US2894894A - Electrolytic cells - Google Patents

Electrolytic cells Download PDF

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Publication number
US2894894A
US2894894A US722513A US72251358A US2894894A US 2894894 A US2894894 A US 2894894A US 722513 A US722513 A US 722513A US 72251358 A US72251358 A US 72251358A US 2894894 A US2894894 A US 2894894A
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spacers
compartments
cell
holes
membranes
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US722513A
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Kressman Theodore Roger Ernest
Tye Frank Laurence
Bott Hugh Randall
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/52—Accessories; Auxiliary operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/46—Apparatus therefor
    • B01D61/50—Stacks of the plate-and-frame type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2313/00—Details relating to membrane modules or apparatus
    • B01D2313/14—Specific spacers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrolytic cells for carrying out processes of electrodialysis, the cells being made up of a series of compartments between two electrodes, the compartments being separated by ion-exchange membranes held apart round their edges by spacers in the shape of open frames.
  • the introduction of liquid into and removal of it from each compartment is a matter of diflculty as the distance between adjacent membranes is preferably small and the spacers therefore very thin.
  • Most conveniently conduits are formed through the cell by cooperating holes in the membranes and spacers, passages in the spacers connecting the conduits to the compartments.
  • ion-exchange membranes are flexible, being made of granules or particles of an ionexchange resin supported in a plastic matrix and there is a tendency for these membranes to bulge and bow into a passage where they cross a passage under the pressure applied to compress the membranes and spacers and make the cell liquid-tight.
  • each passage contains a separate insert which does not substantially interrupt the iiow of liquid through the passage and substantially prevents deformation of the membranes into the passages.
  • Figure 1 is a perspective view of an insert
  • Figure 2 is a perspective view of part of a spacer showing the insert of Figure 1 in position;
  • Figures 3 and 4 are cross-sections of two other inserts
  • Figure 5 is a plan View of a spacer having inserts in position
  • Figure 6 is a cross-section through a cell made up with spacers of the type shown in Figure 5, the section being taken on a plane corresponding to that shown as VI-VI in Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is a plan view of a further spacer having inserts in position.
  • the insert shown in Figures l and 2 is made up of two ilat sheets 1 and 2 of identical dimensions with the plan of the passage, separated and supported the one by the other by four pieces of material 3 each of length equal to the length of the passage arranged between the sheets so as to form a number of channels 4 running parallel with one another.
  • the insert is in position in a passage 5' connecting a hole 6 in a spacer 7 to a compartment 8 defined by the spacer.
  • the insert is of the same ⁇ dimensions as the passage and thus provides a continuous support for the membranes on each side of the passage.
  • the passages and therefore the inserts are preferably rectangular in plan, but they may be any other shape.
  • the pieces of material separating the sheets in the inserts may be of any convenient cross-section, for example, circular as shown in Figure 3.
  • the pieces of material may be thin vertical strips. They may also be sheets with corrugated or castellated.cross-section as shown in Figure 4. Whatever construction is used it must provide adequate support for the two sheets so that these do not collapse inwards into the passage under vthe pressure applied when the complete cell is assembled and tightened up.
  • the sheets and pieces separating them are preferably rigid; if they are very rigid support may be necessary only at the two ends. More than two sheets can be separated in this way, being held apart by one piece of material, as in Figure 4, or more as in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
  • the inserts should be made of material unaffected by the liquids in the compartments and should also be elec# trically insulating.
  • the inserts are preferably made of rigid, that is unplasticised, polyvinyl chloride. They may also be made, for example, of polystyrene or polyethylene or of metal covered with any of these plastics.
  • a filter medium can be incorporated in an insert to prevent suspended matter entering the compartments or to prevent any granular ion-exchange material in the compartments from being carried out in the flowing liquid.
  • the lter medium can be a piece of gauze mounted in the channels formed through the inserts.
  • the inserts may be built up by ygluing or welding together the component parts, or by any suitable technique used in shaping plastics, for example, by extrusion.
  • the inserts may either be laid into the passages or joined to the membrane or the spacer, for example, by gluing or welding.
  • the cell is made up of a series of plane ion-exchange membranes 20 separated alternately by the spacers 21 shown in Figure 5 and by spacers 22 of identical shape which have been turned through and has an anode 23 and a cathode 24 between end-plates 25 and 26.
  • the cell is held together by rods 27 passing through holes 29 in the membranes, spacers and end plates.
  • the spacers Z1 and'22 and also Vthe membranes 20 have four rectangular'holesronnd their edges, theseholes When'the spacers and membranes are assembled forming four conduits through the cell.
  • the hole numbered 30 forms partei-the conduit A31 leading a liquidito these compartments.
  • the lhole numbered 32 forms part of the conduit 33 removing the liquid from the compartments, the ow of liquid through the compartments being indicated by arrows.
  • the holes numbered 34 and 35 form parts of the other two conduits which lead the liquid to and remove Vit from the other set of alternate compartments.
  • the holes 30 and v32 have passages connecting them to the compartments dened by the spacers. 'Each passage has in it an insert 37, which can take the shape of *any of those described above.
  • V Figure 7 there are twelve holes around ythe edge of the spacer.
  • the conduits of which the holes 38I to 40 form part lead the liquid to and the conduits of which theholes 41 to 43 form part-remove it from one set of the alternate compartments and the conduitsof which the holes 44 to 49 form part lead the lliquid to and remove it from the other set of the alternate compartments.
  • the passages connecting the yholes l38 to 43 to the compartments defined by the spacers have inserts '50. These spacers are assembledwith membranes to form a cell in a similar manner to that shown in Figure 6.
  • An electrodialysis cell comprising two electrodes, a series of ion-exchange membranes between two electrodes dividing the space therebetween into compartments, spacers around the edges of the membranes in the shapes of open frames separating the membranes, said membranes and spacers each having successively communicating holes through them cooperating to form conduits through the cell at right angles to the membranes, some of said holes extending to the inside edges of said spacers to form passage means through them substantially rectangular in plan connecting said conduits tosaid compartments, said passage means extending across a substantial part of the length of the edges to which they extend, and rectangular insert means lling each passage means, each said insert means being substantially equal in thickness to the spacer and having parallel side Walls of a length equal'to ⁇ the width of such passage means and means extending between the side walls holding them in spaced relation, said last means dening a plurality of openings spaced longitudinally ⁇ of the side walls to permit the flow of liquid therethrough and supporting the adjacent membranes across the width of the passage means.
  • each said insert means comprising at yleast two sheets kof identical dimension with the plan of said passages forming said side walls, and said means holding the-walls in spaced relation comprising at least one piece of material vof a length equal vto the length of said passages .arranged between the said sheets and onlypartially filling the space therebetween.
  • said insert including a filtering medium.

Description

July 14, 1959 T. R. E. KRl-:ssMAN x=:rA|. 2,894,394
' ELECTROLYTIC CELLS Original Filed Oct. 26. 1956 32j, 0\ Q -O ofO-i om otj'z s 41 )zZ- 4 57 29 o fi l/ w H.
nini..
Attorneys United States Patent O ELECTROLYTIC CELLS Theodore Roger Ernest Kressman, Frank Laurence Tye, and Hugh Randall Bott, all of London, England Continuation of application Serial No. 618,618, (ictober 26, 1956. This application March 19, 1958, Serial No. 722,513
Claims priority, application Great Britain November 9, 1955 8 Claims. (Cl. 204--301) This invention relates to electrolytic cells for carrying out processes of electrodialysis, the cells being made up of a series of compartments between two electrodes, the compartments being separated by ion-exchange membranes held apart round their edges by spacers in the shape of open frames. The introduction of liquid into and removal of it from each compartment is a matter of diflculty as the distance between adjacent membranes is preferably small and the spacers therefore very thin. Most conveniently conduits are formed through the cell by cooperating holes in the membranes and spacers, passages in the spacers connecting the conduits to the compartments. Now most ion-exchange membranes are flexible, being made of granules or particles of an ionexchange resin supported in a plastic matrix and there is a tendency for these membranes to bulge and bow into a passage where they cross a passage under the pressure applied to compress the membranes and spacers and make the cell liquid-tight.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved construction of electrodialysis cell.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an insert for placing in the passages between the holes forming part of the conduits and the compartments.
Further objects will appear hereinafter.
In accordance with our invention each passage contains a separate insert which does not substantially interrupt the iiow of liquid through the passage and substantially prevents deformation of the membranes into the passages.
The invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of example and not of limitation and in which:
Figure 1 is a perspective view of an insert;
Figure 2 is a perspective view of part of a spacer showing the insert of Figure 1 in position;
Figures 3 and 4 are cross-sections of two other inserts;
Figure 5 is a plan View of a spacer having inserts in position;
Figure 6 is a cross-section through a cell made up with spacers of the type shown in Figure 5, the section being taken on a plane corresponding to that shown as VI-VI in Figure 5; and
Figure 7 is a plan view of a further spacer having inserts in position.
Where it has heretofore been necessary to use small holes because of the tendency of the membranes to bow, it is now possible in accordance with this invention to use holes which are rectangular with their long sides parallel with the inside edges of the spacers. This has obvious advantages compared with small, rusually circular, holes where the liquid in each compartment has to fan out from each hole on entering and to be collected again on leaving. Rectangular holes can extend right along the sides of each compartment, the liquid then flowing as a sheet, and experiencing very little drop in pressure in passing through the insert as compared with smaller 2,894,894 Patented July 14, .1959
ICC
inserts. Further the liquid path through each cornpartn ment is shorter. All these advantages combine to give a more etlicient use of the membrane area, a given process therefore requiring a smaller cell or a lower power consump-tion.
The insert shown in Figures l and 2 is made up of two ilat sheets 1 and 2 of identical dimensions with the plan of the passage, separated and supported the one by the other by four pieces of material 3 each of length equal to the length of the passage arranged between the sheets so as to form a number of channels 4 running parallel with one another. As shown in Figure 2 the insert is in position in a passage 5' connecting a hole 6 in a spacer 7 to a compartment 8 defined by the spacer. There is a further hole 9 for a rod for supporting the spacers and membranesrwhich make up a cell. The insert is of the same `dimensions as the passage and thus provides a continuous support for the membranes on each side of the passage.
The passages and therefore the inserts are preferably rectangular in plan, but they may be any other shape.
The pieces of material separating the sheets in the inserts may be of any convenient cross-section, for example, circular as shown in Figure 3. Alternatively, the pieces of material may be thin vertical strips. They may also be sheets with corrugated or castellated.cross-section as shown in Figure 4. Whatever construction is used it must provide suficient support for the two sheets so that these do not collapse inwards into the passage under vthe pressure applied when the complete cell is assembled and tightened up. The sheets and pieces separating them are preferably rigid; if they are very rigid support may be necessary only at the two ends. More than two sheets can be separated in this way, being held apart by one piece of material, as in Figure 4, or more as in Figures 1, 2 and 3.
In an alternative method of construction of inserts which is described in co-pending application Serial No. 618,617, now Patent No. 2,881,124, of Frank L. Tye, two or more sheets are iixed face to face, each sheet having holes of such size, shape and position that when fixed together each hole in one sheet overlaps at least two holes in the adjacent sheet or sheets, the overlapping holes forming a sinuous channel from one edge of the insert to the other.
The inserts should be made of material unaffected by the liquids in the compartments and should also be elec# trically insulating. The inserts are preferably made of rigid, that is unplasticised, polyvinyl chloride. They may also be made, for example, of polystyrene or polyethylene or of metal covered with any of these plastics.
A filter medium can be incorporated in an insert to prevent suspended matter entering the compartments or to prevent any granular ion-exchange material in the compartments from being carried out in the flowing liquid. The lter medium can be a piece of gauze mounted in the channels formed through the inserts.
The inserts may be built up by ygluing or welding together the component parts, or by any suitable technique used in shaping plastics, for example, by extrusion.
The inserts may either be laid into the passages or joined to the membrane or the spacer, for example, by gluing or welding.
Referring now to Figures 5 and 6 the cell is made up of a series of plane ion-exchange membranes 20 separated alternately by the spacers 21 shown in Figure 5 and by spacers 22 of identical shape which have been turned through and has an anode 23 and a cathode 24 between end- plates 25 and 26. The cell is held together by rods 27 passing through holes 29 in the membranes, spacers and end plates. The spacers Z1 and'22 and also Vthe membranes 20 have four rectangular'holesronnd their edges, theseholes When'the spacers and membranes are assembled forming four conduits through the cell. In the spacer 2,1 which denes one set of the alternate compartments `in the cell, the hole numbered 30 forms partei-the conduit A31 leading a liquidito these compartments. -The lhole numbered 32 forms part of the conduit 33 removing the liquid from the compartments, the ow of liquid through the compartments being indicated by arrows. The holes numbered 34 and 35 form parts of the other two conduits which lead the liquid to and remove Vit from the other set of alternate compartments.
The holes 30 and v32 have passages connecting them to the compartments dened by the spacers. 'Each passage has in it an insert 37, which can take the shape of *any of those described above.
In VFigure 7 there are twelve holes around ythe edge of the spacer. The conduits of which the holes 38I to 40 form part lead the liquid to and the conduits of which theholes 41 to 43 form part-remove it from one set of the alternate compartments and the conduitsof which the holes 44 to 49 form part lead the lliquid to and remove it from the other set of the alternate compartments. The passages connecting the yholes l38 to 43 to the compartments defined by the spacers have inserts '50. These spacers are assembledwith membranes to form a cell in a similar manner to that shown in Figure 6.
-It will be apparent that other `constructions of inserts and cells can be used within the scope of the present invention.
This application is a continuation of our co-pending application SerialNo. 618,618, now abandoned.
We claim:
l. An electrodialysis cell comprising two electrodes, a series of ion-exchange membranes between two electrodes dividing the space therebetween into compartments, spacers around the edges of the membranes in the shapes of open frames separating the membranes, said membranes and spacers each having successively communicating holes through them cooperating to form conduits through the cell at right angles to the membranes, some of said holes extending to the inside edges of said spacers to form passage means through them substantially rectangular in plan connecting said conduits tosaid compartments, said passage means extending across a substantial part of the length of the edges to which they extend, and rectangular insert means lling each passage means, each said insert means being substantially equal in thickness to the spacer and having parallel side Walls of a length equal'to `the width of such passage means and means extending between the side walls holding them in spaced relation, said last means dening a plurality of openings spaced longitudinally `of the side walls to permit the flow of liquid therethrough and supporting the adjacent membranes across the width of the passage means.
`2. In a cell as claimed in'claim l, each said insert means comprising at yleast two sheets kof identical dimension with the plan of said passages forming said side walls, and said means holding the-walls in spaced relation comprising at least one piece of material vof a length equal vto the length of said passages .arranged between the said sheets and onlypartially filling the space therebetween.
3. In a cell as claimed in claim '1, -said insert being formed of rigid polyvinyl chloride.
4.' In a cell as claimed in claim 1, said insert including a filtering medium.
5. In an electrodialysisAcell-as `claimed in claim 1, `one of the holes extending tottheinside edges of the spacers in each compartment forming :fa 'liquid inlet extending along a substantial part of vrthe length'of one edge of the compartment and another of the'holes extending'to the inside edges of the'spacers in the same compartment forming -a liquidoutlet extending along a substantial partl of the 'oppositel edge, the'inletsand outlets in adjacent compartmentsbeing so arranged that the -directions `of liquid flow'iny adjacent compartments are at right-angles to one another.
6. An electrodialysis cell according to claim 5 in which the liquid inlet and outlety extendalong the Whole length of the respective edgesof each compartment.
7. An electrcdialysis cell -according to lclaim 5 in `which the compartments dened by the spacers are square, the inlet edges in adjacent compartments being at right angles to one another.
8. An electrodialysis cell accord-ing to claim 7 in which the spacers in adjacent cells are identical but are rotated through relative to one another in the plane of the membranes.
References Cited in the leA ofthis patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,758,083 Van Hoek, et al. Aug. .7, -1956 FOREIGN PATENTS 29,034 Germany Oct. 13, 1884 619,080 France Dec. 27, 1926

Claims (1)

1. AN ELECTRODIALYSIS CELL COMPRISING TWO ELECTRODES, A SERIES OF ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANCE BETWEEN TWO ELECTRODES DIVIDING THE SPACE THEREBETWEEN INTO COMPARTMENTS, SPACERS AROUND THE EDGES OF THE MEMBRANCES IN THE SHAPES OF OPEN FRAMES SEPARATING THE MEMBRANCES, SAID MEMBRANCES AND SPACERS EACH HAVING SUCCESSIVELY COMMUNICATING HOLES THROUGH THEM COOPERATING TO FORM CONDUITS THROUGH THE CELL AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE MEMBRANCES, SOME OF SAID HOLES EXTENDING TO THE INSIDE EDGES OF SAID SPACERS TO FORM PASSAGE MEANS THROUGH THEM SUBSTANTIALLY RECTANGULAR IN PLAN CONNECTING SAID CONDUITS TO SAID COMPARTMENTS, SAID PASSAGE MEANS EXTENDING ACROSS A SUBSTANTIAL PART OF THE LENGTH OF THE EDGES TO WHICH THEY EXTEND, AND RECTANGULAR INSERT MEANS FILL-
US722513A 1955-11-09 1958-03-19 Electrolytic cells Expired - Lifetime US2894894A (en)

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GB3206055A GB845184A (en) 1955-11-09 1955-11-09 Improvements in electrodialytic apparatus for the treatment of liquids
GB2881124X 1956-03-02

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Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2990361A (en) * 1957-11-25 1961-06-27 Permutit Co Ltd Electrodialytic cells
US3085970A (en) * 1959-08-21 1963-04-16 Permutit Co Ltd Electrodialysis cells and inserts therefor
US3150069A (en) * 1961-02-17 1964-09-22 American Mach & Foundry Fluid treatment
US3165415A (en) * 1960-10-04 1965-01-12 American Mach & Foundry Modifying taste of fruit juice by dialysis
US3201339A (en) * 1960-03-23 1965-08-17 Ashi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kai Electrodialyzer
US3216920A (en) * 1960-11-28 1965-11-09 American Mach & Foundry Electrodialysis stack design
US3219573A (en) * 1959-10-15 1965-11-23 American Mach & Foundry Multiple chamber electrodialysis apparatus
US3219572A (en) * 1960-07-25 1965-11-23 American Mach & Foundry Dialysis spacer gasket
US3223612A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-12-14 American Mach & Foundry Fluid treatment
US3232859A (en) * 1961-12-22 1966-02-01 American Mach & Foundry Multi-cell assembly for electrodialysis
US3235481A (en) * 1960-07-25 1966-02-15 American Mach & Foundry Spacer gasket
DE1211595B (en) * 1960-08-25 1966-03-03 Asahi Chemical Ind Frame for assembling a multi-chamber cell for electrodialysis
US3256174A (en) * 1959-10-02 1966-06-14 American Mach & Foundry Dialysis cell with laminated gaskets
US3318795A (en) * 1962-06-06 1967-05-09 American Mach & Foundry Electrodialysis apparatus having gaskets and membranes aligned to reduce leakage
US3933617A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-01-20 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Electrodialysis apparatus
FR2529091A1 (en) * 1982-06-29 1983-12-30 Sodeteg Electrodialyser with superimposed alternate cells - for desalination and effluent enrichment contains square membranes
US4747929A (en) * 1986-10-01 1988-05-31 Millipore Corporation Depletion compartment and spacer construction for electrodeionization apparatus
US20030146090A1 (en) * 2002-02-02 2003-08-07 Mack Bernard R. EDI and related stacks and method and apparatus for preparing such
FR2867694A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2005-09-23 Solvay COMPARTMENT AND ELECTRODIALYSIS CELL, METHOD FOR MOUNTING AN ELECTRODIALYST AND ELECTRODIALYST
US8101058B2 (en) 2001-10-15 2012-01-24 Siemens Industry, Inc. Apparatus for fluid purification
US8627560B2 (en) 2010-11-12 2014-01-14 Siemens Water Technologies Pte. Ltd. Methods of making a cell stack for an electrical purification apparatus
US10301200B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2019-05-28 Evoqua Water Technologies Llc Flow distributors for electrochemical separation

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US3017338A (en) * 1958-03-03 1962-01-16 Diamond Alkali Co Electrolytic process and apparatus
GB882601A (en) * 1958-05-07 1961-11-15 Permutit Co Ltd Improvements relating to the treatment of aqueous liquids by electro-dialysis
US3060934A (en) * 1960-03-24 1962-10-30 Claff Clarence Lloyd Membrane-type oxygenator
SE378358B (en) * 1973-12-10 1975-09-01 Johansson P J

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FR619080A (en) * 1926-07-20 1927-03-25 Electro Osmose Latine Improvements in electro-osmosis of liquids holding materials in solution or in suspension
US2758083A (en) * 1952-09-23 1956-08-07 Tno Multicell electrodialysis apparatus

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NL156233B (en) * 1949-10-24 Societe Anonyme, Societe Industrielle Pour La Diffusion D'equipement Et De Materiel "Sidemat", Parijs. CONNECTION DEVICE FOR EQUIPMENT TO A FUEL TANK.
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DE29034C (en) * J. kasalowsky in Prag Innovation in osmosis devices
FR619080A (en) * 1926-07-20 1927-03-25 Electro Osmose Latine Improvements in electro-osmosis of liquids holding materials in solution or in suspension
US2758083A (en) * 1952-09-23 1956-08-07 Tno Multicell electrodialysis apparatus

Cited By (39)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2990361A (en) * 1957-11-25 1961-06-27 Permutit Co Ltd Electrodialytic cells
US3085970A (en) * 1959-08-21 1963-04-16 Permutit Co Ltd Electrodialysis cells and inserts therefor
US3256174A (en) * 1959-10-02 1966-06-14 American Mach & Foundry Dialysis cell with laminated gaskets
US3223612A (en) * 1959-10-02 1965-12-14 American Mach & Foundry Fluid treatment
US3219573A (en) * 1959-10-15 1965-11-23 American Mach & Foundry Multiple chamber electrodialysis apparatus
US3201339A (en) * 1960-03-23 1965-08-17 Ashi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kai Electrodialyzer
DE1220833B (en) * 1960-03-23 1966-07-14 Asahi Chemical Ind Electrodialyzer
US3219572A (en) * 1960-07-25 1965-11-23 American Mach & Foundry Dialysis spacer gasket
US3235481A (en) * 1960-07-25 1966-02-15 American Mach & Foundry Spacer gasket
DE1211596B (en) * 1960-07-25 1966-03-03 American Mach & Foundry Device for dialysis, in particular electrodialysis
DE1211595B (en) * 1960-08-25 1966-03-03 Asahi Chemical Ind Frame for assembling a multi-chamber cell for electrodialysis
US3165415A (en) * 1960-10-04 1965-01-12 American Mach & Foundry Modifying taste of fruit juice by dialysis
US3216920A (en) * 1960-11-28 1965-11-09 American Mach & Foundry Electrodialysis stack design
US3150069A (en) * 1961-02-17 1964-09-22 American Mach & Foundry Fluid treatment
US3232859A (en) * 1961-12-22 1966-02-01 American Mach & Foundry Multi-cell assembly for electrodialysis
US3318795A (en) * 1962-06-06 1967-05-09 American Mach & Foundry Electrodialysis apparatus having gaskets and membranes aligned to reduce leakage
US3933617A (en) * 1974-01-25 1976-01-20 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd. Electrodialysis apparatus
FR2529091A1 (en) * 1982-06-29 1983-12-30 Sodeteg Electrodialyser with superimposed alternate cells - for desalination and effluent enrichment contains square membranes
US4747929A (en) * 1986-10-01 1988-05-31 Millipore Corporation Depletion compartment and spacer construction for electrodeionization apparatus
US8721862B2 (en) 2001-10-15 2014-05-13 Evoqua Water Technologies Llc Apparatus for fluid purification and methods of manufacture and use thereof
US8101058B2 (en) 2001-10-15 2012-01-24 Siemens Industry, Inc. Apparatus for fluid purification
US7094325B2 (en) 2002-02-02 2006-08-22 Ionics, Incorporated EDI and related stacks and method and apparatus for preparing such
US20030146090A1 (en) * 2002-02-02 2003-08-07 Mack Bernard R. EDI and related stacks and method and apparatus for preparing such
FR2867694A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2005-09-23 Solvay COMPARTMENT AND ELECTRODIALYSIS CELL, METHOD FOR MOUNTING AN ELECTRODIALYST AND ELECTRODIALYST
WO2005089915A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2005-09-29 Solvay (Société Anonyme) Electrodialysis compartment and cell, method of mounting an electrodialyser, and electrodialyser
US20070205107A1 (en) * 2004-03-16 2007-09-06 Solvay (Societe Anonyme) Electrodialysis Compartment and Cell, Method of Mounting an Electrodialyser, and Electrodialyser
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US2881124A (en) 1959-04-07

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