US3378445A - Prophylactic dental paste compositions comprising zirconium silicate and tin dioxide - Google Patents

Prophylactic dental paste compositions comprising zirconium silicate and tin dioxide Download PDF

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US3378445A
US3378445A US558270A US55827066A US3378445A US 3378445 A US3378445 A US 3378445A US 558270 A US558270 A US 558270A US 55827066 A US55827066 A US 55827066A US 3378445 A US3378445 A US 3378445A
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zirconium silicate
composition
polishing
cleaning
tin dioxide
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Joseph C Muhler
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Indiana University Foundation
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Indiana University Foundation
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/28Zirconium; Compounds thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61QSPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q11/00Preparations for care of the teeth, of the oral cavity or of dentures; Dentifrices, e.g. toothpastes; Mouth rinses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new composition for cleaning and polishing teeth by dental prophylaxis and more specifically to a dental prophylaxis composition
  • a dental prophylaxis composition comprising a mixture of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO and tin dioxide (SnO While Sn has various chemical names [e.g., tin dioxide, stannic oxide, tin (IV) oxide, and tin oxide], for consistency, the name tin dioxide is used throughout this application.
  • Dental plaque, food particles, exogenous stains, and other tooth surface pigmentation can be removed, to varying degrees, from teeth by means of a suitable dentifrice and toothbrush, as in ordinary daily brushings.
  • Some enamel stains and pigmentation are much too resistant to the abrasives found in conventional dentifrice formulations.
  • dentists must perform a prophylaxis in order to remove not only dental calculus (tartar) but the accumulated stains not satisfactorily removed by the daily use of a dentifrice.
  • the teeth may be cleaned, but they exhibit a low luster or polish. For good dental est'hetics, clean teeth with a high luster are desired, and it would be desirable to provide a cleaning and polishing agent capable of accomplishing these results.
  • Another factor which should be considered in the development of a suitable prophylaxis is the ability to polish the teeth to a high luster, that is, to achieve smooth and 3,378,445 Patented Apr. 16, 1968 highly lustrous enamel surfaces. Highly polished surfaces apparently are less receptive to retention of plaque and oral debris, and this factor is one of the motivating reasons for developing a cleaning and polishing agent which not only cleans effectively but which produces an exceptionally good luster. However, good luster heretofore could not be achieved without sacrificing cleaning or increasing abrasiveness.
  • the most common agent used in current day dental prophylaxis is flour of pumice. This agent is a fair cleaner, but it is highly abrasive and produces an exteremely poor polish. In fact, recent studies have shown that the resulting tooth surface is so rough after being treated with flour of pumice that the occurrence of dental calculus, stains, pellicle, and other oral debris is significantly increased.
  • the said application describes a zironium silicate composition having particles distributed in three different levels, namely, a first level of up to about 20 microns particle size, a second level of from about 20 up to about 50 microns, and a third level of from about 50 up to about 70 microns.
  • the said levels are combined in a com position having percentage ratio ranges of about 10-50% in the first level, 525 in the third level, and the balance in the second level.
  • the smaller particles of the first level are provided primarily to carry out a polishing function and in order to remove pellicle from oral hard tissues (i.e., enamel, dentin, and cementum); the particles of the second level are provided in order to clean and to remove stain; and the particles of the third level are provided for cleaning non-organic restorative materials (e.g., metal fillings, amalgams, inlays, and the like) and for removing severe stains [e.g., green stain and stannous fluoride (SnF pigmentation].
  • non-organic restorative materials e.g., metal fillings, amalgams, inlays, and the like
  • severe stains e.g., green stain and stannous fluoride (SnF pigmentation].
  • a new and even more effective dental prophylaxis cleaning and polishing agent may be obtained by admixing z'irconium silicate with tin dioxide.
  • an agent comprises at least about 50 and up to about 9 9% zirconium silicate and the balance tin dioxide.
  • An especially preferred agent comprises a 9:1 weight ratio mixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide.
  • the zirconium silicate particles are distributed throughout three levels substantially in accordance with the percentage ratio ranges set forth in the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application.
  • the tin dioxide particles substantially all fall within the range of up to about 3 microns and preferably of up to about 2 microns.
  • An especially effective compo- 3 sition is obtained by employing zirconium silicate containing substantially no particles of less than about microns particle size.
  • compositions of the present invention are capable of polishing oral hard tissue even better than the compositions of the said Ser. No. 374,257 application. This result may be achieved without any diminution in the cleaning capabilities of the composition.
  • Another advantage of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing compositions of the present invention is that when they are employed in carrying out dental prophylaxis treatments, dental handpiece wear is reduced relative to certain other cleaning and polishing compositions.
  • the compositions of the present invention when provided in paste form, are easier to use and handle than certain other cleaning and polishing compositions.
  • zirconium silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention likewise enhance the effectiveness of anticariogenic adjuvants contained in a therapeutic prophylactic paste composition and in some instances are even superior to compositions containing zirconium silicate alone.
  • a primary object of the present invention to provide a new and improved dental prophylaxis composition
  • a new and improved dental prophylaxis composition comprising an admixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide.
  • Yet another object is to provide an agent for dental prophylaxis that effectively removes the most difficult enamel stains and pigmentations while minimizing loss of oral hard tissue.
  • a still further object is to provide a dental prophylaxis agent adapted for cleaning and polishing oral hard tis- SlleS in order to render them less receptive to the retentron of dental calculus, plaque, and other oral debris such as pellicle.
  • Another object is to provide a dental prophylaxis composition suitable for admixture with a fluoride-containmg antlcariogenic adjuvant in order to produce a therapeut1c (i.e., anticariogenic) dental prophylaxis mixture.
  • Yet another object is to provide a dental prophylaxis composition which is easier to handle and use in comparison with prior art prophylactic compositions, and which in use does not produce objectionable dental handpiece wear.
  • the size of particles in a cleaning and polishing composition can be expressed in a number of different ways, one of the most common of which is mean diameter, i.e., the diameter above which one-half of the particles are larger and below which one-half are smaller. As hereinafter utilized, the term particle size refers to a mean diameter value.
  • the dental cleaning and polishing agents of the present invention preferably comprise at least about 50% and up to about 99% ZrSiO and balance SnO (i.e., a 99:1l:l ZrSiO SnO weight ratio range).
  • An optimal preferred range is at least about and up to about 92.5% ZrSiO, and balance SnO (i.e., a 12.33:l-3:1 ZrSiO SnO weight ratio range).
  • the preferred agent of the present invention comprises ZrSiO and 10% SnO (i.e., a 9:1 weight mixture of ZrSiO and SnO
  • the zirconium silicate particles are preferably distributed over three defined levels, namely, a first level of up to about 20 microns particle size; a second level of from about 20 microns up to about 50 microns particle size; and a third level of from about 50 up to about 75 microns particle size.
  • the said levels are combined in a composition having percentage ratio ranges of about 1050% in the first level; 5-25% in the third level; and the balance in the second level.
  • Substantially all of the tin dioxide particles are of less than about 3 microns particle size and preferably substantially all are less than about 2 microns particle size.
  • zirconium silicate and tin dioxide having particles distributed in accordance with the described ranges and distributions are admixed, a superior cleaning and polishing prophylaxis agent is obtained.
  • the zirconium silicate that is mixed with tin dioxide differs from that set forth and described in the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application only in that the upper level for zirconium silicate particles is about 75 microns rather than 70 microns as disclosed in the aforesaid application, it having been found that the presence of a minor amount of particles lying in the 70-75 micron range produces no undesirable side effects when combined with the specified amount of tin dioxide, that is, the loss in polishing effectiveness that would be expected to result from the presence of a zirconium silicate having particle sizes above 70 microns is more than compensated for by the increase in polishing capability attributable to the presence of tin dioxide in the composition of the present invention.
  • An especially preferred zirconium silicate agent adapted for admixture with tin dioxide comprises particles distributed in the range of about 1075 microns, that is, substantially no particles of less than about 10 microns particle size are included in the agent.
  • a preferred zirconium silicate formulation finds the zirconium silicate particles being distributed in a first level of from about 10 up to about 20 microns; second level of from about 20 up to about 50 microns; and a third level of from about 50 up to about 75 microns, the percentage ratio range for the zirconium silicate particles being about 10-50% in the first level; 25% in the third level; and balance in the second level.
  • zirconium silicate particles of less than about microns particle size be provided in the mixture, nonetheless, because of practical difficulties of obtaining a mixture that is completely free of under 10 microns particles, acceptable tolerances permit up to about 1% zirconium silicate particles of less than about 10 microns in such a preferred composition.
  • zirconium silicate mixtures adapted to be mixed with tin dioxide comprise zirconium silicate distributed in accordance with the values given in Table I. This zirconium silicate is admixed with an appropriate amount of tin dioxide'of less than about 3 microns and preferably less than about 2 microns particle size.
  • suitable particle size zirconium silicate and tin dioxide may be accomplished by conventional milling and segregation techniques. Basically, these techniques involve milling of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide ores, followed by standard screen sieving to segregate the desired particle size (e.g., a standard 400 mesh screen retains approximately 95% of 3S: 3% micron particle size).
  • standard screen sieving to segregate the desired particle size (e.g., a standard 400 mesh screen retains approximately 95% of 3S: 3% micron particle size).
  • the exact mode of preparation and segregation of particle sizes forms no part of the subject invention and substantially any acceptable preparation techniques may be employed so long as the desired particle size ranges and distributions are obtained.
  • a particularly useful mode of application of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing composition of the present invention is in the form of a paste.
  • a paste may be packed and distributed in any suitable container, but it is preferred that such a paste composition be packaged in collapsible tubes.
  • a prophylaxis may be more easily and efliciently performed using a paste packaged in tube form.
  • Example I Ingredient: Amount (percent by weight) ZrSiO 66.99 SnO 7.44 Distilled water 7.44 Glycerin (USP) 6.89 70%Aqueous sorbitol solution (USP) 9.49
  • Example II The following procedure is preferred for thorough cleansing and polishing of the teeth on an annual or semiannual basis as required. Each tooth is thoroughly scaled in order to remove all calculus and soft debris. After scaling is completed, the buccal-labial surfaces of the maxillary right quadrant are polished using a soft rubber cup and an excess of prophylactic paste (which may either be squeezed from a tube as needed or which may be formulated by the dentist or dental hygienist as desired). Each surface of the tooth is treated for at least ten seconds. Then the lingual surfaces of the maxillary right quadrant are correspondingly treated. Unwaxed dental floss (which may be supplied in kit form with the prophylaxis paste) is used in all interproximals and preferably is utilized with an excess of the prophylactic paste. The patient may be allowed to rinse thoroughly with water any time during the treatment.
  • Unwaxed dental floss (which may be supplied in kit form with the prophylaxis paste) is used in all interproximals and preferably is utilized with an excess of the prophy
  • the lingual one-half of the maxillary left quadrant is polished and the patient is allowed to rinse.
  • the bucco-labial one-half of the maxillary left quadrant is polished, but the patient is not allowed to rinse until all of the interproximal contacts have been cleaned and polished with the unwaxed dental floss.
  • the buccal and lingual surfaces of the mandibular right molars and bicuspids are than polished. Unwaxed dental floss is used in the interproximals before rinsing.
  • the method for determining dentin abrasion values for dental cleaning and polishing agents is as follows.
  • the dentin portions are separated from human central incisors, and each dentin portion is mounted in a low melting alloy, such as Woods metal, and is submerged in a slurry of the cleaning and polishing agent to be tested in a 3 carboxymethyl cellulose solution.
  • An automatic toothbrush is arranged so that it can be moved back and forth across the surface of the submerged portion of the dentin, and the pressure of this toothbrush is adjusted to grams.
  • the tooth dentin is subjected to the brushing action for 50,000 double strokes, and removed from the slurry.
  • the dentin portion is weighed before and after The data of Table II verify that the compositions of the present invention may be safely employed in carrying out dental prophylaxis treatments.
  • the enamel polishing properties of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide prophylaxis compositions of the present invention have been compared with various commercially available dental prophylaxis agents and pastes.
  • the polishing agents and pastes were evaluated in accordance with the so-called prophylaxis cup polishing procedure.
  • the lingual surfaces of freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth are reduced with the aid of a diamond disc, and the teeth are mounted by means of a low melting alloy, such as Woods metal, on hexagonal jigs constructed so as to fit the movable stage of a reflectometer.
  • the exposed labial surface of each tooth is mounted in such a manner that the height of the contour is a suitable distance above the base of the jig.
  • the tooth is polished through the use of a dental engine, conventional handpiece, and a rubber prophylaxis cup, the speed of the engine being held constant at 5000 r.p.m.
  • the handpiece is permanently mounted so as to ensure equalized pressure.
  • the enamel surface is rinsed with water so as to remove any residual particles of the cleaning and polishing agent, and the reflectance of the enamel surface is again measured with the tooth located in exactly the same position as that used to obtain the dull reading.
  • the change in the amount of reflectance between the dulled and the polished enamel surface is taken as a measure of the degree of polish imparted by the prophylaxis treatment.
  • each series of tests includes a treatment of the teeth with a specific sample of dry calcium carbonate (#300; Wittaker, Clark, & Daniels Co.) as a reference standard, and all data are expressed relative to this agent in terms of a polishing ratio.
  • the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention exhibit superior polishing capabilities when employed to polish dental restorative materials, such as silver amalgam and gold, as verified by the following experimental evaluation.
  • An optimal preferred range is at least about 75% and up to about 92.5% ZrSiO and "balance SnO (i.e., a 12.33zl-31l ZrSiO -SnO Weight ratio range).
  • the preferred mixture of the present invention comprises ZrSiO and 10% SnO (i.e., a 9:1 weight mixture of ZrSiO and SnO Dental handpiece wear).
  • Composition (3) 9:1 ZlSlOrSXlOg 0.0005 0.0010 0.0005 2. 0 1. 7 0. 0010 0. 0020 0. 0000 1. 6 3. 6 0. 0000 0. 0010 0. 0000 3. 4 5. 3
  • Composition (4) 9:1 ZrSiO -SnO (ZrSiO 1st 0. 0010 0. 0030 0. 0005 3.6 3. 0 p) 2nd 0. 0010 0.0000 0.0010 0. 8 l. 1 3rd 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0010 0. 5 0. 3
  • the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing agent of the present invention also functions as a compatible carrier for anticariogenic adjuvants in therapeutic (i.e., anticariogenic) prophylactic paste compositions.
  • the adjuvant should be presented in the form of fluoride-containing compounds capable of supplying fluoride and stannous ions or combinations thereof, for example, with an additional component, such as zirconium ions or germanium ions, in biologically available form.
  • the preferred adjuvants are stannous fluorozirconate (SnZrF stannous fluoride (SnF and complex zirconium-germanium fluorides [e.g., Zr(GeF Z'rOGeF Ge(ZrF ZrGeF ZrGeF and ZrOGe Stannous fluorozirconate and the indicated complex salts appear to be the best anticariogenic fluoride-containing adjuvants now known to the dentifrice arts, especially by virtue of the absence of objectionable taste, lack of enamel pigmentation, freedom from damaging gingival tissue, and increased anticariogenic effectiveness obtainable therewith.
  • suitable adjuvants include water-soluble fluoride salts such as NaF, SnF KF, InF PdF FeF and UP, as well as more complex water-soluble fluoride-containing adjuvants such as fluorosilicates, e.g., Na SiF other fluorozirconates, e.g., CaZrF Na- ZrF and K ZrF fluorostannites, e.g., NaSnF fluoroborates, e.g., NaBF fluorotitanates, e.g., NaTiF other fluorogermanates, e.g., K GeF and mixed halides, e.g., SnClF and Sn ClF Mixtures of suitable adjuvants may also be utilized.
  • fluorosilicates e.g., Na SiF other fluorozirconates, e.g., CaZrF Na- ZrF and K ZrF fluorostannites,
  • Another suitable adjuvant comprises a mixture of a fluoride salt and an active phosphate compound as set forth and described in applicants co-pending United States patent application, Anticariogenic Comopositions and Methods, Ser. No. 535,022, filed Mar. 17, 1966.
  • fluoride ion is employed at an effective and non-toxic level, usually within a range of from about 1 to about by weight of the composition.
  • SnF or SnZrF such salts are preferably employed at a level of about 8% and respectively (i.e., about 8% SnF supplies about 3% fluoride ion and about 30% SnZrF supplies about 10% fluoride ion).
  • the compatible zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing mixture is employed within a range of from Example III Constituent: Percent by weight ZrSiO 63 S1102 7 snzrr 2o Liquids 10
  • Such a therapeutic prophylactic paste may conveniently be formulated and prepared for distribution and use in tube form in accordance with the general method of Example I, above.
  • the prophylactic paste just prior to application. This may be accomplished by adding the fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant at the last minute to a prophylactic base containing the zirconium silicate, tin dioxide and other prophylactic paste constituents.
  • the following example is illustrative of this manner of practicing the subject invention.
  • This prophylactic base may be formulated into a therapeutic prophylactic paste by dissolving 0.3 gram of stannous fluoride in 1 milliliter of distilled water and by adding the aqueous solution thereby formed to 2.0 grams of the foregoing base, giving approximately a 9% SnF (i.e., about 4% fluoride ion) content to the resulting prophylac- 13 14 tic paste. ⁇ ks an alternative, 0.93 gram of SnZrF may be The same essential prophylaxis treatment procedure may dissolved 1n 1.0 cc.
  • aqueous b l d hether a therapeutic i i -i i solution can be added to 2.0 grams of the foregoing prophylactic base, giving approximately a 24% SnZrF (i.e., about 9% fluoride ion) content to the resultant prophylactic paste.
  • zirconium silicate-tin dioxide prophylactic paste formulations as described herein indicate that the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide mixtures or a non-therapeutic prophylaxis composition is used.
  • the provision of a fluoridecontaining anticariogenic adjuvant in the composition permits the added benefit of the anticariogenic attributes function as effective fluoride and stannous ion compatible of fluonde'c?nlfa mmg for Teducmgfm' Incl carrier vehicles.
  • the invention employed is a so-called percentage availability determiclosed herein, in one of its aspects, provides a method for nation.
  • Percentage availability refers to a comparison of an the application thereto of a prophylactic paste composiionic concentration level for a combination of carrier vetion formulated from a zirconium silicate-tin dioxide hicle and of adjuvant relative to the corresponding ionic cleaning and polishing agent together with an effective concentration level for a reference SOlUilOIl Of the adjuamount of a fluoride-containing anticariogeni adjuvant vant Without the carrier vehicle (e.g., an aqueous solution).
  • the present invention includes a w and of the adjuvant maintained at a reference ionic concenimproved h d for cleaning and polishing the teeth Sufih as 1000 A f f comprising the application thereto of a prophylaxis comratio of the 1on1c concentration level for the combination Position comprising Zirconium Silicate and tin dioxide carrier vehicle and stannous fluoride which analyzes 900
  • composition (1) but with all zirconium silicate particles pohshmg teeth 9 mpr 18mg as a cleaning i i i component a mlxture of uncoated zirconium silicate,
  • compositions mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about TABLE VIL-SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE AVAILABILITY DATA Percent Availability with Various Abrasive Systems
  • Composition (1) Composition (2) Composition (3) Composition (4) Composition (5) ZrSiOr ZrSi04 l0u 4:1 ZISlOq-SILO: 9:1 ZI'SlO4-S11Oz 19:1 ZISlO4-Sll0z Fluoride System Concentration Tin.
  • a composition, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said zirconium silicate alone as their cleaning and polishing mixture comprises at least about and up to about components. 75 92.5% zirconium silicate, ZrSiO 3.
  • a composition, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mixture comprises about 90% zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and about 10% tin dioxide, SnO
  • a composition, as claimed in claim 4, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes .with the following ranges:
  • Percentage range 7 A composition, as claimed in claim 6, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO particle size distribution conforms to the following values:
  • a therapeutic prophylactic paste composition comprising an anticariogenically effective and non-toxic amount of at least one fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant and as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle Sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99%, by weight of said mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO and wherein said mixture is provided in the over-all composition at a level of about -80%, by weight of the over-all composition.
  • a method for cleaning and polishing teeth comprising the application thereto of a dental prophylaxis composition
  • a dental prophylaxis composition comprising as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSi0 and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin oxide, S has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns and wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99% by weight of said mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO
  • a method for cleaning and polishing teeth and reducing the incidtnce of dental caries therein comprising the application thereto of a dental prophylaxis composition comprising an anticariogenically effective and non-toxic amount of at least one fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant and as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99%, by weight of the mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO and wherein said mixture is provided in the over-all composition at a level of about 30-80%, by weight

Description

United States Patent Office 3,378,445 PRGPHYLACTIC DENTAL PASTE COMPOSITIONS CQMPRISENG ZIRCONEUM SILICATE AND TIN DIOXIDE Joseph C. Muhler, Indianapolis, Ind., assignor to Indiana University Foundation, Indiana Memorial Union, Bloomington, Ind., a not for profit corporation of Indiana No Drawing. Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 374,257, June 11, 1964. This application June 17, 1966, Ser. No. 558,270 The portion of the term of the patent subsequent to June 21, 1983, has been disclairncd 17 Claims. (Cl. 167-93) This is a continuation-in-part of applicants co-pending United States patent applications entitled Cleaning and Polishing Agent for Dental Prophylaxis, Ser. No. 374,- 257, filed June 11, 1964, and Prophylactic Dental Paste Compositions Comprising Zirconium Silicate, now U.S. Patent No. 3,257,282.
The present invention relates to a new composition for cleaning and polishing teeth by dental prophylaxis and more specifically to a dental prophylaxis composition comprising a mixture of zirconium silicate (ZrSiO and tin dioxide (SnO While Sn has various chemical names [e.g., tin dioxide, stannic oxide, tin (IV) oxide, and tin oxide], for consistency, the name tin dioxide is used throughout this application.
Dental plaque, food particles, exogenous stains, and other tooth surface pigmentation can be removed, to varying degrees, from teeth by means of a suitable dentifrice and toothbrush, as in ordinary daily brushings. Some enamel stains and pigmentation, however, are much too resistant to the abrasives found in conventional dentifrice formulations. As a result, dentists must perform a prophylaxis in order to remove not only dental calculus (tartar) but the accumulated stains not satisfactorily removed by the daily use of a dentifrice. Most frequently, when either a dentifrice or the common cleaning and polishing agents used to perform a prophylaxis are employed, the teeth may be cleaned, but they exhibit a low luster or polish. For good dental est'hetics, clean teeth with a high luster are desired, and it would be desirable to provide a cleaning and polishing agent capable of accomplishing these results.
The problems encountered in the relatively infrequent use of a cleaning and polishing agent in a prophylactic paste, for example a prophylaxis performed once or twice a year, are much different than the problems encountered in the use of a cleaning and polishing agent as a constituent of a dentifrice for use two or three times a day, even though the desired end result of cleaning and polishing of enamel may be the same. Obviously, it is possible to use a more highly abrasive agent in a prophylactic paste than in a daily brushing with a conventional dentifrice. However, care must be taken in both cases to avoid excessive oral hard tissue loss at the expense of cleaning action. In general, it has been assumed that in attempting to remove the more diflicult forms of stain (e.g., tobacco, green, stannous fiouride, silver nitrate, etc.) there must be a major compromise between cleaning and tooth structure loss, or, in other words, that, in order to have maximum removal of these more difiicult stains and/or pigmentations, tooth structure must be sacrificed. It would be desirable to provide a cleaning and polishing composition for dental prophylaxis which effectively removes even the most difficult enamel stains and pigmentation while minimizing hard tooth structure loss due to abrasion.
Another factor which should be considered in the development of a suitable prophylaxis is the ability to polish the teeth to a high luster, that is, to achieve smooth and 3,378,445 Patented Apr. 16, 1968 highly lustrous enamel surfaces. Highly polished surfaces apparently are less receptive to retention of plaque and oral debris, and this factor is one of the motivating reasons for developing a cleaning and polishing agent which not only cleans effectively but which produces an exceptionally good luster. However, good luster heretofore could not be achieved without sacrificing cleaning or increasing abrasiveness.
Little, if any, relationship appears to exist either between the cleaning and the polishing abilities of dental abrasives or between the abrasiveness and the ability of the abrasive to produce a smooth tooth surface. For example, levigated alumina is an excellent polishing agent which produces a very smooth and shiny surface, but it is so abrasive that resultant tooth structure loss precludes its recomendation for use. Precipitated chalk, on the other hand, cleans fairly well but produces a rough tooth surface. Dicalcium phosphate is relatively unabrasive, but it fails to effectively polish. A mixture of insoluble sodium metaphosphate and tricalcium phosphate is a fairly effective polishing agent, but the combination is not a particularly good cleaning agent. The most common agent used in current day dental prophylaxis is flour of pumice. This agent is a fair cleaner, but it is highly abrasive and produces an exteremely poor polish. In fact, recent studies have shown that the resulting tooth surface is so rough after being treated with flour of pumice that the occurrence of dental calculus, stains, pellicle, and other oral debris is significantly increased.
Thus, it would be highly desirable to provide an effective cleaning and polishing agent which minimizes oral hard tissue damage. As has been indicated, a variety of compounds are known which clean well but which do not polish, or which polish well but do not clean satisfactorily. The aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application discloses that zirconium silicate having a particular particle size distribution may be employed as a dental prophylaxis cleaning and polishing agent capable of achieving the desired cleaning and polishing performance. In particular, the said application describes a zironium silicate composition having particles distributed in three different levels, namely, a first level of up to about 20 microns particle size, a second level of from about 20 up to about 50 microns, and a third level of from about 50 up to about 70 microns. In preferred practice, the said levels are combined in a com position having percentage ratio ranges of about 10-50% in the first level, 525 in the third level, and the balance in the second level. The smaller particles of the first level are provided primarily to carry out a polishing function and in order to remove pellicle from oral hard tissues (i.e., enamel, dentin, and cementum); the particles of the second level are provided in order to clean and to remove stain; and the particles of the third level are provided for cleaning non-organic restorative materials (e.g., metal fillings, amalgams, inlays, and the like) and for removing severe stains [e.g., green stain and stannous fluoride (SnF pigmentation].
In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that a new and even more effective dental prophylaxis cleaning and polishing agent may be obtained by admixing z'irconium silicate with tin dioxide. Preferably, such an agent comprises at least about 50 and up to about 9 9% zirconium silicate and the balance tin dioxide. An especially preferred agent comprises a 9:1 weight ratio mixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide. Preferably, the zirconium silicate particles are distributed throughout three levels substantially in accordance with the percentage ratio ranges set forth in the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application. The tin dioxide particles substantially all fall within the range of up to about 3 microns and preferably of up to about 2 microns. An especially effective compo- 3 sition is obtained by employing zirconium silicate containing substantially no particles of less than about microns particle size.
The compositions of the present invention are capable of polishing oral hard tissue even better than the compositions of the said Ser. No. 374,257 application. This result may be achieved without any diminution in the cleaning capabilities of the composition. Another advantage of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing compositions of the present invention is that when they are employed in carrying out dental prophylaxis treatments, dental handpiece wear is reduced relative to certain other cleaning and polishing compositions. Moreover, the compositions of the present invention, when provided in paste form, are easier to use and handle than certain other cleaning and polishing compositions.
The aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 3,257,282 describes prophylactic paste compositions comprising zirconium silicate as a cleaning and polishing agent and a fluoride-containing 'anticariogenic adjuvant. The said application teaches that the utilization of zirconium silicate as a cleaning and polishing agent in a dental prophylaxis composition markedly enhances the effectiveness of anticariogenic adjuvants contained in such compositions. It has been found, and forms a further aspect of the present invention, that the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention likewise enhance the effectiveness of anticariogenic adjuvants contained in a therapeutic prophylactic paste composition and in some instances are even superior to compositions containing zirconium silicate alone.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to provide a new and improved dental prophylaxis composition comprising an admixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide.
A related object of the present invention is to provide a dental prophylaxis composition comprising zirconium silicate and tin dioxide of defined particle size ranges and distributions.
Yet another object is to provide an agent for dental prophylaxis that effectively removes the most difficult enamel stains and pigmentations while minimizing loss of oral hard tissue.
A further object of this invention is to provide a dental prophylaxis agent adapted to polish all accessible tooth surfaces to a high luster while eifectively cleaning such surfaces.
A still further object is to provide a dental prophylaxis agent adapted for cleaning and polishing oral hard tis- SlleS in order to render them less receptive to the retentron of dental calculus, plaque, and other oral debris such as pellicle.
Another object is to provide a dental prophylaxis composition suitable for admixture with a fluoride-containmg antlcariogenic adjuvant in order to produce a therapeut1c (i.e., anticariogenic) dental prophylaxis mixture.
Yet another object is to provide a dental prophylaxis composition which is easier to handle and use in comparison with prior art prophylactic compositions, and which in use does not produce objectionable dental handpiece wear.
A further object is to provide new dental prophylaxis methods adapted to clean and polish teeth effectively and, in addition, to reduce the incidence and severity of dental caries.
These and other objects, advantages, and features of the present invention will hereinafter appear, and, for purposes of illustration, but not of limitation, exemplary embodiments of the present invention are hereinafter described in detail.
Formulation, characteristics, and manner of use In accordance with the present invention, it has been found that mixtures of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide exhibit optimal cleaning and polishing characteristics for use in dental prophylaxis. It has also been found that when an effective amount of a fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant is admixed with such a zirconium silicate-tin dioxide mixture, a superior therapeutic (i.e., anticariogcnic) prophylaxis composition is obtained.
The size of particles in a cleaning and polishing composition can be expressed in a number of different ways, one of the most common of which is mean diameter, i.e., the diameter above which one-half of the particles are larger and below which one-half are smaller. As hereinafter utilized, the term particle size refers to a mean diameter value.
The dental cleaning and polishing agents of the present invention preferably comprise at least about 50% and up to about 99% ZrSiO and balance SnO (i.e., a 99:1l:l ZrSiO SnO weight ratio range). An optimal preferred range is at least about and up to about 92.5% ZrSiO, and balance SnO (i.e., a 12.33:l-3:1 ZrSiO SnO weight ratio range). The preferred agent of the present invention comprises ZrSiO and 10% SnO (i.e., a 9:1 weight mixture of ZrSiO and SnO The zirconium silicate particles are preferably distributed over three defined levels, namely, a first level of up to about 20 microns particle size; a second level of from about 20 microns up to about 50 microns particle size; and a third level of from about 50 up to about 75 microns particle size. Preferably, the said levels are combined in a composition having percentage ratio ranges of about 1050% in the first level; 5-25% in the third level; and the balance in the second level. Substantially all of the tin dioxide particles are of less than about 3 microns particle size and preferably substantially all are less than about 2 microns particle size. When zirconium silicate and tin dioxide having particles distributed in accordance with the described ranges and distributions are admixed, a superior cleaning and polishing prophylaxis agent is obtained.
In its generic sense, the zirconium silicate that is mixed with tin dioxide differs from that set forth and described in the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application only in that the upper level for zirconium silicate particles is about 75 microns rather than 70 microns as disclosed in the aforesaid application, it having been found that the presence of a minor amount of particles lying in the 70-75 micron range produces no undesirable side effects when combined with the specified amount of tin dioxide, that is, the loss in polishing effectiveness that would be expected to result from the presence of a zirconium silicate having particle sizes above 70 microns is more than compensated for by the increase in polishing capability attributable to the presence of tin dioxide in the composition of the present invention.
The zirconium silicate component of the composition of the present invention is distributed throughout the said three levels in order to accomplish the several different functions a satisfactory prophylaxis composition must be capable of performing. Thus, the particles of the first level (i.e., the smallest particles) are provided primarily to carry out a polishing function and in order to remove pellicle from oral hard tissues; the particles of the second level are provided in order to clean and to remove stain; and the particles of the third level (i.e., the largest particles) are provided .for cleaning non-organic restorative materials and for removing severe stain. As mentioned above, the tin dioxide particles are provided primarily in order to enhance the polishing capability of the over-all composition.
An especially preferred zirconium silicate agent adapted for admixture with tin dioxide comprises particles distributed in the range of about 1075 microns, that is, substantially no particles of less than about 10 microns particle size are included in the agent. Thus, a preferred zirconium silicate formulation finds the zirconium silicate particles being distributed in a first level of from about 10 up to about 20 microns; second level of from about 20 up to about 50 microns; and a third level of from about 50 up to about 75 microns, the percentage ratio range for the zirconium silicate particles being about 10-50% in the first level; 25% in the third level; and balance in the second level. While it is preferable that no zirconium silicate particles of less than about microns particle size be provided in the mixture, nonetheless, because of practical difficulties of obtaining a mixture that is completely free of under 10 microns particles, acceptable tolerances permit up to about 1% zirconium silicate particles of less than about 10 microns in such a preferred composition.
Especially preferred zirconium silicate mixtures adapted to be mixed with tin dioxide comprise zirconium silicate distributed in accordance with the values given in Table I. This zirconium silicate is admixed with an appropriate amount of tin dioxide'of less than about 3 microns and preferably less than about 2 microns particle size.
The preparation of suitable particle size zirconium silicate and tin dioxide may be accomplished by conventional milling and segregation techniques. Basically, these techniques involve milling of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide ores, followed by standard screen sieving to segregate the desired particle size (e.g., a standard 400 mesh screen retains approximately 95% of 3S: 3% micron particle size). The exact mode of preparation and segregation of particle sizes forms no part of the subject invention and substantially any acceptable preparation techniques may be employed so long as the desired particle size ranges and distributions are obtained.
The zirconium silicate-tin dioxide prophylaxis compositions of the present invention may be applied in the oral cavity in an aqueous slurry form as a part of a conventional prophylaxis, although in some instances (e.g., in the treatment of silver amalgams and of gold inlays) the composition may be introduced directly to the area of treatment. In general, a minimum amount of water (e.g., parts per 100 parts cleaning and polishing composition) should be utilized for maximum cleaning, and more fluid mixtures (e.g., parts water per 1-00 parts cleaning and polishing composition) should be utilized for maximum polishing. Of course, each treatment should be handled on an individual basis, depending upon the exigencies of the circumstances.
It should also be understood that various other materials (such as flavoring agents) may be added to the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing composition described herein, so long as such composition is employed as the essential cleaning and polishing medium in the prophylaxis treatment.
A particularly useful mode of application of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing composition of the present invention is in the form of a paste. Such a paste may be packed and distributed in any suitable container, but it is preferred that such a paste composition be packaged in collapsible tubes. A prophylaxis may be more easily and efliciently performed using a paste packaged in tube form.
A prophylactic paste composition would conventionally embody (in addition to a zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing composition) other conventional agents such as flavoring materials (e.g., oil of wintergreen, oil of peppermint, oil of spearmint, oil of sassafras, oil of anise, and the like); sweetening agents (e.g., saccharin, dextrose, levulose, sodium cyclamate, and the like); binders (e.g., water-soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose); natural gums (e.g., gum karaya, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth) as thickeners; humectants (e.g., glycols, glycerin, sorbitol, and other polyhydric alcohols); and coloring agents.
The composition of a typical prophylaxis paste and a method of formulation therefor are given in the following Example.
Example I Ingredient: Amount (percent by weight) ZrSiO 66.99 SnO 7.44 Distilled water 7.44 Glycerin (USP) 6.89 70%Aqueous sorbitol solution (USP) 9.49
Sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose 1.30 Sweeteners 0.04 Coloring agent 0.13 Flavoring agent 0.28
100.00 The distilled water is placed in a stainless steel mixing dish, and the sweetener (e.g., saccharin) is first dissolved in the water and thereafter the sorbitol, coloring agent, and flavoring agent are added and thoroughly mixed. Tin dioxide is slowly added to the mixture and mixed well until all lumps are dispersed. Thereafter, zirconium silicate is added and is also mixed until the paste has a smooth consistency. The glycerin is measured and placed in a separate container and the sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose is added thereto and mixed in order to form a binder composition. The binder composition is slowly added to the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide-containing mixture and the resulting combination is stirred until the binder is well dispersed throughout the paste mixture and has undergone hydration. The paste is then deaerated and may be tubed in a conventional manner.
Manner of use A typical method of application for a prophylactic dental paste composition produced in accordance with the present invention is given in the following example.
Example II The following procedure is preferred for thorough cleansing and polishing of the teeth on an annual or semiannual basis as required. Each tooth is thoroughly scaled in order to remove all calculus and soft debris. After scaling is completed, the buccal-labial surfaces of the maxillary right quadrant are polished using a soft rubber cup and an excess of prophylactic paste (which may either be squeezed from a tube as needed or which may be formulated by the dentist or dental hygienist as desired). Each surface of the tooth is treated for at least ten seconds. Then the lingual surfaces of the maxillary right quadrant are correspondingly treated. Unwaxed dental floss (which may be supplied in kit form with the prophylaxis paste) is used in all interproximals and preferably is utilized with an excess of the prophylactic paste. The patient may be allowed to rinse thoroughly with water any time during the treatment.
After rinsing, the lingual one-half of the maxillary left quadrant is polished and the patient is allowed to rinse. The bucco-labial one-half of the maxillary left quadrant is polished, but the patient is not allowed to rinse until all of the interproximal contacts have been cleaned and polished with the unwaxed dental floss. The buccal and lingual surfaces of the mandibular right molars and bicuspids are than polished. Unwaxed dental floss is used in the interproximals before rinsing.
The mandibular anterior teeth are polished next, both labillary and lingually, and the interproximal areas are polished with the unwaxed dental floss before rinsing is allowed. The buccal and lingual surfaces of the mandibular left molars and bicuspids are then polished, the interproximals are dental flossed, and the patient is allowed to rinse. The occlusal surfaces and all pits and fissures the brushing so that the loss of weight attributable to the prophylaxis can be measured.
The dentin loss caused by the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide composition of the present invention and by various commercially available prophylaxis compositions were determined in accordance with the previously described method for both human and bovine dentin. These values are reported in Table 11. Human and bovine enamel loss data were obtained in a similar manner and are then polished with a stiff bristle prophylactic brush are also reported in Table ii.
TABLE II.'SUMMARY OF ENAMEL AND DENTI'N ABRASION DATA OBTAINED \VITH VARIOUS PROPHYLACTIC PASTE COMPOSITIONS Enamel Abrasion Dentin Abrasion Cleaning and Polishing Composition Human Bovine Human Bovine Enamel Enamel Dentin Dentin e) e) e) e) Zirconium silicate, tin oxide 27. 0614. 27. 6015. 65 134. 65:13. 3 186119. Zirconium silicate 26. 565:3. 26 23. 1013. 65 169. 4120. 6 178. :15. 5 Lava pumice"... 41. 5515. 58 481816.03 222. 6117. 8 249. 4119. 5 Coarse pumice. 49. 4117. 54 40. 2117. 92 251. 7111. 8 278. 2114. 7 Fine pumice. 50. 7018. 41. 2316. 37 245. 45:18. 4 294.2127. 4 Flour of pumice 53. 9316.23 39.3416. 93 195.41 8. 0 272.2117. 7 Calcite 34. 5813. 84 39. 5616. 89 150. 4119. 1 143. 05:24. 1 Calcite-pumice 23. 7412. 82 26. 8515. 32 127. 2111. 4 144. 2129. 6 Quartz-calcite 22 7813. 54 20. 3613. 23 138. 0114. 0 100.4112. 9 Anatase, pumice, quartz and ieldsp 24 6914. 62 29. 865:7. 56 151. 35:10. 5 169. 9127. 7 Kaolinite-quartz. 20. 565:3. 24 28. 715:7. 42 175. 8132.1 125. :14. 0 Quartz (extra fine 28. 3712. 29 40. 515:5. 43 179. 2119. 7 229. 15:14. 1 Quartz-pumice 49. 2818. 37 41. 2319. 80 161. 55:20. 3 240. 05:32. 6 Pumice-illite 36. 1413. 94 44. 685:5. 21 163. 95:13. 5 233. 9121. 5 Pumice-feldspar 30. 7414. 20 28. :5. 81 121. 05:13. 9 162. 9122. 5 Quartz 45. 2215. 60 39. 1316. 68 166. 75:14. 4 268. 8130. 1
A zirconium silicate composition in accordance with the teachings of the aforesaid Serial N 0. 374,257 application and the prophylactic paste. The patient is then allowed to rinse his mouth as thoroughly as possible.
Enamel and dentin abrasion properties Zirconium silicate is a well-known industrial abrasive which is used for grinding and polishing glass and ceramics. The extreme hardness and abrasion characteristics exhibited by zirconium silicate (e.g., a hardness number of 7.5 on the Mohs scale for commercially available zirconium silicate of type used for grinding of glass) would suggest to one skilled in the art that zirconium silicate would seriously damage (i.e., abrade and scratch) oral hard tissues and would thus be unsuitable for use as a constituent in a dental prophylaxis cleaning and polishing composition. However, experimental evaluations of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention have revealed that such compositions may in fact be safely employed without removing substantial amounts of oral hard tissue. Tooth dentin is frequently found exposed at the surface of the teeth near the free gingival margin, particularly in clinical cases where the gingiva have receded. The abrasion of tooth dentin by a prophylaxis agent is much greater than the abrasion of tooth enamel by the same agent, i.e., 10-100 times. Consequently, the dentin abrasion is considered to be of greater importance than the enamel abrasion, and the effect of a cleaning and polishing agent on dentin is used as an important criterion in the selection of suitable agents. The zirconium silicate-tin dioxide mixture utilized in accordance with the subject invention has a highly satisfactory dentin abrasion characteristic, a fact which is quite surprising in view of the innate hardness of the zirconium silicate constituent thereof.
The method for determining dentin abrasion values for dental cleaning and polishing agents is as follows. The dentin portions are separated from human central incisors, and each dentin portion is mounted in a low melting alloy, such as Woods metal, and is submerged in a slurry of the cleaning and polishing agent to be tested in a 3 carboxymethyl cellulose solution. An automatic toothbrush is arranged so that it can be moved back and forth across the surface of the submerged portion of the dentin, and the pressure of this toothbrush is adjusted to grams. The tooth dentin is subjected to the brushing action for 50,000 double strokes, and removed from the slurry. The dentin portion is weighed before and after The data of Table II verify that the compositions of the present invention may be safely employed in carrying out dental prophylaxis treatments.
Enamel polishing properties The enamel polishing properties of the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide prophylaxis compositions of the present invention have been compared with various commercially available dental prophylaxis agents and pastes. The polishing agents and pastes were evaluated in accordance with the so-called prophylaxis cup polishing procedure. In accordance with this method, the lingual surfaces of freshly extracted maxillary anterior teeth are reduced with the aid of a diamond disc, and the teeth are mounted by means of a low melting alloy, such as Woods metal, on hexagonal jigs constructed so as to fit the movable stage of a reflectometer. The exposed labial surface of each tooth is mounted in such a manner that the height of the contour is a suitable distance above the base of the jig. Throughout the procedure, care is taken to ensure that the teeth do not become dry in order to prevent damage of the tooth tissues. The exposed enamel surface is then dulled by exposing it to 0.10 percent hydrochloric acid (pH 2.2) for 30 seconds. Any acid remaining on the tooth surface is neutralized by immediately transferring the tooth to a saturated sodium carbonate solution for 30 seconds. The tooth is then rinsed with water and blotted dry.
The maximum reflectance of the dulled tooth surface is determined by means of a reflectometer especially adapted to detect the changes in the degree of polish of the enamel surface. The reflectometer is constructed so that the enamel is exposed to a beam of polarized light, and the amount of light reflected from the enamel surface is determined by a photoelectric cell which in turn activates a galvanometer. The smoother the enamel surface, the smaller the amount of diffused and absorbed light and, hence, the higher the galvanometer reading.
After the maximum reflectance of the dulled tooth is determined, the tooth is polished through the use of a dental engine, conventional handpiece, and a rubber prophylaxis cup, the speed of the engine being held constant at 5000 r.p.m. The handpiece is permanently mounted so as to ensure equalized pressure. After the tooth has been polished for exactly 30 seconds with a slurry of the experimental prophylaxis paste or agent, the enamel surface is rinsed with water so as to remove any residual particles of the cleaning and polishing agent, and the reflectance of the enamel surface is again measured with the tooth located in exactly the same position as that used to obtain the dull reading. The change in the amount of reflectance between the dulled and the polished enamel surface is taken as a measure of the degree of polish imparted by the prophylaxis treatment.
In order to express all measurements in terms of a recognized standard polishing agent, each series of tests includes a treatment of the teeth with a specific sample of dry calcium carbonate (#300; Wittaker, Clark, & Daniels Co.) as a reference standard, and all data are expressed relative to this agent in terms of a polishing ratio.
Polishing ratios obtained for the composition of the present invention and for the various commercially available agents and pastes are given in Table III, which also contains a percent superiority figure for the compositions of the present invention.
TABLE TIL-COMPARATIVE POLISHING PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS AGENTS AND PASTES more fully set forth and described in Cooley et al. US. Patent No. 3,151,027, involves the use of polyester plastic blocks specifically designed for use in an electric toothbrushing machine. The blocks are ground smooth, washed, and dried, and a thin coat of black lacquer is carefully applied to the surface of the block. The blocks are then inserted in the toothbrushing machine and brushed with various cleaning and polishing compositions for a set number of strokes at a constant pressure. Reflectance measurements of the blocks are obtained with a reflectometer, all measurements being expressed relative to a calcium pyrophosp-hate standard. The results are expressed as cleaning scores on a scale of from 0 to 6.5, a higher value indicating a greater cleaning ability.
Polishing ratios (relative to a CaCO standard) and cleaning scores obtained in the foregoing manner for various zirconium silicate-tin dioxide mixtures are given in Table V. These mixtures range from a 100% zirconium silicate composition to a 100% tin dioxide composition.
TABLE V.SUMMARY 0F CLEANING AND POLISHING DATA PERTINENT TO RATIO OF ZrSiOl TO SnOz Polishing Cleanin and Polishin A cut Cleaning and Polishing Agent Polishing Superiority g g g Pohshing Cleaning Rat) (Percellt ZrSiO4SnOi Percent by Weight Ratio Score Superionty) Ratio Zirconium silicate, tin dioxide 22. 9 Zrsloi S1102 Zirconium silicate 18- 58 1:0 100.0 0. 0 18.58 5. 53 Q t -n a 63 2 9911 99.0 1. 0 21. 27 5. 56 Pumice-1111mm 23 .5:2. 5 97. 5 2. 5 21. 4s 5. 53 P c e p 154-1 =1 95.0 5. 0 21.48 5 56 Kao it -q 88 5 30 .5; 7. 5 92. 5 7. 5 23. 97 5. so Aragoniteealcite w 56 8 9=1 90. o 10. 0 23. 31 5. 53 A s ca c 37 5 17:3 85. 0 15. 0 23. 43 5. 55 Calcite 1 8 9 411 so. 0 20. 0 23. 02 5.60 t -p 56 4 3:1 75. 0 25. 0 23. 22 5. 53 Quartz-calcite 59 3 111 50. 0 50. 0 22. 5. 53 gnatastiriurniceuartfi-fellspar 1 2&0 75,0 22 o 3 g uartza o-mon mori oni e Montmormomtefluartz 2' 67 753' 6 35 0.1 0. 0 100. 0 21. 15 2. 13 Al(0H)a-pl1ml0c 10. 115. 3 Quartz-teldspar 7. 74 194. 4
A zirconium silicate composition in accordance with the teachings of the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application.
Metal polishing properties In addition to being an excellent agent for polishing oral hard tissues, the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention exhibit superior polishing capabilities when employed to polish dental restorative materials, such as silver amalgam and gold, as verified by the following experimental evaluation.
Gold and amalgam restorations were polished in the previously described manner, with the maximum reflectance being determined before and after the polishing treatment. Determinations were made for: (l) a zirconium silicate-tin dioxide agent produced in accordance with the present invention; (2) a zirconium silicate composition produced in accordance with the teachings of the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application; and (3) a mixture of zirconium silicate plus 10% stannous silicate (Sn SiO The increase in reflectance (in absolute reflectometer units) obtained with these agents for gold and silver amalgam is given in Table IV. The data of Table IV verifies the high level of polishing eflectiveness of the compositions of the present invention for use on restorative materials.
TABLE IV.POLISHING OF METAL RESTORATIONS Net Increase in Polishing Units Cleaning and Polishing Composition Cleaning and polishing properties of various ZrSiO -SnO mixtures The cleaning capability of a prophylaxis paste composition may be experimentally evaluated 'by means of a cleaning grade test. This test, the procedure of which is The data of Table V verify that superior cleaning and polishing results are obtained with the zirconium silicatetin dioxide mixture comprising at least about 50% and up to about 99% ZrSiO and balance SnO (i.e., a 99:1-lz1 ZrSiO -SnO weight ratio range). An optimal preferred range is at least about 75% and up to about 92.5% ZrSiO and "balance SnO (i.e., a 12.33zl-31l ZrSiO -SnO Weight ratio range). The preferred mixture of the present invention comprises ZrSiO and 10% SnO (i.e., a 9:1 weight mixture of ZrSiO and SnO Dental handpiece wear An especial advantage of the improved cleaning and polishing compositions of the present invention is that the dental handpieces used in performing prophylaxis treatments is minimized, as shown by the following experimental evaluation.
Handpiece wear measurements throughout a series of three prophylaxis treatments were obtained for four different prophylaxis compositions. Before the first treatment and at the end of each successive treatment, the (1) loss in shoulder diameter of the prophy angle; (2) loss in diameter of the angle lip; (3) loss in diameter inside screw; (4) loss in weight of screw cap; and (5) loss in weight of shaft and gear were measured. The four prophylactic compositions evaluated were: (1) a zirconium silicate cleaning and polishing agent produced in accordance with the teachings of the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application; (2) a zirconium silicate composition produced in accordance with the said Ser. No. 374,257 application, but having substantially no particles of less than 10 microns particle size; (3) a 9:1 weight ratio of composition (1) and tin dioxide; and (4) a 9:1 weight ratio of composition (2) and tin dioxide. The latter two compositions fall within the generic scope of the subject invention, with composition (4) being a preferred composition. The data obtained in this manner are reported in Table VI.
TABLE VI.SUMMARY OF DATA CONCERNING EFFECT OF VARIOUS PROPHYLACTIO PASTES UPON THE WEAR OF PROPHY ANGLES Loss in Loss in Loss in Loss in Loss in Cleaning and Polishing Composition Treatment Diameter at Diameter Diameter 7 Weight of Weight of No. Shoulder at Lip (in.) Inside Screw Cap Shaft and (in.) Screw (in.) (mg) Gear (mg) Composition (1) ZrSiO 1st 0. 0005 0. 0035 0. 0005 5. 3 7.2 0. 0020 0. 0005 0. 0005 1. 5 5. 7 0. 0020 0. 0000 0. 0005 3. 2 7. 6
Total 0. 0045 0. 0040 0. 0015 10. 20.
Composition (2) ZrSiO l0 0. 0010 0. 0020 0.0010 5.4 2. 5 0.0010 0. 0010 0. 0010 5. 7 3. 3 0. 0005 0. 0005 0. 0020 2. 0 5.
Total 0. 0025 0. 0035 0. 0040 14. 0 ll. 0
Composition (3) 9:1 ZlSlOrSXlOg 0.0005 0.0010 0.0005 2. 0 1. 7 0. 0010 0. 0020 0. 0000 1. 6 3. 6 0. 0000 0. 0010 0. 0000 3. 4 5. 3
Total 0. 0015 0. 0040 0. 0005 7. 0 10. 0
Composition (4) 9:1 ZrSiO -SnO (ZrSiO 1st 0. 0010 0. 0030 0. 0005 3.6 3. 0 p) 2nd 0. 0010 0.0000 0.0010 0. 8 l. 1 3rd 0. 0000 0. 0000 0. 0010 0. 5 0. 3
Total 0. 0020 0. 0030 0. 0025 4. 0 4. 4
The data of Table VI demonstrate that the compositions of the present invention, and particularly the preferred composition of the present invention may be employed without excessive dental handpiece wear. Moreover, this attribute is achieved without any loss in cleaning and polishing effectiveness.
Therapeutic prophylactic pastes As previously indicated, the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing agent of the present invention also functions as a compatible carrier for anticariogenic adjuvants in therapeutic (i.e., anticariogenic) prophylactic paste compositions. Preferably, the adjuvant should be presented in the form of fluoride-containing compounds capable of supplying fluoride and stannous ions or combinations thereof, for example, with an additional component, such as zirconium ions or germanium ions, in biologically available form.
The preferred adjuvants are stannous fluorozirconate (SnZrF stannous fluoride (SnF and complex zirconium-germanium fluorides [e.g., Zr(GeF Z'rOGeF Ge(ZrF ZrGeF ZrGeF and ZrOGe Stannous fluorozirconate and the indicated complex salts appear to be the best anticariogenic fluoride-containing adjuvants now known to the dentifrice arts, especially by virtue of the absence of objectionable taste, lack of enamel pigmentation, freedom from damaging gingival tissue, and increased anticariogenic effectiveness obtainable therewith.
Other suitable adjuvants include water-soluble fluoride salts such as NaF, SnF KF, InF PdF FeF and UP, as well as more complex water-soluble fluoride-containing adjuvants such as fluorosilicates, e.g., Na SiF other fluorozirconates, e.g., CaZrF Na- ZrF and K ZrF fluorostannites, e.g., NaSnF fluoroborates, e.g., NaBF fluorotitanates, e.g., NaTiF other fluorogermanates, e.g., K GeF and mixed halides, e.g., SnClF and Sn ClF Mixtures of suitable adjuvants may also be utilized. Another suitable adjuvant comprises a mixture of a fluoride salt and an active phosphate compound as set forth and described in applicants co-pending United States patent application, Anticariogenic Comopositions and Methods, Ser. No. 535,022, filed Mar. 17, 1966.
In general terms, where the foregoing essential ingredients are used in formulating a therapeutic prophylactic paste composition, fluoride ion is employed at an effective and non-toxic level, usually within a range of from about 1 to about by weight of the composition. When SnF or SnZrF are utilized, such salts are preferably employed at a level of about 8% and respectively (i.e., about 8% SnF supplies about 3% fluoride ion and about 30% SnZrF supplies about 10% fluoride ion). The compatible zirconium silicate-tin dioxide cleaning and polishing mixture is employed within a range of from Example III Constituent: Percent by weight ZrSiO 63 S1102 7 snzrr 2o Liquids 10 Such a therapeutic prophylactic paste may conveniently be formulated and prepared for distribution and use in tube form in accordance with the general method of Example I, above.
However, in many instances, because of the loss of anticariogenic effectiveness attributable to the tendency of stannous ion-containing materials to oxidize and hydrolyze over time in an aqueous environment, it may be desirable to formulate the prophylactic paste just prior to application. This may be accomplished by adding the fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant at the last minute to a prophylactic base containing the zirconium silicate, tin dioxide and other prophylactic paste constituents. The following example is illustrative of this manner of practicing the subject invention.
Example IV A prophylactic base having the following constituents was formulated in a conventional manner:
Constituent: Percent by weight ZrSiO 69.3 SnO 7.7 Bleaching agents (e.g., TiO 4.0 Binders (e.g., sodium carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose) 0.22 Humectants (e.g., glycerin) 17.8 sweetening and flavoring agents 1.0
This prophylactic base may be formulated into a therapeutic prophylactic paste by dissolving 0.3 gram of stannous fluoride in 1 milliliter of distilled water and by adding the aqueous solution thereby formed to 2.0 grams of the foregoing base, giving approximately a 9% SnF (i.e., about 4% fluoride ion) content to the resulting prophylac- 13 14 tic paste. {ks an alternative, 0.93 gram of SnZrF may be The same essential prophylaxis treatment procedure may dissolved 1n 1.0 cc. of distilled water, and the aqueous b l d hether a therapeutic i i -i i solution can be added to 2.0 grams of the foregoing prophylactic base, giving approximately a 24% SnZrF (i.e., about 9% fluoride ion) content to the resultant prophylactic paste.
Experimental evaluations of zirconium silicate-tin dioxide prophylactic paste formulations as described herein indicate that the zirconium silicate-tin dioxide mixtures or a non-therapeutic prophylaxis composition is used. In addition to the excellent cleaning and polishing results obtained with a non-therapeutic zirconium silicate-tin dioxide-containing composition, the provision of a fluoridecontaining anticariogenic adjuvant in the composition permits the added benefit of the anticariogenic attributes function as effective fluoride and stannous ion compatible of fluonde'c?nlfa mmg for Teducmgfm' Incl carrier vehicles. In order to assess the effectiveness of a denfie and hmltmg the seventy of dental canes to be material as a compatible carrier vehicle for anticariogenic achlevedadjuvants, one analytical technique that is conventionally indicated y the fomgoing data, the invention employed is a so-called percentage availability determiclosed herein, in one of its aspects, provides a method for nation. reducing the solubility of the oral hard tissue comprising Percentage availability refers to a comparison of an the application thereto of a prophylactic paste composiionic concentration level for a combination of carrier vetion formulated from a zirconium silicate-tin dioxide hicle and of adjuvant relative to the corresponding ionic cleaning and polishing agent together with an effective concentration level for a reference SOlUilOIl Of the adjuamount of a fluoride-containing anticariogeni adjuvant vant Without the carrier vehicle (e.g., an aqueous solution In addition, the present invention includes a w and of the adjuvant maintained at a reference ionic concenimproved h d for cleaning and polishing the teeth Sufih as 1000 A f f comprising the application thereto of a prophylaxis comratio of the 1on1c concentration level for the combination Position comprising Zirconium Silicate and tin dioxide carrier vehicle and stannous fluoride which analyzes 900 p.p.m. fluoride concentration compared to a reference ployed m a professional Prophylaxls a prophylaxls solution of stannous fluoride at 1000 p.p.m. fluoride ex- P P dental} oflic? by dentlst or dental hibits a 90% availability insofar as ability to provide s the Present mventlfm also encompasses use of aqueous fluorid i is concerned) such pastes on a non-professional self-administered home Table VII gives exemplary percentage availability data 11 s for fluoride and, in some instances, stannous ions for While the subject invention has been described with various fluoride systems, i.e., (1) sodium fluoride (NaF) reference to certain exemplary embodiments, it should at 1000 p.p.m. fluoride ion; (2) NaF at 1000 p.p.m. 1111- be understood that various changes, modifications, and Wide P 10% mollcsodium dihydrogen phosphate alterations may be effected in the materials utilized, in the z di Siannolls fluoride z) at 1000 P-P- proportions of materials, and in the manners of formulatfluoride ion; (4) SnF at 1000 p.p.m. fluoride ion plus ing the compositions, without departing from the spirit 10% NaHzPOai 8% SnFz; and (6) 8% S111: 8% and the scope of the subject invention, as defined in the NaH PO and for several cleaning and pollshing comappended claims positions, i.e., (l) a zirconium silicate cleaning and pol- Whatis claimedis,
ishing composition obtained in accordance with the teach- L A d em a1 propl'lylaxis composition for cleaning and ings of the aforesaid Ser. No. 374,257 application; (2) composition (1), but with all zirconium silicate particles pohshmg teeth 9 mpr 18mg as a cleaning i i i component a mlxture of uncoated zirconium silicate,
of less than 10 microns removed; (3) a 4:1 weight mixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide (i.e., a 20% uncoated tm dloxlde, S1102 Wherem the S 0 ifi 4 a 9: Zirconium silicatefin zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diid mixture 10% 0 and 5 a 19;1 weight ameter particle sizes 1n the range of up to about 75 mixture of zirconium silicate and tin dioxide (i.e., a 5% microns and the tin dioxide, 2, s a distribu ion of SnO mixture). mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about TABLE VIL-SUMMARY OF PERCENTAGE AVAILABILITY DATA Percent Availability with Various Abrasive Systems Composition (1) Composition (2) Composition (3) Composition (4) Composition (5) ZrSiOr ZrSi04 l0u 4:1 ZISlOq-SILO: 9:1 ZI'SlO4-S11Oz 19:1 ZISlO4-Sll0z Fluoride System Concentration Tin. Fluoride, Tin, Fluoride, Tin, Fluoride, Tin, Fluoride, Tin, Fluoride, Perwnt Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent The data of Table VII demonstrate that the zirconium 3 microns and wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is silicate-tin dioxide compositions of the present invention provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 exhibit a high level of stannous and fluoride ion comand up to about 99%, by weight of said mixture, the patibility which is in many instances higher than corbalance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO responding values obtained with compositions comprising 2. A composition, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said zirconium silicate alone as their cleaning and polishing mixture comprises at least about and up to about components. 75 92.5% zirconium silicate, ZrSiO 3. A composition, as claimed in claim 1, wherein said mixture comprises about 90% zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and about 10% tin dioxide, SnO
4. A composition, as claimed in claim 1, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in a first level of up to about microns, in a second level of from about 20 microns up to about 50 microns, and in a third level of from about 50 microns up to about 75 microns, the three levels being combined in a percentage ratio range of about 10-50% of the first level, 52S% of the third level, and the balance of the second level, and wherein the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns.
5. A composition, as claimed in claim 4, wherein the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 2 microns.
6. A composition, as claimed in claim 4, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes .with the following ranges:
Particle size range (a): Percentage range 7. A composition, as claimed in claim 6, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO particle size distribution conforms to the following values:
8. A therapeutic prophylactic paste composition comprising an anticariogenically effective and non-toxic amount of at least one fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant and as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle Sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99%, by weight of said mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO and wherein said mixture is provided in the over-all composition at a level of about -80%, by weight of the over-all composition.
9. A composition, as claimed in claim 8, wherein the fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant is provided in the over-all composition at a level of from about l-15%, by weight of the over-all composition, calculated as fluoride ion.
10. A composition, as claimed in claim 9, wherein said mixture comprises at least about 75 and up to about 92.5% zirconium silicate, ZrSiO 11. A composition, as claimed in claim 9, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a. distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in a first level of up to about 20 microns, in a second level of from 20 microns up to about 50 microns, and in a third level of from about 50 microns up to about 75 microns, the said three levels being combined in a percentage ratio range of about 10-50% of the first level, 5-25 of the third level, and balance of the second level, the tin dioxide, SnO having mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns.
12. A composition, as claimed in claim 11, wherein the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 2 microns.
13. A composition, as claimed in claim 11, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes within the following ranges:
Particle size (a): Acceptable percentage ranges 14. A composition, as claimed in claim 13, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO particle size distribution conforms to the following values:
15. A method for cleaning and polishing teeth comprising the application thereto of a dental prophylaxis composition comprising as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSi0 and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin oxide, S has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns and wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99% by weight of said mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO
16. A method for cleaning and polishing teeth and reducing the incidtnce of dental caries therein comprising the application thereto of a dental prophylaxis composition comprising an anticariogenically effective and non-toxic amount of at least one fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant and as a cleaning and polishing component a mixture of uncoated zirconium silicate, ZrSiO and uncoated tin dioxide, SnO wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 75 microns and the tin dioxide, SnO has a distribution of mean diameter particle sizes in the range of up to about 3 microns, wherein the zirconium silicate, ZrSiO is provided in said mixture at a level of at least about 50 and up to about 99%, by weight of the mixture, the balance of said mixture being tin dioxide, SnO and wherein said mixture is provided in the over-all composition at a level of about 30-80%, by weight of the over-all composition.
17. A method, as claimed in claim 16, wherein the fluoride-containing anticariogenic adjuvant is provided in the over-all composition at a level of from about ride ion.
Referencs Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Kaemmerling et a1. 167-93 Malone'y 151-308 Salzmann et a1. 167-93 Saul et a1. 167-93 1 8 3,151,027 9/1964 Cnoley et a1 167-93 3,257,282 6/1966 Muhler 167-93 FOREIGN PATENTS 462,610 1/ 1950 Canada. 180,531 1/ 1936 Switzerland.
RICHARD L. HUFF, Primary Examiner. LEWIS GOTTS, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A DENTAL PROPHYLAXIS COMPOSITION FOR CLEANING AND POLISHING TEETH COMPRISING AS A CLEANING AND POLISHING COMPONENT A MIXTURE OF UNCOATED ZIRCONIUM SILICATE, ZRSIO4, AND UNCOATED TIN DIOXIDE, SNO2, WHEREIN THE ZIRCONIUM SILICATE, ZRSIO4, HAS A DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN DIAMETER PARTICLE SIZES IN THE RANGE OF UP TO ABOUT 75 MICRONS AND THE TIN DIOXIDE, SNO2, HAS A DISTRIBUTION OF MEAN DIAMETER PARTICLE SIZES IN THE RANGE OF UP TO ABOUT 3 MICRONS AND WHEREIN THE ZIRCONIUM SILICATE, ZRSIO4, IS PROVIDED IN SAID MIXTURE AT A LEVEL OF AT LEAST ABOUT 50 AND UP TO ABOUT 99%, BY WEIGHT OF SAID MIXTURE, THE BALANCE OF SAID MIXTURE BEING TIN DIOXIDE, SNO2.
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US3540891A (en) * 1968-06-14 1970-11-17 Indiana University Foundation Household cleaning and polishing composition
US3541017A (en) * 1969-02-04 1970-11-17 Indiana University Foundation Denture cleanser preparations comprising zirconium silicate and zirconium dioxide
US3647381A (en) * 1968-04-08 1972-03-07 Gabriel Reiter Dental-prophylaxis composition
US4069310A (en) * 1970-11-27 1978-01-17 Colgate Palmolive Company Method for the manufacture of clear dentifrices
US4309418A (en) * 1980-03-25 1982-01-05 Sloan-Kettering Research Institute For Cancer Anti-tumor agent from human serum and process
US4400372A (en) * 1981-03-05 1983-08-23 Indiana University Foundation Chewing gum
US4418053A (en) * 1980-03-17 1983-11-29 Indiana University Foundation Dental prophylaxis compositions and their use
US4585648A (en) * 1983-08-24 1986-04-29 Lion Corporation Dentifrice composition comprising zirconium-bonded synthetic amorphous silicate
US4606912A (en) * 1981-07-22 1986-08-19 Caries Research Group Of Rochester, Inc. Method of making a clear, stable aqueous mouthwash solution and the solution made by that method for the enhancement of cells of the oral cavity and the remineralization of teeth
US4927625A (en) * 1987-08-21 1990-05-22 Lever Brothers Company Toothpastes
US20110008270A1 (en) * 2008-03-13 2011-01-13 Brenda Schmid Composition containing a water-miscible liquid and a water-soluble particle, method of production and use thereof
US9913796B2 (en) 2013-05-13 2018-03-13 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care composition containing pumice and calcium carbonate

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FR2502955A1 (en) * 1981-04-02 1982-10-08 Asulab Sa THERAPEUTIC COMPOSITION USEFUL IN PARTICULAR IN THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF INFLAMMATION OF THE PERIODODIUM AND CONTAINING TA2O5
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CH180531A (en) * 1934-01-09 1935-10-31 Thibaud Gibbs & Cie Toothpaste product.
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3647381A (en) * 1968-04-08 1972-03-07 Gabriel Reiter Dental-prophylaxis composition
US3540891A (en) * 1968-06-14 1970-11-17 Indiana University Foundation Household cleaning and polishing composition
US3541017A (en) * 1969-02-04 1970-11-17 Indiana University Foundation Denture cleanser preparations comprising zirconium silicate and zirconium dioxide
US4069310A (en) * 1970-11-27 1978-01-17 Colgate Palmolive Company Method for the manufacture of clear dentifrices
US4418053A (en) * 1980-03-17 1983-11-29 Indiana University Foundation Dental prophylaxis compositions and their use
US4309418A (en) * 1980-03-25 1982-01-05 Sloan-Kettering Research Institute For Cancer Anti-tumor agent from human serum and process
US4400372A (en) * 1981-03-05 1983-08-23 Indiana University Foundation Chewing gum
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US4585648A (en) * 1983-08-24 1986-04-29 Lion Corporation Dentifrice composition comprising zirconium-bonded synthetic amorphous silicate
US4927625A (en) * 1987-08-21 1990-05-22 Lever Brothers Company Toothpastes
US4935227A (en) * 1987-08-21 1990-06-19 Lever Brothers Company Toothpastes
US4935226A (en) * 1987-08-21 1990-06-19 Lever Brothers Co. Toothpastes
US20110008270A1 (en) * 2008-03-13 2011-01-13 Brenda Schmid Composition containing a water-miscible liquid and a water-soluble particle, method of production and use thereof
US8858921B2 (en) 2008-03-13 2014-10-14 3M Innovative Properties Company Composition containing a water-miscible liquid and a water-soluble particle, method of production and use thereof
US9913796B2 (en) 2013-05-13 2018-03-13 Colgate-Palmolive Company Oral care composition containing pumice and calcium carbonate

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FR1601740A (en) 1970-09-14
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GB1144980A (en) 1969-03-12

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