US2965474A - Reduction of metal oxides - Google Patents

Reduction of metal oxides Download PDF

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US2965474A
US2965474A US749313A US74931358A US2965474A US 2965474 A US2965474 A US 2965474A US 749313 A US749313 A US 749313A US 74931358 A US74931358 A US 74931358A US 2965474 A US2965474 A US 2965474A
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metal
detonation
finely divided
detonable
mixture
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Herbert B Sargent
Richard M Poorman
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Union Carbide Corp
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Union Carbide Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/04—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/20—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds
    • B22F9/22—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds using gaseous reductors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
    • C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
    • C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
    • C22B5/06—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by carbides or the like

Definitions

  • a process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises introducing the metal oxide preferably in comminuted form into a detonation apparatus, introducing a detonable charge of an oxidant and fuel gas into the detonation apparatus the reaction products of which result in an atmosphere which is substantially reducing to the metal oxide, suspending the metal oxide in the detonable charge and igniting such charge. Ignition of the detonable mixture results in a detonation wave which rapidly passes through the detonation apparatus. This detonation wave and associated hot gases heat the metal oxide to reaction temperature, reduce the oxide to free metal and propel the resulting finely divided metal toward a collecting means. This finely divided free metal is collected either as a very fine powder or as a coating on an object or other collector utilized for such purpose.
  • detonation is meant a very rapid burning or other exothermic reaction in which the flame front moves through the unburned material at velocities higher than the velocity of sound in the unburned material, and therefore characterized as supersonic velocities.
  • Typical calculated velocities of sound at normal pressure are 1085 ft./sec. at 18 C. in a 50% oxygen-50% acetylene mixture, 1384 ft./sec. in the same mixture at 200 C. and 1122 ft./sec. at 18 C.
  • the rate of flame propagation is far greater in a detonation than in a deflagration, which is a burning or other exothermic reaction in which the velocity of flame propagation does not exceed the velocity of sound in the unburned material.
  • a deflagration which is a burning or other exothermic reaction in which the velocity of flame propagation does not exceed the velocity of sound in the unburned material.
  • the velocity of the flame front in gas detonations thus far investigated is from 1 to 4 kilometers per second (about 3280 to 13,120 ft. per second), as compared to, for instance, 50 ft. per second. for a typical deflagration.
  • finely divided metal powders There are many laboratory and industrial uses for finely divided metal powders. They can be used, for example, as catalysts for chemical reactions, as adsorbents and as raw materials for powder metallurgy techniques. Previously finely divided metals in substantially pure form could only be obtained by grinding operations on the massive metal or by chemical reduction of metal compounds often at high pressures.
  • a detonation gun for utilizing detonation Waves and associated phenomena to impart energy to powders provided in a detonable fluid body to propel said powders at high temperatures and velocities against the surface of a body to be coated.
  • a detonation gun disclosed and claimed in application Serial No. 275,332, filed March 7, 1952, by R. M. Poorman et -al., issued on August 2, 1955, as US. Patent No. 2,714,563, is termed a detonation gun and comprises an elongated barrel having an open end, means for introducing a detonable body of detonable fluid into said barrel, means for providing powder material in said detonable body of detonable fluid in said barrel, means.
  • the powdered material is carried into the barrel either through the fuel gas stream or oxidant stream, or by a separate stream which introduces the powdered material into the barrel of the detonation gun.
  • finely divided free metal is produced when. the oxidant and fuel gases used for the detonable mixture result in a reducing atmosphere during the detonation.
  • the free metal resulting from the detonation may be either collected as a finely divided powder near the open end of the gun barrel or may be impinged on an object placed near said barrel as a dense adherent coating.
  • the high temperature and brief duration of the detonation reaction is thought to be responsible for the surprising results achieved with this method.
  • The, finely divided nature of the metal oxides used apparently allows them to be normally raised to a sufficiently high temperature by the detonation reaction so asto be reduced by the controlled reducing atmosphere of the reaction.
  • the reducing atmosphere within the detonation gun also apparently shields the finely divided free metal. product long enough to allow it to cool down to a point where it does not readily recombine with the atmosphere as it leaves the gun.
  • EXAMPLE I Reduction of tungsten oxide Oxygen at 2.05 c.f.m. and acetylene at 1.95 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber of a detonation gun so as to form a detonable mixture having an oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of 1.05. Downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber W0 powder at 20 grams per minute was introduced to the detonable gas mixture by means of an argon carrier gas stream of 0.4 c.f.m. The detonable mixture was ignited about 4 times per second by means of a spark plug with attendant nitrogen purge of the detonation gun between detonations. A fine powder was collected at the outlet of the detonation gun which had a surface area of 35.70 sq. meters/ gm. and contained 92.4 wt. percent tungsten.
  • EXAMPLE II Reduction of iron oxide Oxygen gas at 2.75 c.f.m. and 1.0 c.f.m. propane were fed into a detonation chamber so as to form a detonable mixture.
  • Fe O powder at a rate of about 10 grams/ min. was introduced to the detonatable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber by means of a 0.61 c.f.m. propane stream.
  • the detonable mixture was ignited about 4 times per second with a nitrogen purge of the detonation chamber between detonations. A fine powder was collected at the outlet of the equipment which contained 74.3 wt. percent iron.
  • EXAMPLE III Reduction of iron oxide Oxygen at 3.3 c.f.m. and propane at 1.25 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber.
  • Fe O powder at about 10 grams/min. was introduced to the detonable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber in a propane carrier gas stream of 0.61 c.f.m.
  • the detonation mixture was ignited about 4 times per second and the detonation chamber was purged with nitrogen between detonations.
  • a fine powder product was collected at the outlet of the equipment which contained 77.6 wt. percent iron.
  • EXAMPLE IV Reduction of molybdenum oxide Oxygen at 2.83 c.f.m. and acetylene at 2.17 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber to form a detonable mixture having an oxygen/ carbon atomic ratio of 1.3.
  • M powder at about 20 grams/min. was introduced to the detonable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber in a nitrogen carrier stream of 0.5 c.f.m.
  • the detonation mixture was ignited about 4 times per second and the detonation chamber was purged with nitrogen between detonations.
  • a fine powder product was collected at the equipment outlet which had a surface area of 19.2 sq. meters/gm. and contained free molybdenum metal as indicated by X-ray diffraction means.
  • EXAMPLE V Reduction of cobalt oxide Acetylene at 3.25 c.f.m. and oxygen at 3.25 c.f.m. were fed into the detonation equipment.
  • a powder product was collected at the equipment outlet and it was found by analysis to be cobalt metal substantially free of oxides.
  • a process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises introducing the metal oxide into a detonable mixture of oxidant and fuel contained within an elongated chamber having such length to diameter ratio as to support a detonation, said detonable mixture having detonation characteristics such that the metal oxide is reduced to free metal, igniting the detonable mixture to produce a detonation wave and associated hot gases within said chamber which react with said metal oxide to produce finely divided free metal and which propel the finely divided metal toward a collecting means maintaining the metal powder within the reducing atmosphere which originated within the elongated chamber until it cools to a temperature below which substantial atmospheric oxidation occurs, and recovering the so-reduced product.
  • a process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises providing within a detonation gun having a barrel of such length to diameter ratio as to support a detonation with a mixing and ignition chamher at one end and a powder collecting means at the'other end, a detonable charge of oxidant and fuel, suspending in said detonable charge a comminuted metal oxide reducible under the detonation conditions produced by said detonable charge, igniting the detonable charge to produce a detonation wave and associated hot gases which react with said comminuted metal oxide to produce finely divided free metal and which propel the finely divided metal toward the collecting means, maintaining the metal powder within the reducing atmosphere which originated within the elongated chamber until it cools to a temperature below which substantial atmospheric oxidation oc curs, and recovering the so reduced product.

Description

United States Patent REDUCTION OF METAL OXIDES Herbert B. Sargent and Richard M. Poorman, Indiam apolis, Ind., assignors to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Filed July 18, 1958, Ser. No. 749,313
7 Claims. (Cl. 75-34) This invention relates to the reduction of metal oxide powders utilizing a detonation reaction.
According to this invention there is provided a process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises introducing the metal oxide preferably in comminuted form into a detonation apparatus, introducing a detonable charge of an oxidant and fuel gas into the detonation apparatus the reaction products of which result in an atmosphere which is substantially reducing to the metal oxide, suspending the metal oxide in the detonable charge and igniting such charge. Ignition of the detonable mixture results in a detonation wave which rapidly passes through the detonation apparatus. This detonation wave and associated hot gases heat the metal oxide to reaction temperature, reduce the oxide to free metal and propel the resulting finely divided metal toward a collecting means. This finely divided free metal is collected either as a very fine powder or as a coating on an object or other collector utilized for such purpose.
By the term detonation is meant a very rapid burning or other exothermic reaction in which the flame front moves through the unburned material at velocities higher than the velocity of sound in the unburned material, and therefore characterized as supersonic velocities. (Typical calculated velocities of sound at normal pressure are 1085 ft./sec. at 18 C. in a 50% oxygen-50% acetylene mixture, 1384 ft./sec. in the same mixture at 200 C. and 1122 ft./sec. at 18 C. in a 9.5% acetylene-90.5% air mixture.) The rate of flame propagation is far greater in a detonation than in a deflagration, which is a burning or other exothermic reaction in which the velocity of flame propagation does not exceed the velocity of sound in the unburned material. According to Wilhelm Josts Explosion and Combustion Processes in Gases, McGraw- Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1946), pages 160 to 210 of which are devoted to detonations in gases, the velocity of the flame front in gas detonations thus far investigated is from 1 to 4 kilometers per second (about 3280 to 13,120 ft. per second), as compared to, for instance, 50 ft. per second. for a typical deflagration.
There are many laboratory and industrial uses for finely divided metal powders. They can be used, for example, as catalysts for chemical reactions, as adsorbents and as raw materials for powder metallurgy techniques. Previously finely divided metals in substantially pure form could only be obtained by grinding operations on the massive metal or by chemical reduction of metal compounds often at high pressures.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a novel process for the direct reduction of metal oxide to free metal.
It is still another object to provide such a process which will produce the free metal in a finely divided state.
Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description and examples.
In order to reduce most metal oxides to the free metal it is necessary to elevate their temperature greatly and provide a reducing agent which will combine with the 2,965,474 Patented Dec. 20, 1960 ice oxygen in the oxide, then the metal must either be cooled rapidly or remain shielded from the atmosphere while it cools slowly.
It has been found that the detonation phenomenon provides an ideal energy source for the reduction of metal oxides, even those of the refractory metals.
Heretofore, apparatus has been proposed for utilizing detonation Waves and associated phenomena to impart energy to powders provided in a detonable fluid body to propel said powders at high temperatures and velocities against the surface of a body to be coated. Such apparatus, disclosed and claimed in application Serial No. 275,332, filed March 7, 1952, by R. M. Poorman et -al., issued on August 2, 1955, as US. Patent No. 2,714,563, is termed a detonation gun and comprises an elongated barrel having an open end, means for introducing a detonable body of detonable fluid into said barrel, means for providing powder material in said detonable body of detonable fluid in said barrel, means. for controlling the supply of fluid fuel and oxidant of said detonable fluid, and a mixing and ignition zone at the rear of the barrel including ignition means for igniting said detonable fluid in said barrel. The powdered material is carried into the barrel either through the fuel gas stream or oxidant stream, or by a separate stream which introduces the powdered material into the barrel of the detonation gun.
When metal oxide powders are introduced into the downstream or barrel portion of a detonation gun, such as is disclosed in the above-mentioned US. patent, finely divided free metal is produced when. the oxidant and fuel gases used for the detonable mixture result in a reducing atmosphere during the detonation. The free metal resulting from the detonation may be either collected as a finely divided powder near the open end of the gun barrel or may be impinged on an object placed near said barrel as a dense adherent coating.
The high temperature and brief duration of the detonation reaction is thought to be responsible for the surprising results achieved with this method. The, finely divided nature of the metal oxides used apparently allows them to be normally raised to a sufficiently high temperature by the detonation reaction so asto be reduced by the controlled reducing atmosphere of the reaction. The reducing atmosphere within the detonation gun also apparently shields the finely divided free metal. product long enough to allow it to cool down to a point where it does not readily recombine with the atmosphere as it leaves the gun.
The following examples illustrate specific metal oxides that have been reduced to the finely divided free metal state by means of a detonation reaction.
EXAMPLE I Reduction of tungsten oxide Oxygen at 2.05 c.f.m. and acetylene at 1.95 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber of a detonation gun so as to form a detonable mixture having an oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of 1.05. Downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber W0 powder at 20 grams per minute was introduced to the detonable gas mixture by means of an argon carrier gas stream of 0.4 c.f.m. The detonable mixture was ignited about 4 times per second by means of a spark plug with attendant nitrogen purge of the detonation gun between detonations. A fine powder was collected at the outlet of the detonation gun which had a surface area of 35.70 sq. meters/ gm. and contained 92.4 wt. percent tungsten.
EXAMPLE II Reduction of iron oxide Oxygen gas at 2.75 c.f.m. and 1.0 c.f.m. propane were fed into a detonation chamber so as to form a detonable mixture. Fe O powder at a rate of about 10 grams/ min. was introduced to the detonatable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber by means of a 0.61 c.f.m. propane stream. The detonable mixture was ignited about 4 times per second with a nitrogen purge of the detonation chamber between detonations. A fine powder was collected at the outlet of the equipment which contained 74.3 wt. percent iron.
EXAMPLE III Reduction of iron oxide Oxygen at 3.3 c.f.m. and propane at 1.25 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber. Fe O powder at about 10 grams/min. was introduced to the detonable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber in a propane carrier gas stream of 0.61 c.f.m. The detonation mixture was ignited about 4 times per second and the detonation chamber was purged with nitrogen between detonations. A fine powder product was collected at the outlet of the equipment which contained 77.6 wt. percent iron.
EXAMPLE IV Reduction of molybdenum oxide Oxygen at 2.83 c.f.m. and acetylene at 2.17 c.f.m. were fed into a detonation chamber to form a detonable mixture having an oxygen/ carbon atomic ratio of 1.3. M powder at about 20 grams/min. was introduced to the detonable gas mixture downstream of the ignition zone of the detonation chamber in a nitrogen carrier stream of 0.5 c.f.m. The detonation mixture was ignited about 4 times per second and the detonation chamber was purged with nitrogen between detonations. A fine powder product was collected at the equipment outlet which had a surface area of 19.2 sq. meters/gm. and contained free molybdenum metal as indicated by X-ray diffraction means.
EXAMPLE V Reduction of cobalt oxide Acetylene at 3.25 c.f.m. and oxygen at 3.25 c.f.m. were fed into the detonation equipment. Cobalt oxide powder at a rate of lb. per hour entrained in a nitrogen carrier gas stream of 0.5 c.f.m. was introduced into the detonation chamber downstream of the detonation ignition zone. The detonable mixture was ignited with nitrogen after each detonation. A powder product was collected at the equipment outlet and it was found by analysis to be cobalt metal substantially free of oxides.
From the above examples the surprising efliciency of this novel reaction can readily be seen. The process thus disclosed should have great utility and use where extremely fine particle size metal powders are desired.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises introducing the metal oxide into a detonable mixture of oxidant and fuel contained within an elongated chamber having such length to diameter ratio as to support a detonation, said detonable mixture having detonation characteristics such that the metal oxide is reduced to free metal, igniting the detonable mixture to produce a detonation wave and associated hot gases within said chamber which react with said metal oxide to produce finely divided free metal and which propel the finely divided metal toward a collecting means maintaining the metal powder within the reducing atmosphere which originated within the elongated chamber until it cools to a temperature below which substantial atmospheric oxidation occurs, and recovering the so-reduced product.
2. A process for reducing metal oxides to finely divided free metal which comprises providing within a detonation gun having a barrel of such length to diameter ratio as to support a detonation with a mixing and ignition chamher at one end and a powder collecting means at the'other end, a detonable charge of oxidant and fuel, suspending in said detonable charge a comminuted metal oxide reducible under the detonation conditions produced by said detonable charge, igniting the detonable charge to produce a detonation wave and associated hot gases which react with said comminuted metal oxide to produce finely divided free metal and which propel the finely divided metal toward the collecting means, maintaining the metal powder within the reducing atmosphere which originated within the elongated chamber until it cools to a temperature below which substantial atmospheric oxidation oc curs, and recovering the so reduced product.
3. A process in accordance with claim 2, wherein said fuel and oxidant mixture is an acetylene-oxygen mixture and said comminuted metal oxide is tungsten oxide, and said finely divided product contains free tungsten metal.
4. A process in accordance with claim 2 wherein said fuel and oxidant mixture consists of propane and oxygen, said comminuted metal oxide is ferric oxide, and said finely divided product contains free iron metal.
5. A process in accordance with claim 2, wherein said fuel and oxidant mixture consists of propane and oxvgen, said comminuted metal oxide is ferrous oxide, and said finely divided product contains free iron metal.
6. A process in accordance with claim 2, wherein said fuel and oxidant mixture consists of acetvlene and oxygen, said comminuted metal oxide is molybdenum oxide. and said finely divided product contains free molybdenum metal.
7. A process in accordance with claim 2, wherein said fuel and oxidant mixture consists of acetvlene and oxvgen. said comminuted metal oxide is cobalt oxide, and said finely divided product contains free cobalt metal.
McCourt Jan. 21, 1919 Gahl Aug. 9, 1938

Claims (1)

1. A PROCESS FOR REDUCING METAL OXIDES TO FINELY DIVIDED FREE METAL WHICH COMPRISES INTRODUCING THE METAL OXIDE INTO A DETONABLE MIXTURE OF OXIDANT AND FUEL CONTAINED WITHIN AN ELONGATED CHAMBER HAVING SUCH LENGTH TO DIAMETER RATIO AS TO SUPPORT A DETONATION, SAID DETONABLE MIXTURE HAVING DETONATION CHARACTERISTICS SUCH THAT THE METAL OXIDE IS REDUCED TO FREE METAL, IGNITING THE DETONABLE MIXTURE TO PRODUCE A DETONATION WAVE AND ASSOCIATED HOT GASES WITHIN SAID CHAMBER WHICH REACT WITH SAID METAL OXIDE TO PRODUCE FINELY DIVIDED FREE METAL AND WHICH PROPEL THE FINELY DIVIDED METAL TOWARD A COLLECTING MEANS MAINTAINING THE METAL POWDER WITHIN THE REDUCING ATOMOSPHERE WHICH ORIGINATED WITHIN THE ELONGATED CHAMBER UNTIL IT COOLS TO A TEMPERATURE BELOW WHICH SUBSTANTIAL ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION OCCURS, AND RECOVERING THE SO-REDUCED PRODUCT.
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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3097089A (en) * 1960-11-22 1963-07-09 Jahn Fredrik W De Method for decomposing solid materials by explosive impacts
US3172753A (en) * 1965-03-09 Method for theproduction of
EP0151490A2 (en) * 1984-02-09 1985-08-14 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing ultra-fine ceramic particles

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1291965A (en) * 1918-05-06 1919-01-21 Surface Comb Inc Process for calcining or treating granular material.
US2125909A (en) * 1935-06-10 1938-08-09 Gahl Rudolf Metallurgical reduction process

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1291965A (en) * 1918-05-06 1919-01-21 Surface Comb Inc Process for calcining or treating granular material.
US2125909A (en) * 1935-06-10 1938-08-09 Gahl Rudolf Metallurgical reduction process

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3172753A (en) * 1965-03-09 Method for theproduction of
US3097089A (en) * 1960-11-22 1963-07-09 Jahn Fredrik W De Method for decomposing solid materials by explosive impacts
EP0151490A2 (en) * 1984-02-09 1985-08-14 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing ultra-fine ceramic particles
US4705762A (en) * 1984-02-09 1987-11-10 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing ultra-fine ceramic particles
EP0151490A3 (en) * 1984-02-09 1988-07-06 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Process for producing ultra-fine ceramic particles

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