US2682154A - Storage of liquefied gases - Google Patents

Storage of liquefied gases Download PDF

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US2682154A
US2682154A US100333A US10033349A US2682154A US 2682154 A US2682154 A US 2682154A US 100333 A US100333 A US 100333A US 10033349 A US10033349 A US 10033349A US 2682154 A US2682154 A US 2682154A
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container
liquid
gas material
same
gas
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US100333A
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Wilkinson Walter
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Airco Inc
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Air Reduction Co Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/02—Special adaptations of indicating, measuring, or monitoring equipment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/12—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
    • F17C2201/01—Shape
    • F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
    • F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
    • F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
    • F17C2203/0636—Metals
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/01—Mounting arrangements
    • F17C2205/0123—Mounting arrangements characterised by number of vessels
    • F17C2205/013—Two or more vessels
    • F17C2205/0134—Two or more vessels characterised by the presence of fluid connection between vessels
    • F17C2205/0146—Two or more vessels characterised by the presence of fluid connection between vessels with details of the manifold
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F17C2205/0332—Safety valves or pressure relief valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/011—Oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/014—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0107—Single phase
    • F17C2225/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
    • F17C2227/0135—Pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/01—Propulsion of the fluid
    • F17C2227/0128—Propulsion of the fluid with pumps or compressors
    • F17C2227/0157—Compressors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0302—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating
    • F17C2227/0304—Heat exchange with the fluid by heating using an electric heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
    • F17C2227/0339—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling using the same fluid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
    • F17C2227/0341—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling using another fluid
    • F17C2227/0348—Water cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0367—Localisation of heat exchange
    • F17C2227/0388—Localisation of heat exchange separate
    • F17C2227/0393—Localisation of heat exchange separate using a vaporiser
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/03—Treating the boil-off
    • F17C2265/032—Treating the boil-off by recovery
    • F17C2265/033—Treating the boil-off by recovery with cooling
    • F17C2265/034—Treating the boil-off by recovery with cooling with condensing the gas phase
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2265/00—Effects achieved by gas storage or gas handling
    • F17C2265/03—Treating the boil-off
    • F17C2265/032—Treating the boil-off by recovery
    • F17C2265/037—Treating the boil-off by recovery with pressurising

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the storage of liquified gases and particularly to methods and apparatus adapted to minimize or prevent excessive evaporation due to heat leak from the environment.
  • the practice of storing liquefied gases of low boiling point, such as oxygen and nitrogen among others, involves the use of thermally insulated containers which substantially, but not completely, prevent the flow of heat from the surroundings to the liquefied gas.
  • the small. but unavoidable, heat flow into the liquefied gas causes vaporization of the liquid.
  • One way to avoid building up high gas pressures in the containers is to vent the vapor to the atmosphere. This practice results in a continuous loss of the valuable stored substance and consequently increases the final cost of that portion of the liquefied gas which is available for useful purposes.
  • liquefied gases For most uses liquefied gases must be re-gasified. The latter operation involves a heat exchange process in which the available refrigeration generally has not been usefully employed.
  • Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of apparatus adapted to accomplish the purposes of the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a similar representation of a'modi fied form of the invention.
  • Fig. 3 represents another modification.
  • liquid desired for utilization in the gasified state is withdrawn from the bottom of the container and pumped through a vaporizer and one or more heaters.
  • the warmed, gaseous product is piped to the point of use.
  • the vapor produced within the liquid storage container by the volatilizing effect of that heat which leaks from the atmosphere through the insulation of the container is withdrawn from the top part of the container, compressed to a suitable pressure and re-liquefied by heat exchange with the liquid withdrawn from the bottom of the
  • the liquid produced by condensation of the vapor is returned to the storage container.
  • This system eliminates the need for discharging vapor from the top of the storage container to the atmosphere with its irretrievable loss thereby.
  • l indicates a container for liquefied gas consisting of a metal tank of any suitable form and construction surrounded by media, 2, and supported by devices, which afford a high degree of thermal insulation of the liquefied gas from the atmosphere and adjacent bodies.
  • a pipe, 3 leading to pump l.
  • the latter compresses the fluid to such pressures as may be desired for use or storage of the ultimate gaseous product.
  • the efiiuent of the pump passes through pipe 5 to a vaporizer t where it is wholly or partly vaporized in compartment
  • the vaporizer is supplied with heat by a stream of gas which is pumped through compartment [6 as hereinafter described.
  • the effluent from compartment 1 is delivered through pipe 3 to a second vaporizer or heater 5, which raises the temperature of the fluid to the desired level.
  • the vapor generated within the storage container I is withdrawn through pipe 10 and conveyed to cornpressor II where the vapor is compressed to a pressure suitable for a re-condensation process.
  • the compressed vapor leaves the compressor through pipe l2 and may be passed through an after-cooler [3 for removal of the heat of compression.
  • the cooling medium in l3 may be either water or product gas which has passed through heater 9.
  • Pipe 14 conveys the compressed gas to compartment It of vaporizer 5.
  • a surge tank i5 is connected to pipe M, or alternately it may be inserted in pipe I4.
  • compartment iii of vaporizer 6 the compressed vapor is cooled and liquefied by heat exchange with the cold fluid passing in counter current iiow through compartment i.
  • the liquid condensed in compartment I6 is delivered through pipe 5'! and pressure regulating valve 18 to the liquefied gas container l.
  • the invention effectuates a recovery, recondensation and return to storage of the valuable liquid which is vaporized by heat leaking through the insulation and supports of the container.
  • the refrigeration required for the recondensation is obtained from the liquid which is withdrawn for use and which for most applications must be g-asified by absorption of heat whether the invention here described is practiced or not.
  • Figure 2 represents schematically a modification of the invention herein disclosed. apparatus provision is made for a situation in which liquefied gas may be withdrawn for use from the container only intermittently with relatively long periods between withdrawals.
  • the liquified gas in storage is assumed to be liquid oxygen.
  • Liquid oxygen vaporized within the storage container as a result of heat leakage is recondensed by allowing the vapor to enter a reflux condenser which is refrigerated by liquid air.
  • the pressure in the container is maintained at a level which insures effective condensation of oxygen vapor by thermal contact with liquid air.
  • the liquid oxygen condensed in the condenser drains back into the storage container.
  • the liquid air supplied as refrigerant to the reflux condenser is produced from atmospheric air by heat exchange with liquid oxygen at those times when liquid is withdrawn from the storage container and gasified for useful employment.
  • Compressed air is pumped through a Vaporizer counter current to the oxygen being withdrawn from the storage container. Since the rate at which liquid oxygen is vaporized in the vaporizer during a normal withdrawal is many times greater than the rate of vaporization within the container due to heat leak, a reserve supply of liquid air can be built up which is stored in an auxiliary, insulated container.
  • is a container for liquid oxygen surrounded by suitable heat insulating media 22.
  • Liquid oxygen which is to be gasified for use is withdrawn from the bottom of the container through pipe 23, compressed to a suitable pressure by pump 24 and delivered through pipe 25 to compartment 21 of a vaporizer 25.
  • compartment 2'! the liquid is vaporized by thermal exchange with a stream of compressed air flowing through compartment 28 In this 21.
  • the liquid air produced in compartment 28 flows through pipe to expansion valves 36 and 31. Part of the liquid air is expanded through valve 36 into compartment 38 of a reflux condenser 38. The balance of the liquid air is expanded through valve 3'! and delivered into an insulated liquid air storage vessel 40.
  • by heat leakage through the insulation and supporting devices passes into coil M of the reflux condenser 39 where it is recondensed and drains back into the container.
  • passes off through pipe 42.
  • the cold evaporated air may be conducted through a coil 43 which is embedded in the insulatin material 22 surrounding container 2
  • compressor 30 is in operation and cold air reaching the point 44 from condenser 39 is drawn into the compressor through pipe 3
  • Valve 63 is an over-pressure relief valve which is normally closed to prevent atmospheric air from being drawn into the condenser and depositing ice there.
  • Figure 3 represents an alternate arrangement for a part of the apparatus depicted by Figure 2.
  • and compressor 52 function as in the system of Figure 2. However, all of the liquid air condensed in compartment 53 of vaporizer 5
  • Pump 51 withdraws liquid air continuously from container 56 through pipe 58 and forces it through pipe 59 into coil 60 which is in the vapor space above the liquid oxygen in the container 49. Vaporized oxygen generated in container 49 by heat leakage is condensed by heat exchange with the liquid air flowing through coil 60.
  • This apparatus is adaptable to a liquid oxygen storage system from which liquid oxygen withdrawals are made at irregular intervals and at variable rates.
  • Pum 51 is run continuously at a uniform speed and supplies liquid air to condenser coil 60 in an amount somewhat in excess of that required to condense the oxygen evaporated by the normal heat leakage into container 49.
  • Liquid air is produced by compressor 52 and vaporizer 5
  • the speed or compressor 52 may be coordinated with the speed of pump 50.
  • the method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, and discharging the same into said container.
  • the method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises intermittently withdrawin liquid from said container during certain periods, compressing a gas material during such periods, expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the said compressed gas material to cool and liqueiy the same, collecting at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material in an auxiliary container, expanding at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material and passing the same in heat exchangin relation with said stored material during said periods, and at other times withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing it in heat exchangin relation with said stored material.
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holdin a body of such liquefied material, means for compressing a gas material, means for withdrawing liquid from said container and expandin the same in heat exchanging relation with gas material compressed by said compressing means to cool and liquefy the same, means for expanding the cooled and compressed gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for withdrawing a portion of said gas material from said container in the gas phase, means for compressing said withdrawn material,
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied gas material, means for compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, means for withdrawing liquid from said container, means for passing said withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, means for expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material within said insulated container.
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for Withdrawing gas material from said container in the gas phase, means for compressing said withdrawn gas material, means for withdrawin liquid from said container and for passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, and means for expanding the cooled gas material and discharging the same into said insulated container.
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for Withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, means for compressing a gas material during such periods, means for expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, an auxiliary container, means for supplying at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material to said auxiliary container, means for expanding at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material during said periods, and means for withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
  • Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, means for compressin a gas material durin such periods, means for expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, an auxiliary container, means for supplying at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material to said auxiliary container and means for continuously withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
  • Apparatus according to claim 14 in which means are provided for returning to said auxiliary container the material withdrawn therefrom and passed in heat exchanging relation with the stored material.
  • the method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.

Description

June 29, 1954 w. WILKINSON 2,682,154
STORAGE 0F LIQUEFIED GASES Filed June 21, 1949 s Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG. I
: INVENTOR WALTER WILKINSON ATTORNEYS June 29, 1954 w. WILKINSON 2,532,154
STORAGE OF LIQUEF'IED GASES Filed June 21, 1949 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. 2
INVENTOR WALTER WILKINSON ATTORNEYS June 29, 1954 Filed June 21, 1949 W. WILKINSON STORAGE OF LIQUEF'IED GASES 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 FIG. 3
INVENTOR WALTER WILKINSON ATTORN EYS Patented June 29, 1954 STORAGE F LIQUEFIED GASES Walter Wilkinson, New York, N. Y., assignor to Air Reduction Company, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application June 21, 1949, Serial No. 100,333
18 Claims.
This invention relates to the storage of liquified gases and particularly to methods and apparatus adapted to minimize or prevent excessive evaporation due to heat leak from the environment.
The practice of storing liquefied gases of low boiling point, such as oxygen and nitrogen among others, involves the use of thermally insulated containers which substantially, but not completely, prevent the flow of heat from the surroundings to the liquefied gas. The small. but unavoidable, heat flow into the liquefied gas causes vaporization of the liquid. One way to avoid building up high gas pressures in the containers is to vent the vapor to the atmosphere. This practice results in a continuous loss of the valuable stored substance and consequently increases the final cost of that portion of the liquefied gas which is available for useful purposes.
It might seem, perhaps, that the losses by evaporation from storage containers are relatively inconsequential. However, the containers must be large compared to the daily consumption of the stored gas if the transportation of liquefied gases and the refilling of the containers are to be conducted in the most economical and reliable manner. If we assume a storage capacity of ten times the normal daily consumption, a daily loss by evaporation of 1% of the capacity of the container becomes of the daily consumption. This, of course, adds materially to the cost of the liquefied gas which is actually put to use.
It is the object of the present invention to provide an economical means for preventing excessive vaporization of liquefied gases while in storage and particularly to employ for that end the refrigerating capacity which is available when liquefied gas is withdrawn from a storage container for use or storage in the gaseous state. For most uses liquefied gases must be re-gasified. The latter operation involves a heat exchange process in which the available refrigeration generally has not been usefully employed.
The scope and advantages of the invention will become apparent by reference to the following illustrative descriptions of several of the particular methods by which the invention may be put into practice.
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of apparatus adapted to accomplish the purposes of the invention;
Fig. 2 is a similar representation of a'modi fied form of the invention; and
container.
Fig. 3 represents another modification.
In carrying out the invention according to Fig. 1, liquid desired for utilization in the gasified state is withdrawn from the bottom of the container and pumped through a vaporizer and one or more heaters. The warmed, gaseous product is piped to the point of use. The vapor produced within the liquid storage container by the volatilizing effect of that heat which leaks from the atmosphere through the insulation of the container is withdrawn from the top part of the container, compressed to a suitable pressure and re-liquefied by heat exchange with the liquid withdrawn from the bottom of the The liquid produced by condensation of the vapor is returned to the storage container. This system eliminates the need for discharging vapor from the top of the storage container to the atmosphere with its irretrievable loss thereby.
Referring to Figure 1, l indicates a container for liquefied gas consisting of a metal tank of any suitable form and construction surrounded by media, 2, and supported by devices, which afford a high degree of thermal insulation of the liquefied gas from the atmosphere and adjacent bodies. For withdrawal of liquid from the container for useful employment, there is a pipe, 3, leading to pump l. The latter compresses the fluid to such pressures as may be desired for use or storage of the ultimate gaseous product. The efiiuent of the pump passes through pipe 5 to a vaporizer t where it is wholly or partly vaporized in compartment The vaporizer is supplied with heat by a stream of gas which is pumped through compartment [6 as hereinafter described. The effluent from compartment 1 is delivered through pipe 3 to a second vaporizer or heater 5, which raises the temperature of the fluid to the desired level.
In order to accomplish the particular purpose of the present invention, the vapor generated within the storage container I, as a consequence of heat leak through the insulation 2, and such. supporting devices as may be provided, is withdrawn through pipe 10 and conveyed to cornpressor II where the vapor is compressed to a pressure suitable for a re-condensation process. The compressed vapor leaves the compressor through pipe l2 and may be passed through an after-cooler [3 for removal of the heat of compression. The cooling medium in l3 may be either water or product gas which has passed through heater 9. Pipe 14 conveys the compressed gas to compartment It of vaporizer 5.
A surge tank i5 is connected to pipe M, or alternately it may be inserted in pipe I4. In compartment iii of vaporizer 6, the compressed vapor is cooled and liquefied by heat exchange with the cold fluid passing in counter current iiow through compartment i. The liquid condensed in compartment I6 is delivered through pipe 5'! and pressure regulating valve 18 to the liquefied gas container l.
Thus the invention effectuates a recovery, recondensation and return to storage of the valuable liquid which is vaporized by heat leaking through the insulation and supports of the container. The refrigeration required for the recondensation is obtained from the liquid which is withdrawn for use and which for most applications must be g-asified by absorption of heat whether the invention here described is practiced or not.
Actual operation of the system described requires various accessory and regulating devices of an obvious sort which, in order to simplify the description, have not been mentioned.
Figure 2 represents schematically a modification of the invention herein disclosed. apparatus provision is made for a situation in which liquefied gas may be withdrawn for use from the container only intermittently with relatively long periods between withdrawals.
For purposes of illustrative description, the liquified gas in storage is assumed to be liquid oxygen. Liquid oxygen vaporized within the storage container as a result of heat leakage is recondensed by allowing the vapor to enter a reflux condenser which is refrigerated by liquid air. The pressure in the container is maintained at a level which insures effective condensation of oxygen vapor by thermal contact with liquid air. The liquid oxygen condensed in the condenser drains back into the storage container. The liquid air supplied as refrigerant to the reflux condenser is produced from atmospheric air by heat exchange with liquid oxygen at those times when liquid is withdrawn from the storage container and gasified for useful employment. Compressed air is pumped through a Vaporizer counter current to the oxygen being withdrawn from the storage container. Since the rate at which liquid oxygen is vaporized in the vaporizer during a normal withdrawal is many times greater than the rate of vaporization within the container due to heat leak, a reserve supply of liquid air can be built up which is stored in an auxiliary, insulated container.
Referring to Figure 2, 2| is a container for liquid oxygen surrounded by suitable heat insulating media 22. Liquid oxygen which is to be gasified for use is withdrawn from the bottom of the container through pipe 23, compressed to a suitable pressure by pump 24 and delivered through pipe 25 to compartment 21 of a vaporizer 25. In compartment 2'! the liquid is vaporized by thermal exchange with a stream of compressed air flowing through compartment 28 In this 21. The liquid air produced in compartment 28 flows through pipe to expansion valves 36 and 31. Part of the liquid air is expanded through valve 36 into compartment 38 of a reflux condenser 38. The balance of the liquid air is expanded through valve 3'! and delivered into an insulated liquid air storage vessel 40.
Oxygen vaporized in container 2| by heat leakage through the insulation and supporting devices passes into coil M of the reflux condenser 39 where it is recondensed and drains back into the container. The liquid air boiled off in compartment 38 by the condensation of oxygen in coil 4| passes off through pipe 42. The cold evaporated air may be conducted through a coil 43 which is embedded in the insulatin material 22 surrounding container 2|. Heat flowing from the atmosphere through the insulating material may thus partially be absorbed by the coil air passing through the coil and prevented to some extent from reaching the liquid oxygen. When liquid oxygen is being withdrawn through vaporizer 25, compressor 30 is in operation and cold air reaching the point 44 from condenser 39 is drawn into the compressor through pipe 3|, together with additional air drawn from the atmosphere through pipe 45.
When vaporizer 25 and compressor 38 are not in operation, liquid air is Withdrawn from container 42'] through pipe 46 and forced by pump 41 through pipe 48 into compartment 38 oi condenser 39. Cold evaporated air reaching the point 4 from condenser 39 is discharged to the atmosphere through pipe 45.
Valve 63 is an over-pressure relief valve which is normally closed to prevent atmospheric air from being drawn into the condenser and depositing ice there.
Figure 3 represents an alternate arrangement for a part of the apparatus depicted by Figure 2.
Container 49, pump 50, vaporizer 5| and compressor 52 function as in the system of Figure 2. However, all of the liquid air condensed in compartment 53 of vaporizer 5| during periods when liquid oxygen is being withdrawn from container 49 is transferred through pipe 54 and valve 55 to the liquid air storage container 56. Pump 51 withdraws liquid air continuously from container 56 through pipe 58 and forces it through pipe 59 into coil 60 which is in the vapor space above the liquid oxygen in the container 49. Vaporized oxygen generated in container 49 by heat leakage is condensed by heat exchange with the liquid air flowing through coil 60. The air vaporized in coil 60, together with any liquid air remaining unvaporized, returns to container 56 through pipe 6|. The vaporized air discharged by pipe 6| escapes through pipe 52, while the unvaporized liquid discharged by pipe Si is returned to storage in container 56.
This apparatus is adaptable to a liquid oxygen storage system from which liquid oxygen withdrawals are made at irregular intervals and at variable rates. Pum 51 is run continuously at a uniform speed and supplies liquid air to condenser coil 60 in an amount somewhat in excess of that required to condense the oxygen evaporated by the normal heat leakage into container 49. Liquid air is produced by compressor 52 and vaporizer 5| at the maximum rate possible whenever liquid oxygen is withdrawn from container 49-. The speed or compressor 52 may be coordinated with the speed of pump 50.
Various changes may be made in the details of construction as described and in the arrangement of the parts without departing from the invention or sacrificin the advantages thereof.
I claim:
1. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material, withdrawing liquid from said container and expanding the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool the same, expanding the cooled compressed gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
2. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a fat material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool the same, expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
3. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool the same, expandin the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material within said container to absorb heat therefrom.
l. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, and discharging the same into said container.
5. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises intermittently withdrawin liquid from said container during certain periods, compressing a gas material during such periods, expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the said compressed gas material to cool and liqueiy the same, collecting at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material in an auxiliary container, expanding at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material and passing the same in heat exchangin relation with said stored material during said periods, and at other times withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing it in heat exchangin relation with said stored material.
6. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises intermittently withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, compressing a gas materia1 during such periods, expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, collecting at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material in an auxiliary container, and passing a portion of the same in heat exchangin relation with said stored material during certain periods, and at other times withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container,
and passing it in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
7. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises intermittently withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, compressing a gas material during such periods, expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, collecting at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material in an auxiliary container, and continuously withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passin the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
8. The method or preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises intermittently withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, compressing a gas material during such periods, expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, collecting at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied material in an auxiliary container, continuously withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material and then returning the same to said auxiliary container.
9. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holdin a body of such liquefied material, means for compressing a gas material, means for withdrawing liquid from said container and expandin the same in heat exchanging relation with gas material compressed by said compressing means to cool and liquefy the same, means for expanding the cooled and compressed gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
10. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for withdrawing a portion of said gas material from said container in the gas phase, means for compressing said withdrawn material,
' means for withdrawing liquid from said container,
means for passing said withdrawn liquid material in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, and means for expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging rela tion with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
11. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied gas material, means for compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, means for withdrawing liquid from said container, means for passing said withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, means for expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material within said insulated container.
12. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for Withdrawing gas material from said container in the gas phase, means for compressing said withdrawn gas material, means for withdrawin liquid from said container and for passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, and means for expanding the cooled gas material and discharging the same into said insulated container.
13. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for Withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, means for compressing a gas material during such periods, means for expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, an auxiliary container, means for supplying at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material to said auxiliary container, means for expanding at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material during said periods, and means for withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
14. Apparatus for storing liquefied gas material at low temperature which comprises an insulated container for holding a body of such liquefied material, means for withdrawing liquid from said container during certain periods, means for compressin a gas material durin such periods, means for expanding the withdrawn liquid in heat exchanging relation with the compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, an auxiliary container, means for supplying at least a portion of said cooled and liquefied gas material to said auxiliary container and means for continuously withdrawing liquid from said auxiliary container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said stored material.
15. Apparatus according to claim 14 in which means are provided for returning to said auxiliary container the material withdrawn therefrom and passed in heat exchanging relation with the stored material.
16. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material, withdrawing liquid from said container and expandin the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
17. The method of preventing excessive vaporization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas material to cool and liquefy the same, expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with the stored gas material to absorb heat therefrom.
18. The method of preventing excessive vapor ization of gas material stored in the liquid state in an insulated container which comprises compressing a gas material withdrawn from said container in the gas phase, withdrawing liquid from said container and passing the same in heat exchanging relation with said compressed gas ma-' terial to cool and liquefy the same, expanding the cooled gas material and bringing the same into heat exchanging relation with th stored gas material within said container to absorb heat therefrom.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,371,427 Kerr Mar. 15, 1921 1,963,922 Robinson June 19, 1934 2,051,576 Schlitt Aug. 18, 1936 2,292,375 Hansen Aug. 11, 1942 2,330,876 Feinberg Oct. 5, 1943 2,360,468 I Brown Oct. 17, 1944 2,365,786 Tull Dec. 26, 1944 2,386,297 Dennis Oct. 9, 1945 2,529,782 Morrison Nov. 14, 1950
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Cited By (31)

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US2784560A (en) * 1954-02-11 1957-03-12 American Messer Corp Process and apparatus for storing and shipping liquefied gases
US2790307A (en) * 1955-09-12 1957-04-30 Phillips Petroleum Co Storage of volatile liquids
US2801528A (en) * 1953-01-26 1957-08-06 Parcaro Michael Compressor in air conditioning system
US2884763A (en) * 1956-11-20 1959-05-05 Cities Service Refining Corp Storage of liquified gases
US2909904A (en) * 1956-12-26 1959-10-27 Carbonic Dev Corp Treatment of natural gas in distribution systems
US2922287A (en) * 1954-03-22 1960-01-26 Garrett Corp Liquid storage tank
US2927437A (en) * 1954-09-20 1960-03-08 Garrett Corp Tank for storing low temperature liquids in ambient surroundings
US2928254A (en) * 1954-09-20 1960-03-15 Garrett Corp Storage tank for low temperature liquids
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US3369371A (en) * 1966-10-05 1968-02-20 Robert J. Holly Gas saver and pollution eliminator
JPS4945053B1 (en) * 1969-02-28 1974-12-02
US4134271A (en) * 1977-04-05 1979-01-16 Datis Angelo P Vapor collection and disposal system
US4188793A (en) * 1976-07-28 1980-02-19 Boc Limited Condensation of vapor of organic liquids
US5129599A (en) * 1990-05-25 1992-07-14 General Dynamics Corporation, Space Systems Division Hybrid liquid-vapor propellant feed system for aerospace vehicles
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WO2012063944A1 (en) * 2010-11-12 2012-05-18 株式会社Ihi Lng vaporization equipment
US20130327421A1 (en) * 2010-11-30 2013-12-12 Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology Apparatus for Pressurizing Delivery of Low-Temperature Liquefied Material
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US2801528A (en) * 1953-01-26 1957-08-06 Parcaro Michael Compressor in air conditioning system
US2784560A (en) * 1954-02-11 1957-03-12 American Messer Corp Process and apparatus for storing and shipping liquefied gases
US2922287A (en) * 1954-03-22 1960-01-26 Garrett Corp Liquid storage tank
US2927437A (en) * 1954-09-20 1960-03-08 Garrett Corp Tank for storing low temperature liquids in ambient surroundings
US2928254A (en) * 1954-09-20 1960-03-15 Garrett Corp Storage tank for low temperature liquids
US2790307A (en) * 1955-09-12 1957-04-30 Phillips Petroleum Co Storage of volatile liquids
US2944405A (en) * 1955-10-27 1960-07-12 Union Tank Car Co Conservation arrangement
US2884763A (en) * 1956-11-20 1959-05-05 Cities Service Refining Corp Storage of liquified gases
US2909904A (en) * 1956-12-26 1959-10-27 Carbonic Dev Corp Treatment of natural gas in distribution systems
US2975608A (en) * 1957-07-01 1961-03-21 Conch Int Methane Ltd Transportation and use of liquefied natural gas
US2971345A (en) * 1958-05-20 1961-02-14 Grover J Ball Apparatus and method for vaporizing butane
US3078686A (en) * 1960-04-06 1963-02-26 Chicago Bridge & Iron Co L-p gas storage and slop handling system
US3112617A (en) * 1961-08-15 1963-12-03 Conch Int Methane Ltd Method of pumping boiling liquids
US3195316A (en) * 1963-08-02 1965-07-20 Chicago & Bridge & Iron Compan Methane liquefaction system
US3324670A (en) * 1964-11-09 1967-06-13 Shell Oil Co Method of transporting methane or natural gas
US3302416A (en) * 1965-04-16 1967-02-07 Conch Int Methane Ltd Means for maintaining the substitutability of lng
US3303661A (en) * 1965-04-30 1967-02-14 Phillips Petroleum Co Fluid handling
US3304730A (en) * 1965-06-09 1967-02-21 Robert B Gorham Device to aid pumping of volatile gases
US3369371A (en) * 1966-10-05 1968-02-20 Robert J. Holly Gas saver and pollution eliminator
JPS4945053B1 (en) * 1969-02-28 1974-12-02
US4188793A (en) * 1976-07-28 1980-02-19 Boc Limited Condensation of vapor of organic liquids
US4134271A (en) * 1977-04-05 1979-01-16 Datis Angelo P Vapor collection and disposal system
US5129599A (en) * 1990-05-25 1992-07-14 General Dynamics Corporation, Space Systems Division Hybrid liquid-vapor propellant feed system for aerospace vehicles
US5335511A (en) * 1993-01-08 1994-08-09 Mckeown Dennis Refrigerant release prevention system
US5505232A (en) * 1993-10-20 1996-04-09 Cryofuel Systems, Inc. Integrated refueling system for vehicles
US20090100844A1 (en) * 2003-11-13 2009-04-23 Hamworthy Gas Systems As Apparatus and method for controlling temperature in a boil-off gas
US20080209917A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2008-09-04 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Storage Tank For Cryogenic Media
WO2006133816A1 (en) * 2005-06-17 2006-12-21 Linde Aktiengesellschaft Storage tank for cryogenic media
US20120000242A1 (en) * 2010-04-22 2012-01-05 Baudat Ned P Method and apparatus for storing liquefied natural gas
WO2012063944A1 (en) * 2010-11-12 2012-05-18 株式会社Ihi Lng vaporization equipment
CN103180656A (en) * 2010-11-12 2013-06-26 株式会社Ihi LNG vaporization equipment
JP5494819B2 (en) * 2010-11-12 2014-05-21 株式会社Ｉｈｉ LNG vaporization equipment
CN103180656B (en) * 2010-11-12 2014-11-12 株式会社Ihi LNG vaporization equipment
US20130327421A1 (en) * 2010-11-30 2013-12-12 Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology Apparatus for Pressurizing Delivery of Low-Temperature Liquefied Material
US9683702B2 (en) * 2010-11-30 2017-06-20 Korea Advanced Institute Of Science And Technology Apparatus for pressurizing delivery of low-temperature liquefied material
US20150007585A1 (en) * 2013-07-08 2015-01-08 The Boeing Company Systems and Methods for Maintaining Pressure in Cryogenic Storage Tanks
US9982843B2 (en) * 2013-07-08 2018-05-29 The Boeing Company Systems and methods for maintaining pressure in cryogenic storage tanks

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