US2705406A - Apparatus and method for shipping and storing volatile hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for shipping and storing volatile hydrocarbons Download PDF

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US2705406A
US2705406A US259253A US25925351A US2705406A US 2705406 A US2705406 A US 2705406A US 259253 A US259253 A US 259253A US 25925351 A US25925351 A US 25925351A US 2705406 A US2705406 A US 2705406A
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gas
pressure
raw
stripped
circuit
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US259253A
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Willard L Morrison
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Union Stock Yard and Transit Co
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Union Stock Yard and Transit Co
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Priority to US259253A priority patent/US2705406A/en
Priority to GB9440/55A priority patent/GB764951A/en
Priority to FR1121738D priority patent/FR1121738A/en
Priority to BE537060D priority patent/BE537060A/xx
Priority to DEM26738A priority patent/DE1101462B/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/008—Hydrocarbons
    • F25J1/0087—Propane; Propylene
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0035—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by gas expansion with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/004—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by flash gas recovery
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0203—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0208—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
    • F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/029—Mechanically coupling of different refrigerant compressors in a cascade refrigeration system to a common driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/62—Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H2, N2, Air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/64—Separating heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. NGL, LPG, C4+ hydrocarbons or heavy condensates in general
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/20—Integrated compressor and process expander; Gear box arrangement; Multiple compressors on a common shaft
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2230/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams
    • F25J2230/60—Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams the fluid being hydrocarbons or a mixture of hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2240/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams
    • F25J2240/02—Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream

Definitions

  • One object of my invention is to use the pressure of the gas as it flows from the well to assist in providing the power required to cool and liquefy such gas.
  • Another object of my invention is to use some of the gas as fuel to provide the remaining power needed for the refrigeration and liquefaction of the gas.
  • Another object of my invention is to utilize both the natural pressure of the gas as it is discharged from the well and the fuel value of some of the gas to provide the power to refrigerate and liquefy the gas so that it may be stored or shipped as a cold liquid at substantially atmosphere pressure.
  • My invention is especially applicable to those wells which produce dry gas and I have illustrated my invention as applied to a situation where the dry gas without intermediate treatment between the well and my apparatus furnishes a motive fluid to drive a turbine and also some of it furnishes fuel to add the additional power required to compress, refrigerate and liquefy the dry gas from the well.
  • my invention could be used under other circumstances where wet gas was produced or where some treatment of the gas took place between the well and my liquefaction apparatus.
  • This initial cooling will be accomplished by refrigerating machinery wherein the evaporator includes a heat exchanger through which the gas passes to be reduced from 80 degrees F. to 40 degrees F.
  • the exhaust from the turbo-expander at the pressure and temperature above referred to will be a wet gas wherein approximately seventy percent by weight of the gas will be dry and approximately thirty percent by weight of the gas will be a liquid.
  • This wet gas will be discharged to a separator or to a gas-tight receiver wherein the liquid gas will be separated from the dry gas and retained or stored.
  • the dry gas still at approximately 258 degrees F. will then pass through a heat exchanger which is interposed between the initial cooling point above referred to and the turboexpander and it is this remaining dry gas which will be utilized to lower the temperature of the gas from 40 to -80 degrees F.
  • This dry gas the temperature of which has been raised as a result of its passage through the heat exchanger, will then be compressed back to the temperature and pressure of the original gas and will be joined with such gas for recycling, the process continuing as long as new gas is supplied from the well to the system in such an amount as to replace in the system the gas withdrawn by liquefaction.
  • the additional power required beyond that generated by the motive fluid passing through the turbo-expander will be provided by the combustion of some of the gas in any suitable form of power generating mechanism such as an internal combustion turbine, internal combustion engine or by burning the gas as fuel under a boiler, the fuel value of the gas being such that only a relatively small part of the gas need be burned to generate sufficient power to carry out the refrigeration and liquefaction cycle.
  • any suitable form of power generating mechanism such as an internal combustion turbine, internal combustion engine or by burning the gas as fuel under a boiler, the fuel value of the gas being such that only a relatively small part of the gas need be burned to generate sufficient power to carry out the refrigeration and liquefaction cycle.
  • 1 is a duct which will be supplied with natural gas at well or casing head pressure from the well, or may be supplied with gas from any other suitable source.
  • 2 is a duct in continuation of duct 1 of somewhat larger section leading to the cooler 3.
  • the pipe 8 in the cooler 3 is the evaporator of a refrigerating machine which includes a compressor 4, a condenser 5, and pipes 6, 7, 9, joining them in closed circuit.
  • 10 is a duct leading from the cooler 3 to the heat exchanger 11.
  • 12 is a duct leading from the heat exchanger 11 to the turbine 13 where work is done by the gas under pressure and where the gas is expanded and cooled to discharge through the duct 14.
  • the wet gas resulting is led to the separator 15 where the liquid is separated from the dry gas and may be discharged through the duct 16 to any suitable reservoir.
  • the dry gas passes through the duct 17, cooling coil 18 in the heat exchanger 11, and duct 19 to the compressor 20.
  • the gas enters the compressor 20 at substantially atmospheric pressure, its temperature having been raised by its passage through the heat exchanger 11.
  • the compressor 20 raises the pressure and temperature of the gas to approximately that of the gas discharged from the well.
  • the 22 is a prime mover.
  • 23 is a duct leading from the compressor 20 to the prime mover 22.
  • the prime mover may take the form of an internal combustion engine, an internal combustion turbine or even a boiler under which gas is burned to generate steam to operate the engine.
  • the details of this prime mover form no part of the present invention.
  • some of the dry gas is supplied to the prime mover for the purpose of providing the additional power required to operate the system.
  • 24 is a drive shaft connecting the prime mover 22, the turbine 3 and the compressors 20 and 4 whereby some of the power to operate the compressors is furnished by the turbine and some of the power is furnished by the prime mover.
  • the temperatures and pressures referred to above are entirely illustrative.
  • the gas discharged from the well is at natural casing heat pressure or at any other pressure desired, circulates through the system where the high pressure gas is cooled, and does work. This results in the liquefaction of some of the gas which will remain as a liquid in suspension in the dry gas and the resulting moisture is what I refer to as wet gas.
  • This cold dry gas provides some of the cooling effect to cool the gas circulated in the system before it reaches the work center or turbo-expander and insures the discharge from the turbine or work center of a wet gas.
  • the gas now heated to some extent passes through the compressor where it is further heated and brought back up to the pressure and temperature of the gas entering the system. It then recirculates through the system with the new gas brought in to replace the gas extracted from the system by the separating out of the liquefied gas.
  • Cooling the gas will, to some extent, reduce its pressure as it circulates toward the turbine, the amount of temperature and pressure change in a matter of design depending on circumstances.
  • the pressure At the discharge end of the system, the pressure must be substantially atmospheric and the temperature must be low enough so that some of the gas liquefies.
  • the pressure of the recirculated gas At the intake end of the system, the pressure of the recirculated gas must be the same as the pressure of the gas entering the system from the outside, though no harm will be done if the temperature of the recirculated gas varies somewhat from the temperature of the new gas. The two pressures must balance, the temperatures may vary within reason.
  • valve 25 is a valve to control the flow of fresh gas to the system, it may be manually or automatically operated, as desired.
  • the method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, cooling it by heat exchange with a refrigerating coolant, in a separate closed circuit, expanding the cooled raw gas in a work zone with resultant further reduction of temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, recovering the liquified gas, using the cold stripped gas to additionally cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and the raw gas for further expansion and liquefaction.
  • the method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction.
  • the method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, cooling it by heat exchange with a refrigerating coolant, in a separate closed circuit, expanding the cooled raw gas in a work zone with resultant further reduction of temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, recovering the liquified gas, using the cold stripped gas to additionally cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and the raw gas for further expansion and liquefaction burning some of the gas, using the power generated in the work zone and the power resulting from burning some of the gas to provide the power necessary to compress the stripped gas and to cool and circulate the refrigerating coolant.
  • the method of liquefying natural gas for shipment and storage which consists in discharging raw gas from awell at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to a work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction burning some of the gas, using the power generated in the work zone and the power resulting from burning some of the gas to provide the power necessary to compress the stripped gas.
  • the method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction, while continuing the circulation and recirculation of the raw and stripped gas without discharge in gaseous form from the system.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit including in series a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its wayto the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquified gas from the circuit.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit including in series a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquefied gas from the circuit, separate means independent of the temperature of the circulating gas for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit in series includes a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquified gas from the circuit, a prime mover, means for supplying gas for combustion therein and power transmission means between the prime mover, the turbine and compressor whereby the turbine and the prime mover furnish the power necessary to operate the compressor.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the CllClllt, to assist in recirculating the gas through the clrcuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled, and in part liquified, a separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, to assist in recirculating the gas through the circuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the .circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit, separate means independent of the gas in the circuit for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine.
  • a continuous closed circuit means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a
  • separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, to assist in recirculating the gas through the circuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit, separate means independent of the gas in the circuit for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine, a prime mover means for supplying gas to it for combustion therein for the generation of power and power transmission means between the prime mover and the turbine and the compressor whereby they together furnish the power necessary to operate the compressor.

Description

LATILE HYDROCARBONS Nov. 30, 1951 L. MORRISON ND METHOD FOR SHIPPING AND STORING V0 W. APPARATUS A Filed April 5, 1955 Z1200? Z01" Zfiz Wardl Jf r/zis a)? 4% W m fii/arzzqys United States Patent APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SHIPPING AND STORING VOLATILE HYDROCARBONS Willard L. Morrison, Lake Forest, 111., assignor to Union Stock Yards & Transit Company, Chicago, Ill., a corporation of Illinois Application November 30, 1951, Serial No. 259,253 11 Claims. (Cl. 62-123) My invention relates to apparatus and method for lilquefying volatile hydrocarbons such as natural gas and t e l' e.
One object of my invention is to use the pressure of the gas as it flows from the well to assist in providing the power required to cool and liquefy such gas.
Another object of my invention is to use some of the gas as fuel to provide the remaining power needed for the refrigeration and liquefaction of the gas.
Another object of my invention is to utilize both the natural pressure of the gas as it is discharged from the well and the fuel value of some of the gas to provide the power to refrigerate and liquefy the gas so that it may be stored or shipped as a cold liquid at substantially atmosphere pressure.
The pressure at which gas is discharged from a natural gas well varies in different parts of the country and with respect to diflferent wells through a wide range of difference. However, in most instances the pressure is many hundreds of pounds, frequently several thousand pounds above atmospheric and it is this excess of pressure above atmospheric which makes it possible to use the gas as a motive fluid to furnish part of the power required.
My invention is especially applicable to those wells which produce dry gas and I have illustrated my invention as applied to a situation where the dry gas without intermediate treatment between the well and my apparatus furnishes a motive fluid to drive a turbine and also some of it furnishes fuel to add the additional power required to compress, refrigerate and liquefy the dry gas from the well. Of course, my invention could be used under other circumstances where wet gas was produced or where some treatment of the gas took place between the well and my liquefaction apparatus.
Assuming, for example, that I apply my method to a well wherein the gas is discharged at approximately 1500 pounds gauge pressure through a pipe which discharges gas to my apparatus at that pressure and at 80 degrees F. I propose first to cool this gas down to approximately 40 degrees F.
This initial cooling will be accomplished by refrigerating machinery wherein the evaporator includes a heat exchanger through which the gas passes to be reduced from 80 degrees F. to 40 degrees F.
I propose thereafter to further reduce the temperature of the gas from said -40 to say -80 degrees F. and to discharge such gas as a motive fluid into a turbo-expander where work will be done, the motive fluid being discharged from the turbo-expander at substantially atmospheric pressure and at temperature down to as low as 258 degrees F.
The exhaust from the turbo-expander at the pressure and temperature above referred to will be a wet gas wherein approximately seventy percent by weight of the gas will be dry and approximately thirty percent by weight of the gas will be a liquid.
This wet gas will be discharged to a separator or to a gas-tight receiver wherein the liquid gas will be separated from the dry gas and retained or stored. The dry gas still at approximately 258 degrees F. will then pass through a heat exchanger which is interposed between the initial cooling point above referred to and the turboexpander and it is this remaining dry gas which will be utilized to lower the temperature of the gas from 40 to -80 degrees F.
This dry gas, the temperature of which has been raised as a result of its passage through the heat exchanger, will then be compressed back to the temperature and pressure of the original gas and will be joined with such gas for recycling, the process continuing as long as new gas is supplied from the well to the system in such an amount as to replace in the system the gas withdrawn by liquefaction.
The additional power required beyond that generated by the motive fluid passing through the turbo-expander will be provided by the combustion of some of the gas in any suitable form of power generating mechanism such as an internal combustion turbine, internal combustion engine or by burning the gas as fuel under a boiler, the fuel value of the gas being such that only a relatively small part of the gas need be burned to generate sufficient power to carry out the refrigeration and liquefaction cycle.
My invention is illustrated diagrammatically in the accompanying drawing which shows in part elevation and part section an apparatus to carry out my invention.
Like parts are indicated by like characters throughout the specification and drawing.
1 is a duct which will be supplied with natural gas at well or casing head pressure from the well, or may be supplied with gas from any other suitable source. 2 is a duct in continuation of duct 1 of somewhat larger section leading to the cooler 3. The pipe 8 in the cooler 3 is the evaporator of a refrigerating machine which includes a compressor 4, a condenser 5, and pipes 6, 7, 9, joining them in closed circuit. 10 is a duct leading from the cooler 3 to the heat exchanger 11. 12 is a duct leading from the heat exchanger 11 to the turbine 13 where work is done by the gas under pressure and where the gas is expanded and cooled to discharge through the duct 14. The wet gas resulting is led to the separator 15 where the liquid is separated from the dry gas and may be discharged through the duct 16 to any suitable reservoir.
The dry gas passes through the duct 17, cooling coil 18 in the heat exchanger 11, and duct 19 to the compressor 20. The gas enters the compressor 20 at substantially atmospheric pressure, its temperature having been raised by its passage through the heat exchanger 11.
21 is the duct leading from the compressor 20 to the duct 2, the ducts 2, 10, and 12 being of larger cross section than the ducts 1, 17, 19 and 21 to accommodate the values of the recirculating dry gas. The compressor 20 raises the pressure and temperature of the gas to approximately that of the gas discharged from the well.
22 is a prime mover. 23 is a duct leading from the compressor 20 to the prime mover 22. The prime mover may take the form of an internal combustion engine, an internal combustion turbine or even a boiler under which gas is burned to generate steam to operate the engine. The details of this prime mover form no part of the present invention. Sufiice it to say that some of the dry gas is supplied to the prime mover for the purpose of providing the additional power required to operate the system. 24 is a drive shaft connecting the prime mover 22, the turbine 3 and the compressors 20 and 4 whereby some of the power to operate the compressors is furnished by the turbine and some of the power is furnished by the prime mover.
The temperatures and pressures referred to above are entirely illustrative. The gas discharged from the well is at natural casing heat pressure or at any other pressure desired, circulates through the system where the high pressure gas is cooled, and does work. This results in the liquefaction of some of the gas which will remain as a liquid in suspension in the dry gas and the resulting moisture is what I refer to as wet gas. I propose to extract the liquid from the wet gas and that gives me a resulting dry gas at low temperature and low pressure. This cold dry gas provides some of the cooling effect to cool the gas circulated in the system before it reaches the work center or turbo-expander and insures the discharge from the turbine or work center of a wet gas. The gas now heated to some extent passes through the compressor where it is further heated and brought back up to the pressure and temperature of the gas entering the system. It then recirculates through the system with the new gas brought in to replace the gas extracted from the system by the separating out of the liquefied gas.
Cooling the gas will, to some extent, reduce its pressure as it circulates toward the turbine, the amount of temperature and pressure change in a matter of design depending on circumstances. At the discharge end of the system, the pressure must be substantially atmospheric and the temperature must be low enough so that some of the gas liquefies. At the intake end of the system, the pressure of the recirculated gas must be the same as the pressure of the gas entering the system from the outside, though no harm will be done if the temperature of the recirculated gas varies somewhat from the temperature of the new gas. The two pressures must balance, the temperatures may vary within reason.
25 is a valve to control the flow of fresh gas to the system, it may be manually or automatically operated, as desired.
I claim:
1. The method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, cooling it by heat exchange with a refrigerating coolant, in a separate closed circuit, expanding the cooled raw gas in a work zone with resultant further reduction of temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, recovering the liquified gas, using the cold stripped gas to additionally cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and the raw gas for further expansion and liquefaction.
2. The method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction.
3. The method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, cooling it by heat exchange with a refrigerating coolant, in a separate closed circuit, expanding the cooled raw gas in a work zone with resultant further reduction of temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, recovering the liquified gas, using the cold stripped gas to additionally cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and the raw gas for further expansion and liquefaction burning some of the gas, using the power generated in the work zone and the power resulting from burning some of the gas to provide the power necessary to compress the stripped gas and to cool and circulate the refrigerating coolant.
4. The method of liquefying natural gas for shipment and storage, which consists in discharging raw gas from awell at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to a work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction burning some of the gas, using the power generated in the work zone and the power resulting from burning some of the gas to provide the power necessary to compress the stripped gas.
5. The method of liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, which consists in discharging raw gas from a well at casing head pressure, expanding the raw gas in a work zone with resultant reduction in temperature and liquefaction of some of the gas, using the cold stripped gas to cool the raw gas on its way to the work zone, then compressing the stripped gas to the pressure of the raw gas, mixing it therewith and recirculating the stripped and raw gas from the well for further expansion and liquefaction, while continuing the circulation and recirculation of the raw and stripped gas without discharge in gaseous form from the system.
6. In means for liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit including in series a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its wayto the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquified gas from the circuit.
7. In means for liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit including in series a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquefied gas from the circuit, separate means independent of the temperature of the circulating gas for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine.
8. In means for liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying natural gas thereto from a well at casing head pressure, the circuit in series includes a turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to recover the liquified gas, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas back to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, means for mixing the raw and the stripped gas and means for controlling the rate of supply of raw gas to compensate for the removal of liquified gas from the circuit, a prime mover, means for supplying gas for combustion therein and power transmission means between the prime mover, the turbine and compressor whereby the turbine and the prime mover furnish the power necessary to operate the compressor.
9. In means for liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the CllClllt, to assist in recirculating the gas through the clrcuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit.
10, In means for'liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled, and in part liquified, a separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, to assist in recirculating the gas through the circuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the .circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit, separate means independent of the gas in the circuit for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine.
11. In means for liquifying natural gas for shipment and storage, a continuous closed circuit, means for supplying raw natural gas to said circuit from a well at natural casing head pressure, the circuit including an expander turbine where the raw gas under pressure does work, is expanded, cooled and in part liquified, a
separator adapted to strip the gas and discharge the liquid from the circuit, a heat exchanger where the stripped cold gas cools the raw gas on its way to the turbine, a compressor adapted to raise the pressure of the stripped gas to the pressure at which the raw gas enters the circuit, to assist in recirculating the gas through the circuit, means for controlling the rate of supply of gas to the circuit to compensate for the liquified gas discharged from the circuit, separate means independent of the gas in the circuit for additionally cooling the gas before it reaches the turbine, a prime mover means for supplying gas to it for combustion therein for the generation of power and power transmission means between the prime mover and the turbine and the compressor whereby they together furnish the power necessary to operate the compressor.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Strong Nov. 4, Bottoms Mar. 22, Schlumbohm June 8, Weil Dec. 7, Vaughan Oct. 18, Zerkowitz July 11, Moore July 30, De Baufre et a1. Apr. 29, Harrington May 20,
Keith Aug. 8, Gay Jan. 6, Laverty Mar. 7, Hughes Sept. 19, Bodle June 19, Deming June 24,
Kapitza Aug. 26,

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF LIQUIFYING NATURAL GAS FOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE, WHICH CONSISTS IN DISCHARGING RAW GAS FORM A WELL AT CASING HEAD PRESSUE, COOLING IT BY HEAT EXCHANGE WITH A REFRIGERATING COOLANT, IN A SEPARATE CLOSED CIRCUIT, EXPANDING THE COOLED RAW GAS IN A WORK ZONE WITH RESULTANT FURTHER REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND LIQUEFACTION OF SOME OF THE GAS, RECOVERING THE LIQUIFIED GAS,
US259253A 1951-11-30 1951-11-30 Apparatus and method for shipping and storing volatile hydrocarbons Expired - Lifetime US2705406A (en)

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GB9440/55A GB764951A (en) 1951-11-30 1955-03-31 Method and apparatus for liquefying natural gas for shipment and storage
FR1121738D FR1121738A (en) 1951-11-30 1955-04-01 Natural gas liquefaction
BE537060D BE537060A (en) 1951-11-30 1955-04-02
DEM26738A DE1101462B (en) 1951-11-30 1955-04-04 Method and device for liquefying natural gas for shipping and storage

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US3144316A (en) * 1960-05-31 1964-08-11 Union Carbide Corp Process and apparatus for liquefying low-boiling gases
US5505232A (en) * 1993-10-20 1996-04-09 Cryofuel Systems, Inc. Integrated refueling system for vehicles
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JP2015061994A (en) * 2004-08-06 2015-04-02 ビーピー・コーポレーション・ノース・アメリカ・インコーポレーテッド Natural gas liquefaction process
US11114557B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2021-09-07 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Integration of a Schottky diode with a MOSFET
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FR2471567B1 (en) * 1979-12-12 1986-11-28 Technip Cie METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR COOLING A LOW TEMPERATURE COOLING FLUID
RU2528209C1 (en) * 2013-09-17 2014-09-10 Дочернее открытое акционерное общество "Центральное конструкторское бюро нефтеаппаратуры" Открытого акционерного общества "Газпром" (ДОАО ЦКБН ОАО "Газпром") Method of wet natural gas cooling and device for its implementation

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US3144316A (en) * 1960-05-31 1964-08-11 Union Carbide Corp Process and apparatus for liquefying low-boiling gases
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US11114557B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2021-09-07 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Integration of a Schottky diode with a MOSFET
US11276681B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2022-03-15 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Concept for silicon carbide power devices
US11342423B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2022-05-24 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Method for manufacturing a grid
US11575007B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2023-02-07 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Feeder design with high current capability
US11581431B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2023-02-14 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Integration of a Schottky diode with a MOSFET
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US11876116B2 (en) 2017-09-15 2024-01-16 Ii-Vi Delaware, Inc. Method for manufacturing a grid

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DE1101462B (en) 1961-03-09

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