US2670284A - Production of nonferrous alloys - Google Patents
Production of nonferrous alloys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2670284A US2670284A US170963A US17096350A US2670284A US 2670284 A US2670284 A US 2670284A US 170963 A US170963 A US 170963A US 17096350 A US17096350 A US 17096350A US 2670284 A US2670284 A US 2670284A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- melt
- slag
- graphite
- slag cover
- discontinuous
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910021652 non-ferrous alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 11
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CVRALZAYCYJELZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1P(=S)(OC)OC1=CC(Cl)=C(Br)C=C1Cl CVRALZAYCYJELZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003923 scrap metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004243 sweat Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000013022 venting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/10—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals with refining or fluxing agents; Use of materials therefor, e.g. slagging or scorifying agents
Description
Patented Feb. 23, 1954 iriioiinoir'ion or summons ALLOY Carl M.- Zvanut, Alton, Ill., assig'iio'r to" Olin Industries, 1110., East Alton, 111;, a corporation of Delaware its mettle. Application Jnnei28,1950',
Serial No. 170,963
This invention relates to the production of nonierrous metals and, particular, to the pro-- duction of tin-bronze.
. Cast tin-bronze is subject to certain defects which have long been observed and: for which remedies have been sought. Among the chief of these defects are porosity, and segregation of the tin. Segregation of the tin in a cast tinbronze. bar may occur in the interior of the bar, called normal segregation, or at the surface of the bar, called inverse" Segregation or sweat. Porosity may occur within the bar or at the surface'of the bar, or both.
Porosity in a cast bar is particularly undesirable when the bar to be cold rolled. A strip rolled from a badly porous casting will contain internal gas holes even to thin gauges.
Severe normal segregation of tin leads to banding of tin-rich areas when abar in which the segregation occurs is rolled. This banding results in a low fatigue life for the strip. Inverse segregation of tin in a cast bar results in fragmentation of the tin layer on the surface of the casting and the development of fissures and surface roughness during the rolling. f
It has been discovered that, in commercial practice, one source of porosity is the occlusion in the cast bar of gases" generated during the melting process by the hydrocarbons with which much of the scrap, used commercially as a source of metal, is coated. However, it is not commercially feasible to render the scrap oil-free before melting.
Inverse segregation has been attributed by the literature of the prior art to the presence of reducing materials or conditions in the melting process, and accordingly oxidizing fluxes or oxidizing conditions have heretofore been thought desirable.
The object of the invention is to provide an economical, efiicient, and expeditious process of degassing non-ferrous alloy melts.
Further objects will become apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the following description:
In accordance with this invention, generally stated, a process is provided by which tin-bronze bars are produced, which are non-porous and in which the tin is uniformly distributed. This process can be used to produce such bars even from scrap metal contaminated with oil and grease. The process is characterized by the feature that, after the slag or dross has formed in the usual way upon the surface of the melt, graphite is applied thereto.
In carrying out the process, a furnace is charged with metal toproduce the desired alloy.
The melting may be carried out in any suitable furnace, such as an electric furnace of the character shown in United States Patent No. 1201, 6'71, but preferably one which does not substantially aggravate the reducing conditions inherent in the presence of hydrocarbons on the charge (1. e., oily scrap). During the melting no fluxes of special composition need be added, but the melt is permitted to become covered with slag uor dross in the normal way. After the surface of the melt is covered with slag, powdered graphite is dusted on the surface of the slag cover. The graphite is distributed over the surface with reasonable uniformity and in an amount suffi cient to create fissures or cleavages in'the slag layer so that the latter becomes discontinuous. The specificamount of graphite required in any given case cannot be forecast with certainty, the best measure being to-continue the dusting of graphite until the continuity of the slag-cover begins to break. Continued addition of the graphite accentuatesthe discontinuity of the slag layer to the point that the slag becomes lumpy; About five or ten minutes after the slag coating has been disintegrated; the molten metal is sufll= ciently degassed for practical purposes. '7-
Alternativelm-a layer-of graphite may be ap plied to the surface of the melt as soon as a substantial liquid phase is produced, but before it is heavily slagged. In this instance a layer of graphite from A1 inch to 1 inch thick may be dusted on the surface so that, as the slag is formed, it agglomerates rather than forming a continuous layer. Thus, in this case, the charge is degassed as melting continues.
In order to assure the production of castings which are free of porosity and segregation, it is of course necessary to observe the usual precautions in pouring the molten metal, dressing the molds, etc.
A specific example of the procedure employed in accordance with this invention is illustrated by the making of a pair of small lS-pound castings of an alloy consisting of 4.67% tin, 0.23% phosphorus, and the balance copper, in the form of an ingot 3 inches by 1 inches by 12 inches. Oily scrap having the above-noted composition was charged into a high frequency electric .melting furnace where the metal was brought to a temperature of 1200 C. During the melting, the surface of the melt became covered with a continuous layer of slag. During the melting, the molten metal became heavily gassed with vapors arising from the oil on the scrap. About eight minutes before the metal was ready to be poured, powdered graphite was sprinkled upon the surface of the slag to an extent such as to make a layer of slag and graphite about 1 inch thick on the surface of the molten metal. The metal was poured at a temperature of -1230 C. into a water-cooled mold dressed with lampblack. The castings produced had a density of 8.83 grams per cubic centimeter, and 8.82 grams per cubic centimeter, respectively, as compared to an optimum value of 8.87 grams per cubic centimeter, and both were free from inverse segregation. A similar set of castings made without the graphite treatment of the surface of the melt were bars unfit for rolling.
In instances where it is desirable to introduce v the phosphorus after the charge has become molten, the phosphorus is preferably introduced before the graphite is applied to the surface of the melt.
The graphite employed in accordance with the presentinvention may be any commercial graphite, but preferably is in powder form, having a fineness, of at least 97% through a No. 200 U. S. Standard sieve.
The action of the graphite in rendering the slag layer discontinuous thereby vents the slag layer so that the occluded gases may readily escape from the melt, through the slag layer, or the fissures created therein.
From the foregoing description, those skilled in' the art should realize that the invention accomplishes its object and provides a simple and inexpensive method of degassing non-fer.- rous alloy melts. While one specific example of the procedure has been disclosed in detail, it is not to be understood that the invention is limited to that embodiment, but that it is applicable at large to non-ferrous alloy melts wherein segregation and porosity problems are encountered. Moreover, while the disclosure has emphasized the use of scrap which is contaminated with oil orgrease, it is to be understood that, even in cases where the scrap is clean, the tendency to gas may exist and the operation of the graphite V or equivalent, in rendering the slag layer discon- 4 tinuous and thus venting the gases from the molten metal, is within the purview of this in vention. Furthermore, while graphite has been disclosed as an example of the agent for rendering the slag layer discontinuous, and is the only agent presently proved to be effective, it is envisioned that other materials having a specific gravity comparable to that of graphite, and which are not readily wetted by the molten slag, may function similarly, and consequently such equivalents are contemplated by and within the scope of the present invention.
Having thus described the invention, what is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
. 1. In the art of producing non-ferrous alloys.
in which a charge of metal contaminated with gas-forming material is melted in a furnace, and a slag cover is allowed to form on the melt, the process of degassing the melt which comprises introducing graphite into the slag cover in an amount suflicient to render the slag cover discontinuous, and maintaining the slag cover discontinuous and the melt quiescent for a time sufficient to permit gases to escape from the melt. .42. In the art of producing non-ferrous alloys, in which a charge of metal contaminated with gas-forming material is melted in a furnace, and a slag cover is allowed to form on the melt, the process of degassing the melt which comprises dusting powdered graphite on the surface of the slag cover until the slag cover becomes discontinuous, and maintaining the slag cover discontinuous and the melt quiescent for a time sufficient to permit gases to escape from the melt.
. a CARL M. ZVANUT.
. References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 130, 63? Hersey Aug. 20, 1872 1,730,775 Lukens Oct. 8,1929 1,775,159 Donaldson et a1. Sept. 9, 1930 2,181,094 Ness' Nov. 21, 1939 2,221,626 Anderson Nov. 12, 1940 22,302,999 OBrien Nov. 24, 1942 2,479,211 Christensen Augglfi, 1949
Claims (1)
1. IN THE ART OF PRODUCING NON-FERROUS ALLOYS, IN WHICH A CHARGE OF METAL CONTAMINATED WITH GAS-FORMING MATERIAL IS MELTED IN A FURNACE, AND A SLAG COVER IS ALLOWED TO FORM ON THE MELT, THE PROCESS OF DEGASSING THE MELT WHICH COMPRISES INTRODUCING GRAPHITE INTO THE SLAG COVER IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO RENDER THE SLAG COVER DISCONTINUOUS, AND MAINTAINING THE SLAG COVER DISCONTINUOUS AND THE MELT QUIESCENT FOR A TIME SUFFICIENT TO PERMIT GASES TO ESCAPE FROM THE MELT.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US170963A US2670284A (en) | 1950-06-28 | 1950-06-28 | Production of nonferrous alloys |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US170963A US2670284A (en) | 1950-06-28 | 1950-06-28 | Production of nonferrous alloys |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US2670284A true US2670284A (en) | 1954-02-23 |
Family
ID=22621994
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US170963A Expired - Lifetime US2670284A (en) | 1950-06-28 | 1950-06-28 | Production of nonferrous alloys |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US2670284A (en) |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2995439A (en) * | 1959-02-02 | 1961-08-08 | Union Carbide Corp | Preparation of high purity chromium and other metals |
US5468583A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1995-11-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Cyclic bis-dicarboximide electron transport compounds for electrophotography |
US20060269855A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2006-11-30 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20060286470A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-21 | Xerox Corporation | Imaging member |
US20100327233A1 (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-30 | Shugart Jason V | Copper-Carbon Composition |
US8349759B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-01-08 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US9273380B2 (en) | 2011-03-04 | 2016-03-01 | Third Millennium Materials, Llc | Aluminum-carbon compositions |
WO2017136679A1 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2017-08-10 | Liquid Minerals Group Ltd. | A system and method for disrupting slag deposits and the compositions used |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US130637A (en) * | 1872-08-20 | Improvement in processes and apparatus for the manufacture of steel | ||
US1730775A (en) * | 1924-12-29 | 1929-10-08 | Hiram S Lukens | Method of freeing copper from copper oxide |
US1775159A (en) * | 1926-12-21 | 1930-09-09 | Guardian Metals Company | Metal and process of manufacture |
US2181094A (en) * | 1937-05-19 | 1939-11-21 | Nesaloy Products Inc | Metallurgical process |
US2221626A (en) * | 1939-02-20 | 1940-11-12 | Chicago Dev Co | Treatment of manganese |
US2302999A (en) * | 1941-02-03 | 1942-11-24 | William A O'brien | Method of and apparatus for introducing addition ingredients into molten metals |
US2479311A (en) * | 1945-07-11 | 1949-08-16 | Int Smelting & Refining Co | Production of oxygen-free copper |
-
1950
- 1950-06-28 US US170963A patent/US2670284A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US130637A (en) * | 1872-08-20 | Improvement in processes and apparatus for the manufacture of steel | ||
US1730775A (en) * | 1924-12-29 | 1929-10-08 | Hiram S Lukens | Method of freeing copper from copper oxide |
US1775159A (en) * | 1926-12-21 | 1930-09-09 | Guardian Metals Company | Metal and process of manufacture |
US2181094A (en) * | 1937-05-19 | 1939-11-21 | Nesaloy Products Inc | Metallurgical process |
US2221626A (en) * | 1939-02-20 | 1940-11-12 | Chicago Dev Co | Treatment of manganese |
US2302999A (en) * | 1941-02-03 | 1942-11-24 | William A O'brien | Method of and apparatus for introducing addition ingredients into molten metals |
US2479311A (en) * | 1945-07-11 | 1949-08-16 | Int Smelting & Refining Co | Production of oxygen-free copper |
Cited By (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2995439A (en) * | 1959-02-02 | 1961-08-08 | Union Carbide Corp | Preparation of high purity chromium and other metals |
US5468583A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1995-11-21 | Eastman Kodak Company | Cyclic bis-dicarboximide electron transport compounds for electrophotography |
US8202674B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2012-06-19 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20060269855A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2006-11-30 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20080171275A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2008-07-17 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US7449268B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2008-11-11 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US7544450B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2009-06-09 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20090234092A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2009-09-17 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US7820780B2 (en) | 2005-05-27 | 2010-10-26 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20110028724A1 (en) * | 2005-05-27 | 2011-02-03 | Xerox Corporation | Polymers of napthalene tetracarboxylic diimide dimers |
US20060286470A1 (en) * | 2005-06-16 | 2006-12-21 | Xerox Corporation | Imaging member |
US7390601B2 (en) | 2005-06-16 | 2008-06-24 | Xerox Corporation | Imaging member comprising modified binder |
US20100327233A1 (en) * | 2009-06-24 | 2010-12-30 | Shugart Jason V | Copper-Carbon Composition |
US8647534B2 (en) | 2009-06-24 | 2014-02-11 | Third Millennium Materials, Llc | Copper-carbon composition |
US8349759B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-01-08 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US8541335B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-09-24 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US8541336B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-09-24 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US8546292B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-10-01 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US8551905B2 (en) | 2010-02-04 | 2013-10-08 | Third Millennium Metals, Llc | Metal-carbon compositions |
US9273380B2 (en) | 2011-03-04 | 2016-03-01 | Third Millennium Materials, Llc | Aluminum-carbon compositions |
WO2017136679A1 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2017-08-10 | Liquid Minerals Group Ltd. | A system and method for disrupting slag deposits and the compositions used |
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