US2745495A - Method of completing oil wells - Google Patents

Method of completing oil wells Download PDF

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US2745495A
US2745495A US355900A US35590053A US2745495A US 2745495 A US2745495 A US 2745495A US 355900 A US355900 A US 355900A US 35590053 A US35590053 A US 35590053A US 2745495 A US2745495 A US 2745495A
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tubing
well
casing
oil
formation
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William B Taylor
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Johnston Testers Inc
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/11—Perforators; Permeators
    • E21B43/116—Gun or shaped-charge perforators

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  • the conventional method of completing an oil well by gun perforating comprises lowering a perforating gun on the lower end of a string of tubing, or a cable, into a cased well bore which is partly or entirely lled with mud fluid, into registry with a selected production formation penetrated by the cased well bore, tiring the gun to penetrate the casing and the production formation surrounding the casing, then removing the perforating gun and the lowering means, either tubing or cable, from the well, and if desired lowering a packer on the lower end of a string of tubing into the well to a position where the packer is above the place of perforation of the casing.
  • the mud iluid is replaced by circulating either oil or water downwardly through the tubing, outwardly either through the lower end of the tubing or through iiuid passages located in a short section of tubing extending below the packer, and upwardly through the annular space between the tubing and the casing.
  • the packer is sealingly engaged with the inside wall of the casing thus closing the annular space between the tubing and casing and leaving only a passageway upwardly through the tubing for the ow of fluid from the production formation.
  • a more particular object of the present invention is to provide a method of completing an oil well wherein a perforating gun is lowered into a well on the lower end of a string of tubing, which tubing is retained in the well after the gun is tired and utilized as the production string of the well.
  • a further particular object of the present invention is to provide a method of completing an oil well, wherein the selected production formation has been penetrated by a cased well bore in which the mud uid is retained, comprising lowering a perforating gun into the well on the lower end of a string of tubing to a position in registry with the production formation, the string of tubing having a tluid passage communicating between the interior ICE of the string and the cased bore at a point above and adjacent the gun, thereafter circulating oil downwardly through the tubing, outwardly through the passage and then upwardly through the space between the tubing and casing to replace the mud uid with oil by such circulation, thereafter closing the space between the tubing and casing at the surface, and thereafter tiring the perforating gun to perforate the casing and the surrounding production formation.
  • the tubing is left open at the time the perforating gun is tired, to serve both as a pressure relief and to permit observation of effects of the explosion. Thereafter, the formation uid from the production formation is permitted to llow upwardly through the tubing to the surface by leaving the tubing at least partially open at the surface.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to provide a method, as described immediately above, Wherein the steps are carried out one after another in close timed sequence so as to constitute one overall operation.
  • Fig. l is a diagrammatic sectional view showing a cased well bore containing mud uid and depicting the well bore prior to the commencement of the method of the present invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a View similar to Fig. 1, but showing a perforating gun as having been 'lowered into the well bore' into registry with a selected production formation, and showing oil as being circulated downwardly through the tubing outwardly therefrom and upwardly between the tubing and the casing to replace the mud uid with oil.
  • Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, but showing the space between the tubing and the casing as having been closed and the perforating gun as having been red to penetrate the casing and the production formation surrounding the casing, the tubing being open at the outlet.
  • Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3, but showing the tubing as having been partially opened to permit controlled tlow of formation lluid from the production formation upwardly through the tubing to the surface.
  • the well bore has been entirely cased in, this being the conventional condition of a well at the time that the well is to be completed.
  • the well bore is not entirely cased, and occasionally selected production formation itself is not cased, the well being completed in this condition. It is standard practice, however, to case a well bore at the surface regardless of the condition of the remainder of the well bore. Since the method of the present inven'- tion may be readily employed to complete a well regardless of the condition of the well bore, the invention is not intended to be limited to completing wells wherein the selected production formation is cased in.
  • FIG. l there is disclosed, diagrammatically, an oil well bore cased in by casing 9, the cased bore penetrating a production formation 11.
  • the casing is par tially or entirely filled with mud fluid 13 retained therein after the penetration of the production zone to prevent collapse of the casing and also to maintain control over! any high pressure fluid having access to the well bore.
  • the rst step comprises lowering a perforating gun 15 into the well on the lower end of a string of tubing 17.
  • the tubing is provided with one or more passages 19 communicating between the interior of the tubing and the space between the tubing and casing 9.
  • the next step comprises forcing oil 21 downwardly through tubing 17, out through passages ⁇ 19 and then Patented May 15, 1956 3 upwardly through "the 'annular ⁇ space between the tubing and the casing to replace mud uid .13 with .oil.21. 111e portion of tubing 17 below passages 19 is closed to the passage of fluid downwardly therethrough, so that oil forced downwardly through said Atubingzis directed outwardl-yfthrough passages .19.
  • valve 26 ⁇ .is Vclosed andthe valve25 is adjusted partially opened at 25 to permit formation ⁇ iiuid 27, produced by the penetrated production formation, .to flow vinto passages .19, and then upwardly through the tubing to the surface, as indicated :in Fig. 4.
  • lthe entire operation of completing the Well'is accomplished by .lowering a string of tubing into the well which serves to run in the lperforating gun and thereafter functions as a production string.
  • the equipment necessary to ycomplete a Well is reduced over that .equipment conventionally employed.
  • the time required to complete the well is considerably and substantially 'reducedbyeliminating the steps of removing and .breaking ai'string of .tubing and then-making and running the tubing back into the well.
  • the close timing of these perforating and producing operations, performed after the drilling mud has been replaced by either oil Vor water, give the very'important advantage of flowing the formation oil through the perforations immediately after .the perforating operation, thus preventing fmudding-otf the oil in the formation'a'djacent to the well bore and/ or plugging theperf'ora'tions with mud as has been done when using conventional 'completion procedures.
  • the perforating gun ernployed may be of the electricallyzred type, or the type tired by-dropping a go-devilrdown the string of tubing, or any typefth'at suits the desiresofthe operator.
  • I have disclosed in my copending application, led May '19, 1953, Serial No. 3 55,899,'a;nd entitledFiring Head, 'a-device especially Aadapted .for carrying out part of the method ofthe present invention, vand reference may be had lto that; application .for the detailsof construction.

Description

May 15, 1956 w. B. TAYLOR METHOD OF' COMPLETING OIL WELLS Filed May 19, 1953 QHILIIEHHH,
//u//w 5, 77m o@ IN VEN TOR.
BY mawg Und States Patent IVIETHOD F CIVPLETING OIL WELLS William B. Taylor, Houston, Tex., assignor, by mesne assignments,'to Johnston Testers, Inc., Houston, Tex., a corporation of Texas Application May 19, 1953, Serial No. 355,900
2 Claims. (Cl. 16o-35) This invention relates to methods of completing oil wells.
The conventional method of completing an oil well by gun perforating comprises lowering a perforating gun on the lower end of a string of tubing, or a cable, into a cased well bore which is partly or entirely lled with mud fluid, into registry with a selected production formation penetrated by the cased well bore, tiring the gun to penetrate the casing and the production formation surrounding the casing, then removing the perforating gun and the lowering means, either tubing or cable, from the well, and if desired lowering a packer on the lower end of a string of tubing into the well to a position where the packer is above the place of perforation of the casing. At-this time the mud iluid is replaced by circulating either oil or water downwardly through the tubing, outwardly either through the lower end of the tubing or through iiuid passages located in a short section of tubing extending below the packer, and upwardly through the annular space between the tubing and the casing. After replacing the mud uid, with either oil or water, the packer is sealingly engaged with the inside wall of the casing thus closing the annular space between the tubing and casing and leaving only a passageway upwardly through the tubing for the ow of fluid from the production formation.
This conventional method is time consuming because of the two separate operations required. First, the operation of lowering, shooting, and removing the perforating gun from the cased well bore; and, secondly, the operation of lowering the packer into the well. The time interval involved, usually several hours, has been proven to be detrimental to the future production of the well. Thus, after perforating the casing the hydrostatic pressure in the cased well bore forces drilling mud through the perforations and into the 'oil bearing formation, thereby forcing the oil away from the well bore and also blocking olf some of the perforations, thus reducing the number of effective perforations.
It is a main object of the present invention to provide a method of completing an oil well which not only reduces the equipment required but also substantially reduces the time necessary for completing the well.
A more particular object of the present invention is to provide a method of completing an oil well wherein a perforating gun is lowered into a well on the lower end of a string of tubing, which tubing is retained in the well after the gun is tired and utilized as the production string of the well. v v
A further particular object of the present invention is to provide a method of completing an oil well, wherein the selected production formation has been penetrated by a cased well bore in which the mud uid is retained, comprising lowering a perforating gun into the well on the lower end of a string of tubing to a position in registry with the production formation, the string of tubing having a tluid passage communicating between the interior ICE of the string and the cased bore at a point above and adjacent the gun, thereafter circulating oil downwardly through the tubing, outwardly through the passage and then upwardly through the space between the tubing and casing to replace the mud uid with oil by such circulation, thereafter closing the space between the tubing and casing at the surface, and thereafter tiring the perforating gun to perforate the casing and the surrounding production formation. The tubing is left open at the time the perforating gun is tired, to serve both as a pressure relief and to permit observation of effects of the explosion. Thereafter, the formation uid from the production formation is permitted to llow upwardly through the tubing to the surface by leaving the tubing at least partially open at the surface.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a method, as described immediately above, Wherein the steps are carried out one after another in close timed sequence so as to constitute one overall operation.
Various other objects of the present invention will be apparent from the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
Fig. l is a diagrammatic sectional view showing a cased well bore containing mud uid and depicting the well bore prior to the commencement of the method of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a View similar to Fig. 1, but showing a perforating gun as having been 'lowered into the well bore' into registry with a selected production formation, and showing oil as being circulated downwardly through the tubing outwardly therefrom and upwardly between the tubing and the casing to replace the mud uid with oil.
Fig. 3 is a view similar to Fig. 2, but showing the space between the tubing and the casing as having been closed and the perforating gun as having been red to penetrate the casing and the production formation surrounding the casing, the tubing being open at the outlet.
Fig. 4 is a view similar to Fig. 3, but showing the tubing as having been partially opened to permit controlled tlow of formation lluid from the production formation upwardly through the tubing to the surface.
In describing the method of the present invention, it will be assumed that the well bore has been entirely cased in, this being the conventional condition of a well at the time that the well is to be completed. However, sometimes the well bore is not entirely cased, and occasionally selected production formation itself is not cased, the well being completed in this condition. It is standard practice, however, to case a well bore at the surface regardless of the condition of the remainder of the well bore. Since the method of the present inven'- tion may be readily employed to complete a well regardless of the condition of the well bore, the invention is not intended to be limited to completing wells wherein the selected production formation is cased in.
Referring to Fig. l, there is disclosed, diagrammatically, an oil well bore cased in by casing 9, the cased bore penetrating a production formation 11. The casing is par tially or entirely filled with mud fluid 13 retained therein after the penetration of the production zone to prevent collapse of the casing and also to maintain control over! any high pressure fluid having access to the well bore.
In practicing the method of the present invention, the rst step comprises lowering a perforating gun 15 into the well on the lower end of a string of tubing 17. Above but adjacent gun 15, the tubing is provided with one or more passages 19 communicating between the interior of the tubing and the space between the tubing and casing 9.
The next step comprises forcing oil 21 downwardly through tubing 17, out through passages`19 and then Patented May 15, 1956 3 upwardly through "the 'annular `space between the tubing and the casing to replace mud uid .13 with .oil.21. 111e portion of tubing 17 below passages 19 is closed to the passage of fluid downwardly therethrough, so that oil forced downwardly through said Atubingzis directed outwardl-yfthrough passages .19.
After the above step has .been .carried out, the space between -the tubing and the casing Yis closed .at the surface Vas .by `a valved connection 23. The tubing itself iszprovided atthe surfacewith .a valved .connection 25, opening .from-one sideof the tubing, and Awith a relief valve 26, lopening directly from .the ltop .of the tubing. With 'the valve 26 open the perforating gun I15 is then fired-to perforate .the casing'and the production formation -surrounding the casing. Thereafter, Ithe valve 26`.is Vclosed andthe valve25 is adjusted partially opened at 25 to permit formation `iiuid 27, produced by the penetrated production formation, .to flow vinto passages .19, and then upwardly through the tubing to the surface, as indicated :in Fig. 4. Thus, lthe entire operation of completing the Well'is accomplished by .lowering a string of tubing into the well which serves to run in the lperforating gun and thereafter functions as a production string. By ythis arrangement, the equipment necessary to ycomplete a Well is reduced over that .equipment conventionally employed. Furthermore, the time required to complete the well is considerably and substantially 'reducedbyeliminating the steps of removing and .breaking ai'string of .tubing and then-making and running the tubing back into the well.
The'steps comprising the methodof the present invention -are. carried out one after another in close timed sequence .so as to constitute one overall operation. The close timing of these perforating and producing operations, performed after the drilling mud has been replaced by either oil Vor water, give the very'important advantage of flowing the formation oil through the perforations immediately after .the perforating operation, thus preventing fmudding-otf the oil in the formation'a'djacent to the well bore and/ or plugging theperf'ora'tions with mud as has been done when using conventional 'completion procedures.
The specific structure of the perforating gun and of the firing-means therefor forms no part of the present-invention, and a detailed description thereof is therefore omitted herefrom. In general, the perforating gun ernployed may be of the electricallyzred type, or the type tired by-dropping a go-devilrdown the string of tubing, or any typefth'at suits the desiresofthe operator. I have disclosed in my copending application, ledMay '19, 1953, Serial No. 3=55,899,'a;nd entitledFiring Head, 'a-device especially Aadapted .for carrying out part of the method ofthe present invention, vand reference may be had lto that; application .for the detailsof construction.
' Sometimes, a productionformation .s'penetrated'by --a bore -which is not .cased at :the .level o`f the fformation. However, infeachinstance, the'well is cased at the surface. The only difference between completingsuch an uncased well-by the method of the present invention vand a well wherein ythe production .formation is penetrated by acased bore, is vthat in theformer instance 'there is no casing to be perforated at the .production -formation when the, perforating 4gun isred. In :that 'case, the projectiles serve only to penetrate and lbrealt up vthe formation surrounding'the bore and .thereby facilitate the ow of oil therefrom.
WhileI have shownthezpreferred' form of :ny-invention,
it is to be understood that various changes may be made in .its .construction by Ythose skilled .in .the art .without .departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Having thus described my invention, what I claim and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
l. The method of completing `an oil well wherein a selected production formation has been penetrated by a cased well bore and in which the mud fluid is retained, comprising the following steps .carried out one after-another in close timed sequence so as vto constitute `one single overall operation, loweringa .perforating gun into the mud uid in the well attached to the lowerV end of a string of tubing to a position in registry with'the selected production formation, the string of tubing having a iiuid passage communicating between the interior of the string and the cased bore at a point above and adjacent the gun, introducing oil downwardly through the tubing, outwardly through the passage into contact -with the mud fluid and upwardly through the space between the tubing and casing to replace the mud iiuid with oil, closing the space vbetween the tubing and the casing at the surface afterthe wellbore has been cleansedof mud luid, thereafter tiring the perforating gun to perforate the'casing and the surrounding production formation, lwhile the tubingis open at the top ofthe Well,-and"then regulating the flow of formation fluid from the production formation through the passage in the tubing and-upwardly through the `tubing to the 'surface Aby partially fclosingthe tubing at `the surface.
2. The method of completing an oil well `wherein v'a selected .production formation has been penetrated by a well bore uncased at the production formation but cased at the surface :and .in which the mud fluid is retained, Icomprising the following steps carried out yone after another'in close timed-sequence so as to constitute one'overall operation, lowering a perforating gun into the mud fluid inthe well attached to the lower end of a string oftubing to a yposition in registry with the selected productionformation, the string of tubinghaving a `valve controlled-opening above the surfaceand a fluid passage'cornmunicating between the-interior of the string of tubing and the well bore at a point aboVe-andadjacent the gun, thereafter introducing oil downwardl-ythrough the tubing, outwardly 'through `the ipassage into contact with the mud'fluid and then upwardly through 'the space between `the tubing and the walls of the Ywell bore to replaceythe 'mudiiuid with oil, closing ythe space between the tubing andthelcasing atthe surface after'the well bore has .been cleansed of mud fluid, thereafter firing thevperforating gun toperforate the productionformation surrounding the gun while the .tubing is open "above the surface v.then regulating the ow Vof the'formation luid from Atheproduction formation-.through the passage in the tubing and .upwardly through. the tubing tothe surface by at least'partially closing the `tubing at the surface.
vReferencesv Cited. inv the file of this patent -UNl-TBD STATES PATENTS 1,492,042 -McC'r'eel Apr. 29, 1924 2,058,287 Anderson Oct. 20, .1936 2,120,615 King June 1'4, v'1938 2,157,729 Church May 9, 1939 2,340,966 .Kitsman Feb. 8, 1944 2,530,966 Huber Nov. '211, 1950 2,588,746 McKinley Mar. Il', 1952

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF COMPLETING AN OIL WELL WHEREIN A SELECTED PRODUCTION FORMATION HAS BEEN PENETRATED BY A CASED WELL BORE AND IN WHICH THE MUD FLUID IS RETAINED, COMPRISING THE FOLLOWING STEPS CARRIED OUT ONE AFTER ANOTHER IN CLOSE TIMED SEQUENCE SO AS TO CONSTITUTE ONE SINGLE OVERALL OPERATION, LOWERING A PERFORATING GUN INTO THE MUD FLUID IN THE WELL ATTACHED TO THE LOWER END OF A STRING OF TUBING TO A POSITION IN REGISTRY WITH THE SELECTED PRODUCTION FORMATION, THE STRING OF TUBING HAVING A FLUID PASSAGE COMMUNICATING BETWEEN THE INTERIOR OF THE STRING AND THE CASED BORE AT A POINT ABOVE AND ADJACENT THE GUN, INTRODUCING OIL DOWNWARDLY THROUGH THE TUBING, OUTWARDLY THROUGH THE PASSAGE INTO CONTACT WITH THE MUD FLUID AND UPWARDLY THROUGH THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TUBING AND CASING TO REPLACE THE MUD FLUID WITH OIL, CLOSING THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TUBING AND THE CASING AT THE SURFACE AFTER THE WELL BORE HAS BEEN CLEANSED OF MUD FLUID, THEREAFTER FIRING THE PEROFRATING GUN TO PERFORATE THE CASING AND THE SURROUNDING PRODUCTION FORMATION, WHILE THE TUBING IS OPEN AT THE TOP OF THE WELL, AND THEN REGULATING THE FLOW OF FORMATION FLUID FROM THE PRODUCTION FORMATION THROUGH THE PASSAGE IN THE TUBING AND UPWARDLY THROUGH THE TUBING TO THE SURFACE BY PARTIALLY CLOSING THE TUBING AT THE SURFACE.
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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2805722A (en) * 1956-02-24 1957-09-10 Exxon Research Engineering Co Perforation wells
US2833352A (en) * 1954-04-23 1958-05-06 Pan American Petroleum Corp Method and apparatus for completing wells
US2986214A (en) * 1956-12-26 1961-05-30 Jr Ben W Wiseman Apparatus for perforating and treating zones of production in a well
US3064733A (en) * 1959-10-29 1962-11-20 Continental Oil Co Apparatus and method for completing wells
US3283815A (en) * 1963-03-01 1966-11-08 Exxon Production Research Co Well completions
US3706344A (en) * 1970-10-15 1972-12-19 Roy R Vann Tubing conveyed permanent completion method and device
US4265312A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-05-05 Thein Well Company, Incorporated Method for developing water wells
US4512418A (en) * 1983-07-21 1985-04-23 Halliburton Company Mechanically initiated tubing conveyed perforator system
US4576233A (en) * 1982-09-28 1986-03-18 Geo Vann, Inc. Differential pressure actuated vent assembly

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1492042A (en) * 1923-06-18 1924-04-29 David G Lorraine Process and apparatus for cleaning wells
US2058287A (en) * 1936-07-03 1936-10-20 Anderson Alexander Bore hole device and method of its use
US2120615A (en) * 1937-03-04 1938-06-14 King Fritz Well gun
US2157729A (en) * 1937-05-17 1939-05-09 James G Gratehouse Apparatus for bringing a well into production
US2340966A (en) * 1941-03-07 1944-02-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Perforating method and apparatus
US2530966A (en) * 1943-04-17 1950-11-21 Standard Oil Dev Co Well completion apparatus
US2588746A (en) * 1947-03-29 1952-03-11 Boyd R Mckinley Formation tester and pipe perforator

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1492042A (en) * 1923-06-18 1924-04-29 David G Lorraine Process and apparatus for cleaning wells
US2058287A (en) * 1936-07-03 1936-10-20 Anderson Alexander Bore hole device and method of its use
US2120615A (en) * 1937-03-04 1938-06-14 King Fritz Well gun
US2157729A (en) * 1937-05-17 1939-05-09 James G Gratehouse Apparatus for bringing a well into production
US2340966A (en) * 1941-03-07 1944-02-08 Phillips Petroleum Co Perforating method and apparatus
US2530966A (en) * 1943-04-17 1950-11-21 Standard Oil Dev Co Well completion apparatus
US2588746A (en) * 1947-03-29 1952-03-11 Boyd R Mckinley Formation tester and pipe perforator

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2833352A (en) * 1954-04-23 1958-05-06 Pan American Petroleum Corp Method and apparatus for completing wells
US2805722A (en) * 1956-02-24 1957-09-10 Exxon Research Engineering Co Perforation wells
US2986214A (en) * 1956-12-26 1961-05-30 Jr Ben W Wiseman Apparatus for perforating and treating zones of production in a well
US3064733A (en) * 1959-10-29 1962-11-20 Continental Oil Co Apparatus and method for completing wells
US3283815A (en) * 1963-03-01 1966-11-08 Exxon Production Research Co Well completions
US3706344A (en) * 1970-10-15 1972-12-19 Roy R Vann Tubing conveyed permanent completion method and device
US4265312A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-05-05 Thein Well Company, Incorporated Method for developing water wells
US4576233A (en) * 1982-09-28 1986-03-18 Geo Vann, Inc. Differential pressure actuated vent assembly
US4512418A (en) * 1983-07-21 1985-04-23 Halliburton Company Mechanically initiated tubing conveyed perforator system

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