator, ultrasonic cleaning nozzle, ultrasonic cleaning device, substrate cleaning device, substrate cleaning treatment system and ultrasonic cleaning nozzle manufacturing method
US20060097068A1 (en) * 2002-08-02 2006-05-11 Markus Urich Fluid droplet production apparatus and method
US7896539B2 (en) * 2005-08-16 2011-03-01 Bacoustics, Llc Ultrasound apparatus and methods for mixing liquids and coating stents

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2895061A (en) * 1958-01-20 1959-07-14 James H Probus Piezoelectric sandwich transducer
US2949900A (en) * 1958-06-02 1960-08-23 Albert G Bodine Sonic liquid sprayer
US3110825A (en) * 1959-09-02 1963-11-12 Clevite Corp Folded transducer
US3114654A (en) * 1959-12-14 1963-12-17 Hitachi Ltd Electrostiatic coating apparatus employing supersonic vibrations

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2895061A (en) * 1958-01-20 1959-07-14 James H Probus Piezoelectric sandwich transducer
US2949900A (en) * 1958-06-02 1960-08-23 Albert G Bodine Sonic liquid sprayer
US3110825A (en) * 1959-09-02 1963-11-12 Clevite Corp Folded transducer
US3114654A (en) * 1959-12-14 1963-12-17 Hitachi Ltd Electrostiatic coating apparatus employing supersonic vibrations

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2027662A1 (en) * 1969-01-02 1970-10-02 Simms Group Res Dev Ltd
US3667678A (en) * 1970-03-13 1972-06-06 Ibm Nozzle structure for jet printers
US3700169A (en) * 1970-10-20 1972-10-24 Environment One Corp Process and appratus for the production of hydroelectric pulsed liquids jets
US3784105A (en) * 1971-06-29 1974-01-08 Plessey Handel Investment Ag Atomizing devices for liquid fuel
US4003518A (en) * 1971-08-25 1977-01-18 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method and device for controlling combustion in liquid fuel burner utilizing ultrasonic wave transducer
US3812854A (en) * 1972-10-20 1974-05-28 A Michaels Ultrasonic nebulizer
US4034244A (en) * 1973-03-30 1977-07-05 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Resonant cylindrically shaped ultrasonic wave generator
US3861852A (en) * 1974-01-25 1975-01-21 Berger Harvey Fuel burner with improved ultrasonic atomizer
US3938932A (en) * 1974-02-04 1976-02-17 Luciano Benzan Process for improving the combustion of solid
US4074152A (en) * 1974-09-30 1978-02-14 Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho Ultrasonic wave generator
JPS5359929A (en) * 1976-11-08 1978-05-30 Sonotec Transducer assembly body*ultrasoniccwave atomizer and fuel burner
JPS5816082B2 (en) * 1976-11-08 1983-03-29 ソノ−テツク コ−ポレ−シヨン Manufacturing method of high efficiency ultrasonic transducer
FR2429899A1 (en) * 1978-06-29 1980-01-25 Plessey Handel Investment Ag VIBRATOR-ATOMIZER, IN PARTICULAR FOR THE FUEL SUPPLY OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
US4251031A (en) * 1978-07-11 1981-02-17 Plessey Handel Und Investments Ag Vibratory atomizer
USRE31358E (en) * 1978-12-18 1983-08-23 The Mead Corporation Jet drop printer with elements balanced about support plate in nodal plane
US4319716A (en) * 1979-02-09 1982-03-16 U.S. Philips Corporation Piezoelectric fluid atomizer
FR2448394A1 (en) * 1979-02-09 1980-09-05 Philips Nv PIEZOELECTRIC LIQUID SPRAYER
EP0021194A2 (en) * 1979-06-08 1981-01-07 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic atomiser for liquid fuels
EP0021194A3 (en) * 1979-06-08 1981-05-20 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic atomiser for liquid fuels
US4352459A (en) * 1979-11-13 1982-10-05 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic liquid atomizer having an axially-extending liquid feed passage
FR2480143A1 (en) * 1980-04-12 1981-10-16 Battelle Institut E V DEVICE FOR SPRAYING LIQUIDS
DE3233901A1 (en) * 1982-09-13 1984-03-15 Lechler Gmbh & Co Kg, 7012 Fellbach ULTRASONIC LIQUID SPRAYER
EP0157846B1 (en) * 1983-10-04 1987-08-12 General Dispensing Systems Limited Transport system for material in powder or like form
AU573275B2 (en) * 1983-10-04 1988-06-02 General Dispensing Systems Limited Ultrasonic transport system
US4648557A (en) * 1983-10-04 1987-03-10 General Dispensing Systems Limited Transport system for material in powder or like form
EP0242460A1 (en) * 1985-01-18 1987-10-28 SPECTRUM CONTROL, INC. (a Pennsylvania corporation) Monomer atomizer for vaporization
EP0202100A1 (en) * 1985-05-13 1986-11-20 Toa Nenryo Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Vibrating element for ultrasonic atomization
US4642581A (en) * 1985-06-21 1987-02-10 Sono-Tek Corporation Ultrasonic transducer drive circuit
US4659014A (en) * 1985-09-05 1987-04-21 Delavan Corporation Ultrasonic spray nozzle and method
US4954371A (en) * 1986-06-23 1990-09-04 Spectrum Control, Inc. Flash evaporation of monomer fluids
US4974780A (en) * 1988-06-22 1990-12-04 Toa Nenryo Kogyo K.K. Ultrasonic fuel injection nozzle
US5219120A (en) * 1991-07-24 1993-06-15 Sono-Tek Corporation Apparatus and method for applying a stream of atomized fluid
US5371429A (en) * 1993-09-28 1994-12-06 Misonix, Inc. Electromechanical transducer device
US5465468A (en) * 1993-09-28 1995-11-14 Misonix, Inc. Method of making an electromechanical transducer device
US5588592A (en) * 1994-04-14 1996-12-31 J. Eberspacher Method and apparatus for detecting the onset of flooding of an ultrasonic atomizer
US5927306A (en) * 1996-11-25 1999-07-27 Dainippon Screen Mfg. Co., Ltd. Ultrasonic vibrator, ultrasonic cleaning nozzle, ultrasonic cleaning device, substrate cleaning device, substrate cleaning treatment system and ultrasonic cleaning nozzle manufacturing method
US20060097068A1 (en) * 2002-08-02 2006-05-11 Markus Urich Fluid droplet production apparatus and method
US7931212B2 (en) 2002-08-02 2011-04-26 Pari Pharma Gmbh Fluid droplet production apparatus and method
US20110155768A1 (en) * 2002-08-02 2011-06-30 Pari Pharma Gmbh Fluid droplet production apparatus and method
US8511581B2 (en) 2002-08-02 2013-08-20 Pari Pharma Gmbh Fluid droplet production apparatus and method
US7896539B2 (en) * 2005-08-16 2011-03-01 Bacoustics, Llc Ultrasound apparatus and methods for mixing liquids and coating stents

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3400892A (en) Resonant vibratory apparatus
US3804329A (en) Ultrasonic generator and atomizer apparatus and method
US4525645A (en) Cylindrical bender-type vibration transducer
CA1142422A (en) Ultrasonic fuel atomizer
KR100732831B1 (en) Ultrasonic transducer
US3891869A (en) Piezoelectrically driven ultrasonic generator
US3772538A (en) Center bolt type acoustic transducer
US2855244A (en) Sonic liquid-spraying and atomizing apparatus
US2498737A (en) Electromechanical transducer
GB2032221A (en) Hand Held Ultrasonic Transducer Instrument
US3283182A (en) Transducer assembly
JP3852949B2 (en) Ultrasonic transducer
US3396285A (en) Electromechanical transducer
US2947886A (en) Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer
GB1472791A (en) Ultrasonic wave generator
US5143222A (en) Sieving apparatus
EP1060798A1 (en) Unidirectional single piston ultrasonic transducer
JP3416648B2 (en) Acoustic transducer
US7781944B2 (en) Electrical generator
US4417255A (en) Ink-jet printer
US3114848A (en) High efficiency sonic generator
US6653760B1 (en) Ultrasonic transducer using third harmonic frequency
US7019439B2 (en) High power ultrasonic transducer with broadband frequency characteristics at all overtones and harmonics
JP2718567B2 (en) Ultrasonic atomizer
JPH03502540A (en) phakic emulsifier