US3125474A - Pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys - Google Patents
Pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys Download PDFInfo
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- US3125474A US3125474A US3125474DA US3125474A US 3125474 A US3125474 A US 3125474A US 3125474D A US3125474D A US 3125474DA US 3125474 A US3125474 A US 3125474A
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- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 114
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 114
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 title claims description 94
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 84
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims description 84
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 98
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N HF Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 86
- ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium persulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)OOS([O-])(=O)=O ROOXNKNUYICQNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 74
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical class [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 40
- 229910001870 ammonium persulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 36
- 229960000583 Acetic Acid Drugs 0.000 description 32
- DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 32
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 32
- 229960002050 Hydrofluoric Acid Drugs 0.000 description 24
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin hydride Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- KVBCYCWRDBDGBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N azane;dihydrofluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].F.[F-] KVBCYCWRDBDGBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 12
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910000083 tin tetrahydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium dihydride Chemical compound [ZrH2] QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910000568 zirconium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium fluoride Chemical class [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium(0) Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000003491 Skin Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910001093 Zr alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZrO2 Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent Effects 0.000 description 2
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;hydrofluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].F LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021110 pickles Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- KKEOZWYTZSNYLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O triazanium;nitrate;sulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KKEOZWYTZSNYLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 2
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23G—CLEANING OR DE-GREASING OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY CHEMICAL METHODS OTHER THAN ELECTROLYSIS
- C23G1/00—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts
- C23G1/02—Cleaning or pickling metallic material with solutions or molten salts with acid solutions
- C23G1/10—Other heavy metals
- C23G1/106—Other heavy metals refractory metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23F—NON-MECHANICAL REMOVAL OF METALLIC MATERIAL FROM SURFACE; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL; MULTI-STEP PROCESSES FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL INVOLVING AT LEAST ONE PROCESS PROVIDED FOR IN CLASS C23 AND AT LEAST ONE PROCESS COVERED BY SUBCLASS C21D OR C22F OR CLASS C25
- C23F1/00—Etching metallic material by chemical means
- C23F1/10—Etching compositions
- C23F1/14—Aqueous compositions
- C23F1/16—Acidic compositions
- C23F1/26—Acidic compositions for etching refractory metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S376/00—Induced nuclear reactions: processes, systems, and elements
- Y10S376/90—Particular material or material shapes for fission reactors
Description
March 7, 1964 'R. M. WATKINS ETAL 3,125,474
PICKLING ZIRCONIUM AND ZIRCONIUM BASE ALLOYS Filed Jan. 6/1960 z ll Immersion Time -Minutes Fig. I
Rate=3.05 mils per hour 2 Z l l O 2. vm ow o mmmcxgg 835m Immersion Time Minutes INVENTORS ATTO NEY a s .m k .1
e Wh .0 MC 0 fl e0 bnY 008 RR ITNESSES United States Patent Filed Jan. 6, 1960, er. No. 797 9 Claims. (Cl. 156-18) The present invention relates to improved etching and pickling solutions and a process for pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys.
In the presently accepted procedure for the fabrication of zirconium and zirconium base structural members especially for applications such as reactor components, mechanical operations, such as machining the alloy gives rise to a layer of disturbed metal at the surface which extends for an appreciable depth. As this disturbed layer exhibits a more rapid corrosion rate than does the bulk metal, it is removed by chemical dissolution.
A known method of surface pickling consists of the removal of from 1 to 2 mils from the surfaces of zirconium alloy members by bright etching in an aqueous solution containing predetermined proportions by volume of nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid. This admittedly hazardous reagent is capable of producing severe burns upon even momentary skin contact, and is contained in brick tanks with polyvinyl chloride liners as it even attacks stainless steel at a rapid rate. In the majority of processes involving zirconium and zirconium base alloys in which the alloy is to be pickled, a large ratio of etchant volume to component surface area is desired as the zirconium-acid reaction is exothermic, and the etchant temperature should be maintained below 120 F. Items pickled at temperatures in excess of the upper limit result in tapered and irregular surfaces and are more prone to be contaminated.
Contamination occurs when the etchant is not thoroughly rinsed from the surfaces or when the etchant is permitted to dry on the member. In the latter event, the residue is insoluble in water. Inadequate rinsing, which allows some of the etchant to dry on the surface, leaves the alloy with poor corrosion resistance and subsequently it leads to the formation of undesirable white. corrosion products when exposed to high temperature water.
The difiiculties which could result from this condition, namely the occurrence of white corrosion products, are several. First, the white corrosion product could be evidence of a sufficiently accelerated fluoride attack to significantly reduce the thickness of the zirconium and its alloys. Second, a bulky corrosion product would reduce the heat transfer coefficient. Third, a non-adherent zirconium oxide product, especially in nuclear reactors, could be carried away by a coolant and thus increase the contamination and accessibility problem.
Summing up, the present state of the art of zirconium and zirconium base alloy surface preparation involves the use of the hazardous hydrofluoric-nitric acid etchant procedure with its stringent rinse requirements, diflicult contaminant problems, and critical temperature control for maintenance of dimensional tolerances and questionable over-all efliciency.
In pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys, using modifications of the standard hydrofluoric nitric acid procedure, it has been observed that the higher the percentage of nitric acid in the-reagent, the slower the rate of reaction. Hydrofluoric acid alone produces a violent exothermic reaction with zirconium and its alloys, whereas nitric acid alone does not attack the alloy. Apparently the nitric acid acts as an inhibitor and serves to control the reaction rate.
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Some work has been done on the substitution of ammonium fluoride for the hydrofluoric acid in dissolving formulations recommended for application in decladding zirconium and zirconium base reactor fuel elements. These formulations are ineffectual in the controlled pickling of zirconium base alloys containing tin as they are incapable of dissolving certain components of the alloy which are believed to be tin and zirconium hydride. These appear as a black deposit on the metal surface during the dissolving process and result in poor surface finish quality.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous etching and pickling solution comprising predetermined proportions of ammonium persulfate, hydrofluoric acid and/ or ammonium billuoride, with or without acetic acid and/ or ammonium nitrate.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an aqueous etching and pickling solution for zirconium and zirconium base alloys comprising predetermined proportions of ammonium persulfate, hydrogen fluoride and/ or ammonium bifluoride, with or without acetic acid and/ or ammonium nitrate.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a process for etching and pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys in aqueous solutions comprising predetermined proportions of ammonium persulfate, hydrofluoric acid or ammonium bifluoride, with or without acetic acid and/ or ammonium nitrate.
Other objects will, in part, be obvious and will, in part, appear hereinafter.
Reference should be made to the following detailed description and drawing, in which the two figures are graphs plotting time against surface thickness dissolved.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an improved etching and pickling solution for zirconium and zirconium base alloys. The solution comprises predetermined proportions of ammonium persulfate, hydrofluoric acid and/ or ammonium bifluoride, with or without acetic acid and/or ammonium nitrate. The solution is characterized by a slow, linear pickling rate with better control of surface dissolution and reduced stringent rinse requirements to avoid staining. Members treated with the solution have high surface finish quality. Furthermore, the solutions will result in lower pickling tank cost by substitution of an alloy such as stainless steel for the container or tank material in place of the brick, polyvinyl chloride lined tanks now required for pickling of zirconium and its alloys.
The pickling solution of this invention may comprise an aqueous solution of (1) either .5 to 5% by weight hydrofluoric acid or from .5% to 8% by Weight ammonium bifiuoride, or both, the amount of hydrogen fluoride supplied by mixtures of ammonium biiluoride and hydrofluoric acid totaling at least 0.3% and not in excess of 3% and (2) from 3% to 30% by Weight ammonium persulfate. In addition, there may be present either acetic acid or ammonium nitrate. Acetic acid is highly desirable in amounts of from 3% to 20% by weight and ammonium nitrate in amounts of from 2% to 6%.
The etching and pickling solution may be prepared in a resistant container and mixed by any suitable means. It is preferred to mix the solution in a tank of stainless steel, or of another inert material, taking care that the ammonium persulfate is dissolved first in the Water to protect the stainless steel tank from fluoride attack when the fluoride component is added. The ammonium persulfate functions as an inhibitor of fluoride attack on metallic zirconium in the pickling process. The acetic acid and/ or ammonium nitrate, while they are not necessary constituents in the pickling solution, are highly desirable since the acetic acid inhibits hydrogen embrittlement of zirconium while the ammonium nitrate, in conenema/a junction with ammonium persulfate, insures a complete solution of any tin and zirconium hydride remaining on the surface of the zirconium base alloys containing tin.
Zirconium and zirconium base alloy members may be etched or pickled by suspending the members on a fixture laterally disposed across the opening of the pickling tank containing the pickling solution. The fixture and the tank may be composed of an alloy such as stainless steel or other inert metals, the dimensions of the same being determined by the dimensions of the members being pickled. 'Ilhe pickling solution also may be applied to members of the alloy by any suitable means, such as hosing or spraying. The solution is preferably maintained at a temperature of from 70 to 120 F. The time in solution is regulated by the desired depth of surface dissolved with which it has a linear relationship.
It may be desirable in some cases to modify the action of the pickling solution on the zirconium and zirconium base alloy members by inducing an electrical current in the members. The members may be made the anode, and the cathode may be composed of any suitable material, such as graphite or platinum. The surface dissolution of the members is facilitated by electrolysis. However, it should be understood that it is not necessary to induce an electrical current in the members to achieve the results as described in the present invention.
The surfaces produced by the solution of these processes appear bright and of a quality equal to the surfaces produced by means of the standard nitric-hydrm fluoric acid pickling procedure. In addition, the attack produced by the pickling solutions of the present invert tion is easily controllable and appears to be linear with time, as is illustrated by FIGS. 1 and 2.
:In the following examples, six sample coupons (.7" x .7" x. .08) each Weighing approximately 4 grams were sectioned from an alloy member and each was pickled in a pickling solution, five of which differed in composition, each solution being initially at room temperature. The alloy comprised approximately 1.5% by weight of tin, 0.1% by weight of chromium, 0.05% by weight of nickel, 0.1% by weight of iron and the balance being zirconium. All solution percentages used are by weight.
Example I A sample couplon Was immersed in an aqueous pickling solution comprising 2.5% ammonium biflouride, 4% ammonium nitrate, and ammonium persulfate for a period of 20 minutes. The coupon surfaces were shiny and uniform in dimensions.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is a graph plotting surface thickness dissolved over a period of time. The sample was measured at frequent intervals and shows a straight line relationship.
Example I] A sample coupon was immersed in an aqueous pickling solution comprising 1.7% by weight hydrogen fluoride (added as 50% HF solution), 7% glacial acetic acid and 20% ammonium persulfate for a period of 30 minutes. The surfaces also appeared shiny and uniform in dimensions.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is a graph plotting surface thickness dissolved over a period of time. The sample was measured at frequent intervals and shows a straight line relationship.
Example III (Prior Art) A sample coupon was immersed in an aqueous pickling solution comprising by volume, 39% nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) and 3% hydrofluoric acid (52% by weight aqueous solution) for a period of 5 minutes. The coupon appeared dull and rough surfaced.
Another sample coupon was immersed in aqueous solution of the same composition of this Example III, for a period of 5 minutes while the solution was being vigorously agitated. The pickling reaction was very rapid and uncontrollable. The resulting coupon appeared bright and shiny but the surfaces became very irregular due to the rapid fluoride attack. Both coupons evidenced a substantial weight loss.
In order to illustrate the criticality of the presence of appreciable amounts of ammonium persulfate in the compositions of this invention, the following solutions were prepared without ammonium persulfate.
Example IV A sample coupon was immersed in an aqueous pickling solution comprising 3% ammonium fluoride for a period of 5 minutes with constant agitation. The surfaces of the coupon were covered with a black coating, believed to be tin and/or zirconium hydride.
Example V A sample coupon was immersed in an aqueous pickling solution comprising 2.5 ammonium fluoride and 4% ammonium nitrate for a period of 5 minutes with constant agitation. The surface of the treated coupon appeared coarse, stained and somewhat pitted.
The above described pickling solutions of the invention can be employed to pickle, with equally good results to those set forth in examples 1 and 2, zirconium metal and members of an alloy consisting essentially of from 0.1% to 2.5% by weight of tin, a total of from 0.1% to 2% by weight of at least one metal from period 3 of the periodic table selected from the group consisting of iron, nickel and chromium, with or without from 0.03% to 1% by weight of beryllium, and the balance zirconium.
It is to be understood that the above description should be interpreted as being illustrative and not limiting.
We claim as our invention:
1. An aqueous etching and pickling solution suitable for zirconium and zirconium base alloys consisting essentially of from 3% to 30% by Weight ammonium persulfate to inhibit fluoride attack on zirconium, at least one of the group acetic acid and ammonium nitrate in the solution, there being up to 20% by weight acetic acid, and up to 6% by weight ammonium nitrate, the acetic acid being employed to inhibit hydrogen embrittlement of zirconium and the ammonium nitrate being employed to insure a complete solution of any tin or zirconium hydride remaining on the surface of a zirconium base alloy containing tin, and at least one hydrogen fluoride containing compound selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium bifluoride in an amount to provide at least 0.3% and not more than 3% by weight of hydrogen fluoride.
2. An aqueous etching and pickling solution suitable for etching zirconium and zirconium base alloys consisting essentially of, by weight, from 0.3 to 3% hydrogen fluoride, not exceeding 20% of acetic acid and 3% to 30% ammonium persultfate.
3. An aqueous etching and pickling solution suitable for etching zirconium and zirconium base alloys consisting essentially of, by weight, from 0.5% to 8% ammonium bifluoride, not exceeding 6% of ammonium nitrate and 3% to 30% ammonium persulfate.
4. An aqueous etching and pickling solution suitable for etching zirconium and zirconium base alloys consisting essentially of, by weight, 1.7% hydrogen fluoride, 7% acetic acid and 20% ammonium persulfate.
5. An aqueous etching and pickling solution suitable for etching zirconium and zirconium base alloys consisting essentially of, by weight, 2.5% ammonium hydrogen fluoride, 4% ammonium nitrate and 15% ammonium persulfate.
6. The process of pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys, comprising, applying to members of the alloy an aqueous pickling solution consisting essentially of from 3% to 30% by weight ammonium persulfate at least one hydrogen fluoride containing compound selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid and ammonium bifluoride in an amount to provide at least 0.3% and not more than 3% by weight hydrogen fluoride for a. period of time at a temperature of from 70 F. to 120 F.
7. The process of pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys, comprising, applying to members of the alloy an aqueous pickling solution consisting essentially of, by weight, from 0.3% to 3% hydrogen fluoride, not exceeding 20% of acetic acid, and 3% to 30% ammonium persultfate for a period of time at a temperature of from 70 F. to 120 F.
8. The process of pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys, comprising, applying to the members of the alloy an aqueous pickling solution consisting essentially of, by weight, from 0.3% to 3% ammonium bifluoride, not exceeding 6% of ammonium nitrate, and 3% to 30% ammonium persulfate for a period of time at a temperature of from 70 F. to 120 F.
9. The process of pickling an alloy consisting essentially of from 0.1% to 2.5% by Weight of tin, a total of from 0.1% to 2% by weight of at least one metal from the group consisting of iron, nickel, and chromium, from 0.03% to 1% by weight of beryllium, and the balance zirconium, comprising applying to the members of the alloy an aqueous pickling solution consisting essentially of, by Weight, from 0.3% to 3% hydrogen fluoride, not exceeding 20% of acetic acid up to 6% ammonium nitrate and 3% to ammonium persulfate for a period of time at a temperature of from F. to F.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,969,678 White Aug. 7, 1934 2,678,876 Burnside May 18, 1954 2,684,892 Saulnier July 27, 1954 2,856,275 Otto Oct. 14, 1958 2,942,954 Thomas June 28, 1960 2,981,610 Synder et al. Apr. 25, 1961
Claims (1)
- 7. THE PROCESS OF PICKLING ZIRCONIUMAND ZIRCONIUM BASE ALLOYS, COMPRISING, APPLYING TO MEMBERS OF THE ALLOY AN AQUEOUS PICKLING SOLUTION CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF, BY WEIGHT, FROM 0.3% TO 3% HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, NOT EXCEEDING 20% OF ACETIC ACID, AND 3% TO 30% AMMONIUM PERSULTFATE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM 70*F. TO 120*F.
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3125474A true US3125474A (en) | 1964-03-17 |
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| US3125474D Expired - Lifetime US3125474A (en) | Pickling zirconium and zirconium base alloys |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3222289A (en) * | 1962-10-05 | 1965-12-07 | Walter E Clark | Dissolution of zirconium in titanium equipment |
| US3514407A (en) * | 1966-09-28 | 1970-05-26 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Chemical polishing of titanium and titanium alloys |
| US4017368A (en) * | 1974-11-11 | 1977-04-12 | General Electric Company | Process for electroplating zirconium alloys |
| US4361444A (en) * | 1979-09-26 | 1982-11-30 | Teledyne Industries, Inc. | Spray strip pickling of upright material |
| US4738747A (en) * | 1986-07-22 | 1988-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Process for etching zirconium metallic objects |
| US4927492A (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1990-05-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Etching process for zirconium metallic objects |
| US20070099425A1 (en) * | 2005-10-28 | 2007-05-03 | Enthone Inc. | Method for etching non-conductive substrate surfaces |
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| US1969678A (en) * | 1931-09-25 | 1934-08-07 | Dow Chemical Co | Ferric chloride etching solutions |
| US2678876A (en) * | 1950-12-26 | 1954-05-18 | Rca Corp | Conditioning of metal surfaces |
| US2684892A (en) * | 1953-01-14 | 1954-07-27 | Rca Corp | Ferric chloride etching solutions |
| US2856275A (en) * | 1956-11-20 | 1958-10-14 | Amchem Prod | Chemical treatment of refractory metal surfaces |
| US2942954A (en) * | 1955-10-20 | 1960-06-28 | Gen Motors Corp | Non-hazardous etching solutions |
| US2981610A (en) * | 1957-05-14 | 1961-04-25 | Boeing Co | Chemical milling process and composition |
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- US US3125474D patent/US3125474A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US1969678A (en) * | 1931-09-25 | 1934-08-07 | Dow Chemical Co | Ferric chloride etching solutions |
| US2678876A (en) * | 1950-12-26 | 1954-05-18 | Rca Corp | Conditioning of metal surfaces |
| US2684892A (en) * | 1953-01-14 | 1954-07-27 | Rca Corp | Ferric chloride etching solutions |
| US2942954A (en) * | 1955-10-20 | 1960-06-28 | Gen Motors Corp | Non-hazardous etching solutions |
| US2856275A (en) * | 1956-11-20 | 1958-10-14 | Amchem Prod | Chemical treatment of refractory metal surfaces |
| US2981610A (en) * | 1957-05-14 | 1961-04-25 | Boeing Co | Chemical milling process and composition |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3222289A (en) * | 1962-10-05 | 1965-12-07 | Walter E Clark | Dissolution of zirconium in titanium equipment |
| US3514407A (en) * | 1966-09-28 | 1970-05-26 | Lockheed Aircraft Corp | Chemical polishing of titanium and titanium alloys |
| US4017368A (en) * | 1974-11-11 | 1977-04-12 | General Electric Company | Process for electroplating zirconium alloys |
| US4361444A (en) * | 1979-09-26 | 1982-11-30 | Teledyne Industries, Inc. | Spray strip pickling of upright material |
| US4738747A (en) * | 1986-07-22 | 1988-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Process for etching zirconium metallic objects |
| US4927492A (en) * | 1987-08-31 | 1990-05-22 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Etching process for zirconium metallic objects |
| US20070099425A1 (en) * | 2005-10-28 | 2007-05-03 | Enthone Inc. | Method for etching non-conductive substrate surfaces |
| DE102005051632B4 (en) * | 2005-10-28 | 2009-02-19 | Enthone Inc., West Haven | Process for pickling non-conductive substrate surfaces and for metallizing plastic surfaces |
| US7578947B2 (en) | 2005-10-28 | 2009-08-25 | Enthone Inc. | Method for etching non-conductive substrate surfaces |
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